Exam 1 (APA, Neurons, Neurotransmitters, MS, PD, AD)

Question 1

Where do you find creditable resources?

Answer 1

Journals, Articles, Library Resources, Books, Newspapers

Most commonly trusted websites end in:
.org / .edu / .gov

Question 2

What makes an author creditable?

Answer 2

Credible sources are written by authors respected in their fields of study. Responsible, credible authors will cite their sources so that you can check the accuracy of and support for what they’ve written.

Question 3

When do you use et. al. in a citation?

Answer 3

When there are three or more authors

Question 4

When should you use an intext citation?

Answer 4

• When credit ideas, texts, research and media have directly influenced your work
• Paraphrasing
• Direct quotes
• un-paginated sources
• multiple authors
• unknown author
• 2 or more works in the same parenthetical reference

when it doubt CITE THE AUTHOR

Question 5

How do you cite two authors inside text?

Answer 5

Narrative: Jordan and Dixie (2019)
Parenthetical: Dixie & Arlana (2019)

Question 6

What should the page margins be in APA formatting?

Answer 6

1 inch margins

Question 7

What part of the neuron takes information away from the cell body? What part of a neuron receives impulses and carries them toward the cell body?

Answer 7

The axon takes info away.
The dendrites receive impulses.

Question 8

What is the name of the first phase of action potential that is caused by the inward movement of sodium?

Answer 8

Depolarization

Question 9

The inside of the unstimulated neuron is negative; this electrical charge is due to the outward leak of potassium and is called?

Answer 9

Resting membrane potential

Question 10

What part of the neuron releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft?

Answer 10

presynaptic terminal

Question 11

What is MS? What is the fatty insulating material that surrounds the axons? What happens to this material with MS?

Answer 11

MS is known as multiple sclerosis. MS is an unpredictable disease of the central nervous system that disrupts the flow of information within the brain, and between the brain and body. The disease attacks the brain and spinal cord.

Question 12

What are the risk factors of MS? What are the causes (or theorized) of MS?

Answer 12

There are no known causes of MS, but it is theorized that slow-acting viruses and genetically susceptible people are more inclined to develop this disease.

The risk factors of MS include:
- diet, smoking, age, race, gender, climate, etc.

Question 13

What are the signs and symptoms of MS? Be able to define each and list exercise precautions for each.

Answer 13

Signs: fatigue, walking gait, spasticity, MS Hug
Symptoms: numbness, vision problems, weakness

Question 14

How is MS diagnosed? What are the criteria for diagnosis? What are the classifications of MS?

Answer 14

MS is diagnosed by determining if a patient has evidence of at least two areas of damage in the CNS which have occurred at different times.

Question 15

What happens with the progression of MS? What causes exacerbations?

Answer 15

Symptoms gradually worsen and accumulate over several years, and there are no periods of remission, though people often have periods where their condition appears to stabilise.

Exacerbations (relapses) are caused by inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). The inflammation damages the myelin, slowing or disrupting the transmission of nerve impulses and causing the symptoms of MS.

Question 16

What types of exercise tests can be completed with someone with MS and what should be considered?

Answer 16

The sit and reach test and TUG test can be completed by someone with MS as they are not too strenuous and a good measurement of how severe their case may be.

Things to be considered are any exercise precautions.

Question 17

What types of exercises are recommended for someone with MS and why?

Answer 17

Aerobics: works the heart and lungs
Flexibility: stimulates the muscles and neurons
Resistance: works the muscles

Question 18

What are neurotransmitters? Be able to identify the 8 different neurotransmitters overviewed on the Neurotransmitter Worksheet. Know the actions (physiological influence) as well disease/disorder association and/or treatment use of each of these.

Answer 18

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that brain cells use to talk to each other.

The 8 neurotransmitters are:
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine, Serotonin, GABA, Acetylcholine, Glutamate, and Endorphins

Question 19

What is the action of Epinephrin?

Answer 19

“fight or flight”
produced in stressful or exiting situations. Increases HR and BF, leading to a physical boost and heightened awareness.

Question 20

What is the action of Norepinephrine?

Answer 20

“concentration”
Affects attention and responding actions in the brain, and involved in fight or flight response. Contracts blood vessels, increasing BF.

Question 21

What is the action of Dopamine?

Answer 21

“pleasure”
Feelings of pleasure and also addiction, movement, and motivation. People repeat behaviors that lead to dopamine release.

Question 22

What is the action of Serotonin?

Answer 22

“mood”
Contributes to well-being and happiness; helps sleep cycle and digestive system regulation. Affected by exercise ad light exposure.

Question 23

What is the action of GABA?

Answer 23

“calming”
Calms firing nerves in CNS. High levels improve focus; low levels cause anxiety. Also contributes to motor control and vision.

Question 24

What is the action of Acetylcholine?

Answer 24

“learning”
Involved in though, learning, and memory. Activates muscle action in the body. Also associated with attention and awakening.

Question 25

What is the action of Glutamate?

Answer 25

“memory”
Most common brain neurotransmitter. Involved in learning and memory, regulates development and creation of nerve contracts.

Question 26

What is the action of Endorphins?

Answer 26

“euphoria”
Released during exercise, excitement, and sex, producing well-being and euphoria, reducing pain. Biologically active section shown

Question 27

What is PD? What neurotransmitter is reduced and from what area of the brain?

Answer 27

A neurodegenerative disorder that affects predominately the dopamine-producing (“dopaminergic”) neurons in a specific area of the brain called substantia nigra.

Question 28

What are the theorical causes of PD?

Answer 28

There are no known causes of PD by theoretically Idiopathic Parkinsonism is the most common form.

Question 29

What are the risk factors of PD?

Answer 29

The main risk factor for PD is advancing age, men have somewhat a higher risk than women.

Question 30

What are the signs and symptoms of PD? Be able to define each and list exercise precautions for each.

Answer 30

Early signs of Parkinson’s include:
- small cramped handwriting, stiff facial expression, muffled speech, and depression
Symptoms of Parkinson’s include:
- tremor (most common), rigidity (begins in neck/shoulders), slowness of movement, balance issues (kyphotic)

Question 31

Know what is going on in each stage of the Hoehn and Yahr scale which highlights the progression of symptoms of PD.

Answer 31

Stage 1: no major symptoms, only mind. Most likely tremor. Does not interfere with ADLs
Stage 2: Symptoms worsen. Tremor and other movement symptoms affect both sides or the midline . Walking problems and poor posture may be apparent.
Stage 3: Loss of balance. Falls are more common and motor control worsens. Restricted in ADLs but somewhat still independent.
Stage 4: symptoms fully developed and severely disabling. The person can walk and stand without assistance, but may need to ambulate with a device for safety. Cannot live alone
Stage 5: Stiffness in the legs may make it impossible to stand or walk. The person is bedridden or confined to a wheelchair unless aided. Around-the-clock care is required for all activities.

Question 32

How is PD diagnosed? What are common treatments?

Answer 32

PD is diagnosed by medical history and performs a thorough neurological examination looking for two or more of the cardinal SIGNS to be present.
Common treatments include medications such as dopaminergic, sinemet, apomorphine,. No treatments have been shown to stop the progression of this disease, but the symptoms are treated.
Deep brain stimulation is also a treatment in which tiny electrical impulses are sent through the brain in an attempt to “reprogram it”

Question 33

What are the benefits of exercise for someone with PD?

Answer 33

Exercise is amazing because it changes the way our brain functions. Exercise also increases the number of D2 receptors in the brain, meaning dopamine has more places to go.

Question 34

What types of exercise tests can be completed with someone with PD and what should be considered?

Answer 34

Recommended:
Running and walking, Biking, Tai chi, yoga, Pilates or dance, Weight training, Non-contact boxing

What should be considered:
Strength training exercises that are focused on one muscle group at a time, and alternate focus areas each day. This gives the muscles you’ve worked time to rest, repair and grow stronger, which helps reduce the risk of injury.