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Physio spr19 E1 > Exam 1 andserson > Flashcards

Exam 1 andserson Flashcards

1
Q

CNS

A

brain & spinal cord; structures arise directly from neural tube

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2
Q

4 Cn carry parasym fibers

A

3,8,9,10

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3
Q

PNS definition

A

made up of transmission pathways carrying info btwn CNS and ext./Int. environments

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4
Q

PNS contents

A

cranial nerves(12), spinal nerves (31), sensory receptors in skin and gut tube wall, in tendons, in skeletal muscles, and motor end plates btwn neurons and skeletal muscle fibers

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5
Q

ANS

A

-subdivision of PNS, entirely motor, innervates smooth muscle and glands. divided into symp and parasymp

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6
Q

Nucleus

A

aggregation of dendrites and nerve cell bodies in CNS

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7
Q

Ganglion

A

aggregation of dendrites and nerve cell bodies in the PNS

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8
Q

Nerve

A

bundle of fibers (axons) in PNS

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9
Q

Tract

A

bundle of fibers (axons) in CNS

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10
Q

Commissure

A

Tract in the CNS that crosses from one side to other

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11
Q

White matter

A

areas of myelinated axons

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12
Q

gray matter

A

areas of unmyelinated axons, cell bodies & dendrites

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13
Q

When does neural tube form?

A

during embryonic stage, end of 2nd week to 8th week ;

1. neural plate, then folds then tube

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14
Q

Tripartite brain

A

Prosencephalon—> T and D
Mesencephalon–> Mesen
Rhomboencephalon–> Meten and myelen

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15
Q

Anencephaly

A

failure of the cranial end of the neural tube to close

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16
Q

Holoprosencephaly

A

failure of the prosencephalon to divide into 2 cerebral hemispheres- often results in facial deformities

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17
Q

Spina Bifida-occulta

A

Failure of the inferior neuropore to close, vetebral arches fail to develop in caudal area, spinal cord function is usually normal

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18
Q

Spina Bifida-Cystica

A

sac-like cyst at caudal spine, spinal cord a/o meninges maybe in cyst, spinal cord function impaired, maybe lower extremity dysfunction, bladder and bowel funtion maybe impaired

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19
Q

Meningocele

A

a form of spina bifida cystica, only meninges found in sac, spinal cord function impaired, location and severity of malformation dictate signs and symptoms

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20
Q

Meningomyelocele

A

a form of spina bifida cystica, meninges and spnal cord in sac, always results in abnormal spinal cord growth, lower extremity paralysis, bowel and bladder disfunc., loss of lower limb sensation

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21
Q

Myeloschisis

A

a form of spina bifida cystica, failure of caudal neural folds to close, most severe of the defects

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22
Q

Arnold-Chiari Deformity

A

inferior cerebellum and medulla are elongated and protrude into vertebral canal, medula and pons are small and deformed, hydrocephalus, malformation of lower cranial nerves-deafness, tongue, facial muscle, lateral eye movement weakness

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23
Q

Epithalamus

A

Habenular neclei involved in emotional and visceral responses to odors,

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24
Q

Thalamus

A

relay station for afferent and efferent info to/from cerebrum and other areas of brain, 80% of diencephalon, landmaks are optic recess, infundibular recess, pineal recess

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25
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Mamillary bodies involved in olfactory reflexes and emotional responses to odors; supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

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26
Q

Diencephalon

A

epithalmus, thalamus and hypothalamus. Controls and integrates ANS, associated with visceral activity, intermediary btwn nervous and endocrine systems, controls normal body temp, maintains extracellular fluid volume

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27
Q

Cerebellum definition

A

has cortex, connected to other parts of brain via large fiber tracts called peduncles.

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28
Q

Cerebellum functions

A

coordinate skeletal muscle movements, maintain equilibrium and posture, synergic control of muscle activity

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29
Q

Axon

A

part of neuron that carries info to another neuron or muscle cell, conducts action potential, membrane is axolemma, cytoplasm is axoplasm.; only part of neuron that is ever myelinated (myelin formed by schwann cells)

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30
Q

Spinal nerve branches

A

2 division: dorsal primary ramus & ventral primary ramus; thoracolumbar have 2 small branches prior to primary What ramus and gray ramus communicans

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31
Q

White ramus communicans

A

carries myelinated preganglionic fibers

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32
Q

gray ramus communicans

A

carries unmyelinated postganglionic fibers back to spinal nerve

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33
Q

Paravertebral ganglia

A

linked together into a long chain on either side of vertebral column in thoracolumbar region, site of cell bodies of postganglionic sympathetic nerves, site of synapse btwn preganglionic myelinated symp neurons & postgangnon-myelinated sypm neurons

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34
Q

Splanchnic nerve

A

a nerve supplying viscera

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35
Q

Prevertebral ganglion

A

typically found anterior to abdominal aorta, site of synapses btwn preganglionic myelinated sympathetic neurons & postganglionic non-myelinated neurons

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36
Q

Physiological states of neuron

A

Resting: cell body potential aprox -65 mv
Excited: cell body more ++; approx -45 mv (this is due to influx of sodium ions)
Inhibited: cell body potential is more negative than at rest, -70 mv, (influx of chloride ion or efflux of potassium ion

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37
Q

Acetylcholine secreted by: (major neurotransmitter)

A

pyramidal cells, some neurons in bsal ganglia, alpha motor neurons, preganglionic neurons in ANS, postganglionic neurons of parasymp system, some postganglionic neurons of the symp system. (usually excitatory)

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38
Q

Acetylcholine targeted by: (major neurotransmitter)

A

nicotine, chantix, sarin, aricept (alzheimer’s), botox, tensolin, biperiden

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39
Q

Norepinephrine secreted by: (major neurotransmitter)

A

many neurons located in brain stem and hypothalamus, some neurons located in pons, most postganglionic neurons of symp system (can be excitatory or inhibitory)

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40
Q

Dopamine secreted by: (major neurotransmitter)

A

most neurons originating in substantia nigra, usually inhibitory

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41
Q

Norepinephrine targeted by: (major neurotransmitter)

A

amphetamines, cocaine, cymbalta, propranolol

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42
Q

Dopamine targeted by: (major neurotransmitter)

A

Amphetamines, cocaine, levadopa (parkinsons), haldol (alzheimer’s)

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43
Q

Glycine (major neurotransmitter)

A

secreted by synapses in spinal cord. Always inhibitory; not a drug target

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44
Q

GABA (major neurotransmitter)

A

Secreted by many areas in the spinal cord and cerebral cortex, always inhibitory, targeted by alcohol, barbiturates, valium, baclofen

45
Q

Glutamate (major neurotransmitter)

A

secreted by many sensory pathways entering the CNS, many areas of cerebral cortex, always excitatory, targeted by ketamine (anesthetic) namenda (alzheimer’s), robitussin

46
Q

Dendrite characteristics

A

may extend out large distance, can recieve siganls from large spatial area; generally cannot transmit APs, they use electronic conduction instead, long with thin membranes

47
Q

Dendritic membranes

A

Ar thin, partially permeable to K and Cl, much of the potential lost due to leakage, gradual loss of potential as the depolarization spreads from site of initiation results in DECREMENTAL conduction

48
Q

electronic conduction

A

direct spread of electrical current by ion conduction in the dendritic fluids wo generating action potential

49
Q

Synaptic delay-Dendrite characteristics

A

refers to the time it takes to transmit a signal from a presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron; depends on: time it takes to release neurotransmitter, time it takes for neurotransmitter to diffuse across cleft, how nt acts on postsynaptic membrane, time it takes for the receptor to inc. membrane permeability, time it takes for the inward diffusion of Na ions

50
Q

2 sources of blood supply to brain

A

Vertebral arteries & internal carotids

51
Q

Vertebral arteries

A

1 of 2 sources of blood to brain, 1st branches of subclavian, ascend thru transverse foramina of CV 1-6, pass foramen magnum, unite at caudal border of pons to form basilar artery

52
Q

Internal carotids

A

1 of 2 blood to brain, terminal branches of the common carotids, enter cranial cavity through carotid canal in temporal bone

53
Q

Circle of Willis

A

pentagonal shaped circle of arteries on ventral surface of the brain that unites the 2 vertebral and 2 internal carotid arteries

54
Q

Components of Circle of Willis

A

Posterior cerebral arteries (terminal branches of basilar); Posterior communicating arteries (connect post, cerebral to internal carotids) Internal carotids (give off anterior & middle cerebral aa), anterior cerebral aa (branches of ICA), anterior communicating (unpaired) connext 2 anterior

55
Q

Telencephalon components

A

cerebral hemispheres, olfactory bulb, basal nuclei (ganglia)

56
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

80% of brain mass, gyri and sulci, left and right hemispheres (falx cerebri), superior to cerebellum (tentorium cerebelli)

57
Q

5 cerebral lobes

A

Occipital, parietal, frontal, temporal, insula

58
Q

Occipital lobe

A

vision, correlates visual images w visual memory, involved in conscious perception of vision, seperated from parietal lobe by parietooccipital sulcus

59
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Somatesthetic interpretation (post central gyrus), understanding speech (auditory association cortex, wenickes area), formulating words, central sulcus is landmark separates motor cortex from sensory cortex

60
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

voluntary motor control (precentral gyrus), motivation, aggression, mood, personality, cognitive processes, brocas

61
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Receives/interprets olfactory and auditory sensation, storage of memory related to auditory and visual experiences

62
Q

insula

A

not observed from surface, involved w memory, psychic cortex: highest levels of brain function, absract thought, judgement

63
Q

Corpus Striatum

A

part of the basal ganglia of the brain, comprising the caudate and lentiform nuclei.

64
Q

caudate nucleus

A

large subconscious movements of skeletal muscle

65
Q

lentiform nucleus

A
  1. putamen- large subconscious movements of skeletal muscle

2. globus pallidus-regulates muscle tone

66
Q

Types of cortical neurons

A
  1. granular (stellate)-short axons, interneurons, both ecitatory (glutamate) and inhibitory(GABA)
  2. Fusiform-smaller output neurons
  3. pyramidal- large output neurons
67
Q

Primary motor areas: primary cortical area

A

direct connections w specific muscles

68
Q

Primary sensory areas: primary cortical area

A

detect specific sensations

69
Q

secondary motor areas primary cortical area

A

provides patterns of motor activity

70
Q

secondary sensory areas primary cortical area

A

analyze meanings of specific sensory signals

71
Q

Association areas definition

A

receive & analyze signals simultaneously from multiple motor and sensory cortices

72
Q

Parieto-occipitotemporal association area

A

prefrontal association area, limbic assoc. area, brocas and wernickes

73
Q

prefrontal assoc. area

A

receives pre analyzed sensory info (esp concerning spatial coordinates) necessary for planning movements, output passes through caudate portion of basal ganglia, carries ‘thought’ processes in the mind

74
Q

limbic association area

A

concerned w behavior, emotions, motivations

75
Q

brocas area

A

provides circuitry for word formation, works closely with wernickes, almost always dominant on eft side of brain

76
Q

Corpus callosum

A

major commissure btwn the 2 hemispheres, cutting results in: blocking info from wernickes area to nondominant motor cortex, prevention of the transfer of somatic and visual info from right hemisphere to wernikes, results in 2 entirely separate conscious portions of brain

77
Q

declarative memory

A

refers to memory of various details of an integrated thought. might include memory of: surrounding, time relationships, causes of experience, meaning of experience, deductions as result of experience

78
Q

Reflexive (skill) memory

A

associated w motor activities

79
Q

Short term memory

A

Exemplified by memory of a telephone number, lasts only as long as person thinks of number or facts (seconds)

80
Q

Intermediate long term memory

A

last minutes or weeks, may become long term memory if memory traces are activated enough

81
Q

long term memory

A

structural changes include inc in vesicle release sites for secretion of transmitter substance, inc in presynaptic terminals

82
Q

5 basic types of sensory receptors

A

1.mechanoreceptors 2. thermoreceptors 3. nociceptors 4. electromagnetic receptors 5. chemoreceptors

83
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

skin tactile sensibilities and deep tissue sensibilites. can be both free and encapsulated

84
Q

Expanded tip ending mechanoreceptors-skin tactile

A

merkels disc, other varients

85
Q

encapsulated ending mechanoreceptors-skin tactile

A

meissners corpuscles, kraus corpuscles

86
Q

mechanoreceptor deep tissue spray ending

A

ruffinis corpuscle

87
Q

mechanoreceptor deep tissue encapsulated

A

pacinian corpuscle and other varients

88
Q

mechanoreceptors not skin/deep tissue

A

hearing-sound receptors in cochlea
eqilibrium- vestibular receptors
arterial pressure- baroreceptors

89
Q

Nociceptors

A

free nerve endings responding to pain

90
Q

electromagnetic receptors

A

include rods and cones of the eye for vision

91
Q

chemoreceptors

A

taste, smell, arterial oxygen, osmolarity, blood CO2, blood glucose, amino acids, fatty acids

92
Q

thermoreceptors

A

cold and warm receptors

93
Q

differential sensitivity

A

a receptor characteristic-each type of receptor is highly sensitive to one type of stimulus and is almost unresponsive to other types

94
Q

modality

A

a receptor characteristic-refers to each of the principle types of sensation

95
Q

labeled line principle

A

a receptor characteristic-refers to the specificity of nerve fibers for transmitting only one modality of sensation

96
Q

adaptation

A

a receptor characteristic-all sensory receptors adapt either partially or completely to any constant stimulus after a period of time, some receptors adapt to a far greater extent than others

97
Q

Tonic receptors definition

A

Slow adapting, detect continuous stimulus strength, trasmit impulses as long as stimulus is present,

98
Q

types of tonic receptors

A

muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, macula and vestibular receptors, baroreceptors, chemoreceptors

99
Q

phasic receptors

A

rapidly adapting, do not transmit continuous signal, stimulated only when stimulus strength changes, transmit information regarding rate of change

100
Q

Type A nerve type fiber

A

further subdivided into alpha, beta, gamma and delta. Large and medium sized myelinated fibers of spinal nerves

101
Q

Type C nerve fibers

A

small, unmyelinated fibers, conduct signals at low velocity, make up more than half of all sensory fibers in most peripheral nerves and all postganglionic autonomic fibers

102
Q

Group 1a nerve fibers

A

type A-alpha-fibers from annulospiral endings of muscle spindles

103
Q

Group 1b nerve fibers

A

type A-alpha-fibers from golgi tendon organ

104
Q

Group 2 nerve fibers

A

Type A-beta/gamma fibers from cutaneus tactile receptors and flower spray

105
Q

Group 3 nerve fibers

A

Type A delta fibers carry temp., crude touch, and pricking pain

106
Q

Group 4 nerve fibers

A

Type C fibers carry pain, itch, temp and crude touch

107
Q

spatial summation

A

increasing signal strength is transmitted by using progressively greater number of fibers. nerve endings from 1 fiber overlap those of the other pain fiber

108
Q

temporal summation

A

increase signal strength by increasing frequency of nerve impulses in each fiber

Physio spr19 E1 (1 decks)

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