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Psych 3513 Final Exam > Exam 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Exam 1 and 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Wada Test

A
  • clinical testing with amobarbitol
  • injection to temporarily disrupt one cerebral hem (“sleeps”)
  • used to ID sources of seizures
  • gives insight in hem specialization
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2
Q

Macroscopic Anatomical Asymmetries/Differences

A

right protrudes in F, left in back
* right has volume in frontal region, left larger posterior in occipital region
* ^ bends longitud. fissure b/t two hem (Sylvian Fissure - related to size dif)
planum temporale: center of wernickes
* larger in left, overwhelm lang (dyslexia)

functional asymmetry:
correlates with planum temporale
* opp. hem explains handedness (correlated)

realistic asymmetry:
Left:
* lang, r motor/visual field, inference, logic, local representations

Right:
* visuospatial processing, facial process, spatial attention, l motor/visual field, global representation

Carotid artery serves one another (not circle of willis)

Anatomical Asymmetry: anterior bank r> left
posterior bank l > right
* functionally, no difference, 0 function

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3
Q

Microscopic Anatomical Asymmetries and Differences

A

homotopic areas correspond on 2 hem (lang - ant, post - Wernickes)
types asym:
* left hem neurons have longer dendrites
* spaces in column of left hem, dense in right hem
* no difference in spacing + connecting of columns
* left hem higher order processing
* larger gaps left hem = connection fibers
* cell size dif b/t hem (long range connect = refined)
* *result in action connectivity process

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4
Q

Hemispheric Communication

A
  • homotopic: corresponding region in other hem (0 priming)
  • heterotopic: different region in other hem
  • ipsilateral: same side to brain
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5
Q

Split Brain Research:

A
  • corpus callosum:
  • connects both hems with commisures
  • interhem. communication
  • anterior = genu, middle = body, posterior: splenium (connects occipital lobe, larger tracts
  • ^ fibers vary
  • ^^ temporoparietal visual = small
  • ^^sensorimotor = large
  • maintain topographic organization
  • DTI
  • ^ all temporal, pareital, occipital transferred to opposite hemisphere
  • ^^posterior third
  • ^premotor and supplementary to middle third
  • fatty tissue, myelin (dense tracts)
  • organization projection:
  • ^prefrontal, premotor (SMA), primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, parietal, occipital, temporal
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6
Q

Commisures

A

Anterior: smaller band of fibers connects 2 hemispheres
* inferior to anterior portion callosum
* olfactory tract
* connects temporal area, amygdala
* neospinothalamic
Posterior: interhem fibers (smaller)
* above cerebral aqueduct of 3rd ventricle
* tiny bulb
* pupillary light reflex
* same dimension

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7
Q

Purpose of GABA

A

axpn tracts (corpuscles) use GABA (inhibitory)
* send signals to each other through corpuscles
* evolutionary advantage (robust, adaptive)
* ^primary role of corp

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8
Q

Consequences of corpus callostomy

A
  • separates vesicles from callosum
  • arteries -> navigate or hemorrage
  • rupture vesicles: leak CSF, no shock absorb
  • methodological considerations: already damaged, need to verify comp transcort. section (doctor), more strict laterally than other modes (what goes in to ea. visual field)
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9
Q

Understand functional asymmetries

A

visuospatial: path for voluntary expression (split brain can’t control signal to left hem, left side), spontaneous expression originates in older parts of brain (basal ganglia)

attention versus visual perception: attentional/visual control maintain to opposite visual field (we dk), spatial info to integrate between hemispheres (transfer attent)

global and local: opposite hem with lesions are slower to look at same side target

hierarchal structures: configuration may be dense

theory of mind: in medial PFC, rhem, amygdala (understand all have thoughts, deisres, beliefs)
* split brain patients have different more realsoning (r hem -> fast, auto belief, l hem -> slow, deliberate reasoning)

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10
Q

Dichotic Listening Task

A

compare hemispheric specilization in auditory canal
* projected bilaterally (cochlear nuclear -> contralateral thalamus -> ipsilateral) where some think they hear only contra
* linguistic stimulation accurate in Right ear (right ear adv) for music, left ear for language

used to:
find double dissociations
recognize memory
voluntary attention

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11
Q

Hemispheric spec in non humans

A
  • present in all vertebraes
  • birds = limited hem commmunication, no corpus
  • hypoglossal nerve help to communicate what’s food or not
  • optic fibers cross contralateraly (local: LVF (RH), categorically: after discrim)
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12
Q

modularity

A

specilization process unit of NS
* perform spec computations
^modules for speech, aud, perception
* local networks perform to adapt to new demands

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13
Q

Hemispheric connections with handedness

A
  • dom language in left = correlation
  • l hem = larger WA (usually left hem dominance)
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14
Q

Agnosia, Visual Agnosia

A

visual: inability to recognize object, restricted to visual domain

agnosia: disturbance of perception recog cannot attribute to impairment in basic sensory process (single modality)

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15
Q

Object Constancy

A

can change some things in visual percep/situation
* computer can’t see what we can
* we see light orientation, environment
* robust constancy

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16
Q

View Invariant/Dependent

A

Dependent: requires many special req in memory
* memory template
* heavy burden in memory
* suppressed by expressions using novel object from templates

Invariant: observed in left fusiform, no matter view point (components)
* right fusiform only when object presented in the same view (templates)

repetition suppression: during fMRI where BOLD response to stim with each subsequent presentiation
(why should system increase energy if it remembers the same thing)

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17
Q

Shape Encoding

A

**recognize same shape, lines in different ways **
fusiform face
* difference between objects (familiar, novel, scrambled)
* ventral on OCT to familiar
* LOC shows further exhibition cue invariance regardless on motion (must be salient of obj)
* increases bold

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18
Q

Grandmother Cells

A

cell with high specialization and sits atop perceptual neutral network hierarchy
* gnostic unit cell selectivity, “this is grandma”
* allows sparse coding (represents many objects, invariant in enviroment)
* lowest level: edge detection
* highest level: complete object
* issue: activity from text, by recording from small number of neurons. if unit dies, where is the object recognition
* ensemble encoding (hypothesis): indicates specialization pattern of activity, multiple feature detectors -> parallel, many cells to recognize grandma, account for variations between object

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19
Q

Prospagnosia and Faces

A

**deficit in ability to recognize **
* association ability

processing: different neural mechanism from other objects, local potentiality (distinct), different parts process = equipotentiality

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20
Q

Unusual Views Test

A

judge if 2 images differ than viewpoints of same object
* right hem lesion = (posterior), worse than patients with left hem lesions
* implicit occipital lobe association in agnosia

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21
Q

Shadows test

A

Identify under shadowed perspective
* right hem lesion (posterior) worse than left hem

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22
Q

Integrative agnosia

A

can’t integrate points into whole
*no issue with shape match/unusual views test
* probably holistically
* arrange letters from random display
* hetero (slower) = serial
* *homogenous (boost in efficiency)= perial
* HJA: no difference, can’t do whole homo (our hetero)

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23
Q

Apperceptive Agnosia

A

different unit perception represents with long term of percepts
0 understanding of object due ot lesions

  • perceptive difference (alexia) is not proportional to recognition
  • match by function: decide if two objects function similar but infer
  • posterior lesion fails
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24
Q

Associative Agnosia

A

perception and senses interact but no recognition
0 function, unable to visually pres object, 0 ability to identify

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25
Q

Alexia

A

reading disruption
from a stroke
* dyslexia: gene distrub
* frequency = reference to acq agnosia to indicate results

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26
Q

Category Specificity:

A

recognition imparied, restricts class of object
inability to recognize live things, normal in non-living
* inanimate: sensorimotor assists in recognition, kinesthetic codes
* semantic knowledge: catergory (living, non), property (function, visual)

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27
Q

Category vs Property

A

catergory (living, non), property (function, visual)
* connectionist: gave computational brain damage (animously judes, multidimensional represents space (visual process))
* double dissociation: lesion in visual semantic -> impairs living, lesion in functional semantic -> impairs non living (limited, stops lines of code but identify living through visual and functional representation)

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28
Q

Fusiform Face Area (FFA)

A

functionally defined
ventral surface
* fusiform gyrus: local: central surface, temporal lobe to view facial stimulation

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29
Q

Extrastriate Body Area (EBA)

A

perceive human form
damage = inability to recognize stability

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30
Q

Analytic vs Holisitc Processing

A

holistic:: parallel, expect face above line
*engage in face process (not anaytic), whole vs. parts (ID whole faces are easier, no difference with houses)
analytic: perceptive analysis emphasizes component parts of object (reading analysis are some letters, ASL, 2nd language

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31
Q

Parahippocampal Place Area

A

area in hippocampus, regulation of temporal love repsonse to stimulate scenes vs places

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32
Q

Decoding

A

brain activity produces by stimulation to detect menthods
fMRI detects OG stimulus
* shown stim -> space -> predicted BOLD
* BOLD -> feature specifity-> stimulus predicted
* based on neural activity

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33
Q

Occipital Face Area (OFA)

A

sensitive to faces

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34
Q

Fusiform Body Area (FBA)

A

recognizes body

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35
Q

Ventral vs Dorsal

A

Ventral: what
inferotemporal cortex
Dorsal: where
posteroparietal cortex (right hem)

  • found in single cell recording (hand study) in ITC (lesion/behavioral study)
  • optic ataxia
  • bilateral fMRI activity
  • PET contrasts in object vs localization (2AFC, reveal dif neutral activity to task)
  • Perception for identity vs perception for activity (dissociation between awareness and perception, damage to ventral)
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36
Q

Optic Ataxia

A

recognize object but 0 visual info to guide action
* 0 ability to avoid obstacles
* innapropriate eye saccades
* fail to bring object to fovea
* dorsal pathway and patient DF = double dissociation
* Hem Asymmetry in fMRI: depends on location of object, hand used to reach (ventral guides object, dorsal to judge task = spatial processes)

37
Q

Balint’s Syndrome

A

attention vs awareness
damage bilterally to regions of postoparietal and occipital
* dmall subset of objects perceived at a time
* object mislocalized
* regard to selective attention

38
Q

Unilateral Spatial Neglect

A

failure/sloweness in acknowledging object or evens in contralateral hem to lesions
severe persists worse when association with damage to right parietal lobe
* 0 ability to draw on the left side
* attends to one side
* extinction when present stimulus in left and right visual field, only sees R
* neglect in visual memory

39
Q

Gaze Bias

A

Where’s Waldo

40
Q

Phenomena of Extinction

A

**failure to perceive or respond to a stimulus contralateral to a lesion (contralesional)

41
Q

Voluntary vs Reflexive

A

Voluntary: ability to intentionally look at something:book
Reflexive: bottom up stimulus drive, sensory event captures attention

42
Q

Overt vs Covert

A

Overt: observe action related to attention: look at this, your focus is here
Covert: unobservable: pretending to look at something, actually looking from peripheral, in front of you, etc (different from foviation)

43
Q

Dichotic listening task

A

involuntary listening: where is attention? but can recognize name
* cocktail party afffect

44
Q

Bottleneck

A

not processing all inputs to gain access/pass attention to go into Short tem, Working or Long term

45
Q

Limited Property

A

**concept of info processed = finite, processing capacity **; need for system to select higher prior information for access to stage analysis

46
Q

Early attention capacity

A

gating mechanism determines limited information passed for high level analysis
* E: stimulus selects further analysis (found irrelevant before perception analysis of stimulus complete (top down)

47
Q

Early vs Late Models

A

Early: sensory gating mechanism: select stimulus make to perceptively process (Top)
Late: everything is encoded, perception process before selection (Bottom)

48
Q

E

Valid versus Invalid cues of attention

A

2AFC task, measure reaction time (right/wrong)
Valid: meets expectations (can you attend to correct location faster?), behaviorally, nothing wrong, cue affects prep response.
* reaction time = behavioral, not reflecx, spec stages process (EEG)

49
Q

Endogenous vs Exogenous

A

Endo: control of attention by internal stimulus under voluntary control (spatial para)
Exo:: (reflex) by external, not internal voluntary control (startled, reacting)

50
Q

Voluntary Spatial Attention

A

stimulus disp revelant physiological effect of sustained, spatial selective attention
attention facility = enhanced neural response at attended location (enhanced if not at right place)
* noisy EEG = do average to get rid of noise, with control in mind, focus on left side of space, right hem increases BOLD signa*

51
Q

Role of thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) and perigeniculate nucleus

A

TRN: part of right nucleus (RN) surrounds leftgeniculate nucleus inputs from cortex, subcortex structure sends project to thalamic relay nucleus
* mechanism for selective visual field location for current spot of attention (need to react to threats)

52
Q

inhibition and return

A

reflexive cuing task: event related potential (ERP), enhanced on P1 (distraction to correct location)

  • distraction not relevant to attention after 300ms
  • slow motor response between distractor to target (reflex)
  • inhibitory recent attended location, after inhibited return to object
  • people response’s are slow to stim. auto “spotloght”
53
Q

Visual Search

A

feature targets: early spatial attnetion freely moves: spotlight moving
* behavior: precue attention to visual feature improved performance
* attention: selection in mid-specialization cortex areas, alters perception processes of inputs before complete feture regions, perception visuospatial atttention when location of targetn is not known before hand
* conjunction: too many features to identify

54
Q

Theory of Attention

A
  • separate from other mechanisms of attention
  • network of areas
  • areas involved with attention have specific, assigned and different functions
55
Q

Role of pulvinar thalamus

A

large region of posterior thalamus
many nuclei interconnectors of specific cortex regions
* chemical deactivator (neurotoxin) of pulv shows loss of covert spatial attention and stimulus filter (selection) - withdrawl attention from non-goal driven things
* reveals rde covert attention, attent filter

56
Q

Effector:

A

part of body that can move (every = opposite pairs muscles)

57
Q

Biceps vs Triceps

A

Anatagonist pair, regular arm position
excitatory signal to flex (agonist) inhibs the antag via interneurons
Bicep: flex above elbow
Triceps: bicep relaxed, extends forearm, descending commands

58
Q

Alpha motor

A

inneverate skeletal muslce and cause contractions that create movement (bulk of a muscle)
(aka lower motor neurons)

59
Q

Muscle Spindles and Stretch Reflex

A

When muscles lengthen, spindles are stretched. Activates spindle and sends impulse to spinal cord. Activates motor neurons at spine that send impulse back to muscle.

60
Q

Spinal Interneurons

A

project to other cells within the spinal cord.
* modulate: motor, sensory, autonomic functions
* composed of: spinal interneurons, projection neurons (outside spine)
* propriospinal neurons, ascending and descending projections (same side = ipsilateral, different = contra)

61
Q

Pyrimidal Path/corticospinal

A

tract: originates from cerebral cortex, divides into spinal tract and bulbar tract. Each carry efferent signals to spine or brain. Corticospinal sends signals to spine, controls move in limbs and trunk.
* OG from primary motor cortex, P1, premotor cortex
* receives fibers from somatosenosry, cingulate, parietal

62
Q

Ataxia vs Apraxia

A

Tax: uncoordinated movements and balace, originally from weakness. From damage to cerebellum. Can’t carry out proper movement - clumsy
Prax:: inability to carry out purposeful movement from coord and muscle power. Can’t make certain movements. Difficult to control.

63
Q

Cerebellum

A

a large, highly convoluted (infolded) structure located dorsal to the brainstem at the level of the pons; maintains interconnectivity with other cortical areas, subcortical structures, and the cerebellum and spinal cortex

64
Q

Supplementary motor area (SMA)

A
  • Initiation of voluntary actions involves a basal ganglia loop that originate and terminate
  • facilitated by dopamine, which lowers the threshold for movement initiation (self-initiated actions)
  • determine whether an intention to act is translated into an actual movement
  • **reduced DA = akinesia **
65
Q

intention vs resting tremor

A
66
Q

Basal Ganglia = gatekeeper

A

The basal ganglia are a grouping of interconnected subcortical nuclei that mitigate and control functions ranging from voluntary movement, cognitive planning, emotions and reward functions, and even cognition and learning

67
Q

Center Out law

A
68
Q

Substantia Nigra

A
  • midbrain dopaminergic nucleus which has a critical role in modulating motor movement and reward functions as part of the basal ganglia circuitry
  • to the putamen, called the nigrostriatal pathway, are critically involved in the motor deficits observed in Parkinson disease
  • forming synapses on multiple neuronal populations throughout the basal ganglia, but especially in the putamen
  • primary input into the ** basal ganglia circuitry ** and a critical element to these functions
  • damage = Parkinson disease, Huntington disease, Tourette syndrome, schizophrenia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder
69
Q

Hemiplegia

A
  • one-sided paralysis
  • brain or spinal cord injuries
  • a neurological condition characterized by the loss of voluntary movements on one side of the body; typically results from damage to the corticospinal tract, eithe rfrom lesions to the motor cortex or from white matter lesions that destroy the descending fibers
70
Q

Endpoint control

A

a hypothesis concerning how movements are planned in terms of the desired final location; emphasize that the motor representation is based on the final position required of the limbs to achieve the movement goal

71
Q

Central Pattern Generator

A

a neural network limited to the spinal cord that produces patterned motor outputs without descending commands from the cerebral cortex or sensory feedback

72
Q

Preferred Direction

A

a property of cells in the motor pathway, referring to the direction of movement that results in the highest firing rate of the neuron; voxels have also been shown to have preferred directions in fMRI studies, indicating that such preferences can even be measured at the cell population level of analysis

73
Q

Population Vectors

A

a statistical procedure to represent the activity across a group of neurons; reflect the aggregate activity across cells, providing a better correlation with the behavior than that obtained from the analysis of individual neurons

74
Q

Affordance Competition Hypothesis

A
75
Q

Alien Hand Syndrome

A
76
Q

Brain-Machine Interface

A

a device that uses the interpretation of neuronal signals to perform desired operations with a mechanical device outside the body; for instance, signals recorded from neurons or EEG can be used to move a prosthetic arm

77
Q

Huntington’s Disease vs Parkinson’s

A

H: a genetic degenerative disorder in which the primary pathology, at least in the early stages of the disease, is observed in the striatum (caudate and putamen) of the basal ganglia; prominent symptoms include clumsiness ad involuntary movements of the head and trunk; cognitive impairments are also seen and become pronounced over time

P: a degenerative disorder of the basal ganglia in which the pathology results from the loss of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra; primary symptoms include difficulty in initiating movement, slowness of movement, poorly articulated speech, and, in some cases, resting tremor

78
Q

Hypokinesia and Bradykinesia

A

H: a movement disorder characterized by the absence or reduction in the production of movement; prominent symptom of Parkinson’s disease
B: slowness in the initiation and execution of movements; prominent symptom in Parkinson’s disease

79
Q

Mirror Neurons and their role

A

neurons that show similar responses when an animal is performing an action or observing that action produced by another organism; hypothesized to provide a strong link between perception and action, perhaps providing an important basis for the development of conceptual knowledge

80
Q

Sensorimotor Adaptation

A

a form of motor learning in which a learned skill is modified due to some change in the environment or agent

learning: term that refers to the acquisition of a new motor skill or capability; motor learning can arise from maturation processes or intense, dedicated practicing

81
Q

Visuomotor Adaptation

A

a form of sensorimotor adaption in which the visual feedback is altered, resulting in a mismatch between proprioception and vision; with practice, the motor system adjusts to compensate for the mismatch

82
Q

Forward Models

A

a theoretical construct referring to the idea that the brain generates predictions of expected events; in motor control, the prediction of the expected sensory consequences of a movement

83
Q

Feature Integration, What is It?

A
84
Q

Object Attention What is it, Evidence?

A
85
Q

Role of Frontal Eye Field and Superior Colliculus

A
86
Q

Biased Competition Model and Evidence

A
87
Q

ideational Apraxia

A

a severe form of apraxia in which the patient’s knowledge about the intent of an action is impaired; for example, the patient may no longer comprehend the appropraite use for a tool, even though still capable of producing the required action

88
Q

ideomotor apraxia

A

a form of apraxia in which the patient has difficulty executing the desired action properly; patients appear to have a general idea about how the action should be performed and how tools are uesd, but they are unable to coordinate the movements to produce the action in a coherent manner

Psych 3513 Final Exam (1 decks)

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