Exam 1 (Applied Anatomy) Flashcards
Define Human Anatomy
A branch of biological that investigates the structure of the human body (shape and size)
bones, muscles, organs
Integumentary System
Provides basic protection from the external environment
Skeletal System
provides support
Muscular System
provides movement
Living Anatomy
observing individual and touch
Histological Anatomy
Vivisection (live dissection) of convicted criminals
400’s BC
“Body Snatches”
1820’s
Nonconsensual experiments on enslaved black women to understand reproductive system
1840’s
Imaging technology
X-ray, ultrasounds, CT scan, MRI
X-ray
ex: looking at fractures
Ultrasounds
ex: pregnancy
CT scan
ex: slices of the body, concussion
Reference Position
standing arms down, facing straight ahead, feet together, palms forward
Proximal
closer to the point of attachment
Distal
farther from the point of attachment
Superior
above another structure
Inferior
below another structure
Anterior
front of the body
Posterior
behind the body (the back)
Contralateral
opposite side
Ipsilateral
same side
Frontal Plane
front and back
ex: anteroposterior
Transverse Plane
top and bottom
ex: superoinferior axis
Sagittal Plane
right and left side of the body
mediolateral axis
Flexion
decreasing the angle between adjoining segments (out of anatomical positions)
Extension
increasing the angle back into anatomical position
Hyperextension
extension going beyond anatomical position
Adduction
movement away from the midline (moving up)
Abduction
movement toward the midline (moving back)
Internal (medial) rotation
rotation about the longitudinal axis of the bone toward the midline
External (lateral) rotation
rotation about the longitudinal axis of the bone away from the midline
How many bones are in the human body
206
Bone (function)
living and dynamic tissue
provides a supportive framework
protects body tissues and organs
provides attachment sites and systems of lever movement
What does the bone protect?
surrounding and protecting vital organs
ex: heart, brain, spinal cord
rigid like the skull or as flexible as the ribs
Lever
a simple machine that magnifies the force and/or of movement
Hinge
one plane, one axis
ex: elbow and knee
Ball and Socket
all planes; all axes
ex: shoulder and hips
Complex
mix of hinge + ball and socket
ex: ankle and wrist
Organization of Skeletal Muscle
Whole muscle, fascicle, myofibril, sarcomere
largest to smallest
Voluntarily Contracts
Unlike cardiac or smooth muscle
innervated by motor neurons
generates a pulling (tensile) force on the bones
Isometric Contraction
tension with no change in muscle length
Concentric Contraction
tension that shortens muscle length
Eccentric Contraction
lengthening of muscle while maintaining tension
Skeletal Muscle (function)
produce skeletal movement
provide stability and protection to joints
maintains body posture and position
produces body heat
Transverse movement
Internal (medial) rotation
External (lateral) rotation
Sagittal movement
flexion
extension
hyperextension
Frontal movement
Adduction
Abduction
Whole Muscle
attached to the bone via tendons
Fascicle
bundle of muscle fibers
myofibril
collection of myofiliments
Sarcomere
actin + myosin
