Exam 1 Anatomy 2300 Flashcards
cardiovascular system
heart, blood vessels, blood/transportation of: oxygen and nutrients, carbon dioxide and waste, and hormones
anatomy
science of the body and the relationships among them
opposition
Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips
regional anatomy
anatomy taught according to regions of the body at the same time
systemic anatomy
anatomy taught by system to system (independent of region)
dissection/prosection anatomy
where a cadaver is dissected and ready to observed
What are some divisions of anatomy?
embryology, developmental biology, and histology
What is the principle of complementarity of structure and function?
function always reflects structure
Level of organization of the body?
molecules (chemical), cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
tissue
groups of similars that have a similar function
organ
complex structure that is made up of at least 2 different tissues
epithelial tissue
covers body surfaces and lines hollow body organs, body cavities and ducts. Can form glands
connective tissue
protects and supports the body, stores energy
muscle tissue
uses ATP to be converted to mechanical energy for movement through contraction
neural tissue
detects changes in the body, communication through APs (nerve impulses)
Skeletal system
bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints /
there to support, protect, leverage(for movement), hematopoiesis, mineral storage and energy storage
adipose tissue
fat tissue that is created from yellow marrow, energy is stored in triglycerides
muscular system
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle / providing movement and heat production (thermogenesis)
lymphatic system
lymph vessels, lymph nodes, thymus gland, tonsils, and spleen/fluid control, filtration, immunity, WBC formation
Nervous system
brain, spinal cords, nerves, sense organs/communication, homeostasis
Endocrine system
hormone producing glands and cells / communication and homeostasis
homeostasis
the body’s ability to keep a relative stable environment while the external environment changes
Respiratory system
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs / gas exchange
digestive system
alimentary canal (GI tract) , salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas/mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, absorption, solid waste removal
urinary system
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra/filtration and elimination
reproductive system
Male: testes, penis, duct system, glands
Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia
- production of hormones, formation of germ cells, housing developing fetus
What are the main components of integumentary system?
skin and accessory structures
What are the accessory structures of the integumentary system?
sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands, hair and nails
What are the main functions of the integumentary system?
protection, temperature regulation, waste elimination, sensation
Describe the movement of blood in the skin?
Hot blood flows to the surface and cold blood flows back to the core
keratin
protective protein produced by epithelium cells
What is the most superficial layer of the integumentary system?
epidermis
epidermis
superficial layer of the skin, made up of dead cells and keratin
How is the epidermis formed?
mitosis of cells causes dead cells to keep rising and cause a layer to form
How is the epidermis nourished?
since the layer is avascular, it relies on diffusion to gain nutrients
What is located in the dermis?
connective tissue, Blood vessels, nerves, hairs, and glands
What is the hypodermis?
adipose tissue that increases when someone gains weight
Human Anatomical Position
erect, facing forward, feet parallel together, head level, palms facing forward at the side of the body
prone
body face down
supine
lying on the back
How do you describe anatomical positions when regarding left/right side of the body?
describe the patients/cadaver’s left or right
medial
near the midline
lateral
away from the midline
ipsilateral
on the same side
contralateral
opposite side of the body
anterior
front of the body
posterior
towards the back of the body
superior
towards the head
inferior
towards the bottom
superficial
towards the surface
deep
away from the surface
proximal
closer to the point of attachment
distal
further from the original attachment point
What are the 2 divisions of the body?
axial and appendicular
axial
head, neck and trunk
appendicular
appendages or limbs
2 major divisions of the upper limb
brachium and antebrachium
2 majors of the lower limb
thigh and limb
body planes
imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body
sagittal plane
divides body into left and right
midsagittal plane
divides the body into equal left and right planes
parasagittal plane
Divides body into unequal right and left sides (off centered to the midline)
frontal or coronal plane
vertical plane
transverse plane
horizontal plane
dorsal cavity
contains brain (cranial cavity) and spinal cord (vertebral cavity), runs all the way down the body
ventral cavity
thoracic cavity and the abdominalpelvic cavity
thoracic cavity
contains left and right pleural cavity,
mediastinum -> pericardial cavity
abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
abdominopelvic quadrants
RUP,LUP,LLQ,RLQ
these are all divided by the umbilicus
Functions of bone?
support, protection, hematopoiesis, movement, triglyceride storage, and mineral storage
axial bones
bones that are center along the midline
appendicular bones
bones that are off centered of the midline line or bones that connect appendages to the axial skeleton
long bone
the bone is longer than it is wide (has a shaft)
short bone
approximately cubed in shape
flat bone
thin flat bones
irregular bones
complicated shapes; vertebrae and hip bones
Sesamoid bones
special type of short bone that is formed in the tendon
What is the functional purpose of sesamoid bones?
acts to alter the direction of the pull of the tendon
tendon
connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to the a bone
compact bone
hard, dense bone usually the outermost layer; has passages for neurovasculature
spongey bone
layer of bone that is found internally made up of trabeculae usually red/yellow matter is found here
diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
epiphysis
end of a long bone (distal, proximal)
epiphyseal plate
“growth plate” made up of hyaline cartilage where the bone can experience growth (mitosis)
epiphyseal line
line where bone used to grow; found in adults
periosteum
outer membrane of the bone made up of thick CT and bone cells; connects bone to the tendon
sharpey’s fibers
connects periosteum to the bone and helps in movement of the bone
endosteum
line the medullary cavity
medullary cavity
cavity where bone marrow lies
articular cartilage
covers the surfaces of bones where joints come in contact; help in absorbing shock
Where are two active sites of hematopoiesis ?
head of the femur and the hip bones
What is the structure of short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones?
CB->SB->CB
What is spongy bone called in non long bones?
dipolë
What lines the dipolë?
endosteum
What lines the compact bone in non long bone?
periosteum
Joint (articulation)
sites where 2 bones meet
What are the 2 ways to classify joints?
Based on structure and based on amount of movement
Structural joints
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
Functional movement joints
synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
fibrous joints
bones joined together by fibrous connective tissue; no joint cavity
cartilaginous joint
bones joined by cartilage; no joint cavity
synovial joints
articulating bones that are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity
synarthrosis
immovable joints
amphiarthrosis
slightly moveable
diarthrosis
freely moveable joints
What determine the movement permitted in fibrous joints?
depends on the length of the connective tissue holding the bones together
What are the three types of fibrous joints
suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis
suture fibrous joint
very short fibers connect the interlocking edges of the articulating bones; occurs only between bones of skull and they are synarthrotic joints
syndesmosis fibrous joint
ligaments connect the two bones; either synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic joints
gomphosis fibrous joints
peg-in-socket joint (only examples are in teeth) ; synarthrotic joints
synarthrotic syndesmosis joint
short ligaments cause no movement
amphiarthrotic syndesmosis joints
long ligaments cause little more movements
what are the type of cartilaginous joints?
synchondrosis and symphysis
synchondrosis cartilaginous joints
bar or plate of hyaline cartilage joins bones; synarthrotic
symphysis cartilaginous joints
a pad or plate of fibrocartilage between bones; amphiarthrotic
What are the synovial joints?
articular cartilage, joint or synovial cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments
articular cartilage
end of bones, cartilage covering opposing bone ends (type of hyaline cartilage)
synovial cavity
contains synovial fluid
articular capsule
surrounds synovial cavity has 2 parts; fibrous capsule and synovial membrane
fibrous capsule
outside, hold 2 bones together
synovial membrane
inside- produces synovial fluid
synovial fluid
viscous, reduces friction between two bones
reinforcing ligaments of synovial joints
help hold 2 bones together
plane joints
2 flat articular surfaces glide on top of each other
translational movement
hinge joints
cylindrical projection of one into a trough like of another
flexion and extension
pivot joint
rounded end of one bone protruding into a sleeve or ring
rotational motion
condyloid joints
oval articular surface fitting into a depression of another
angular motion
atlantoaxial joint
pivot joint between C1 and C2 that allows rotation of the skull to make the “no” head expression
saddle joint
concave and convex portion that has a great freedom of motion
ball-and-socket jint
spherical bone fitting into a socket type one
universal motion
main function of muscle
turn ATP into mechanical force (physical movement)
What can stimulate muscle fibers
nerves, hormones, other muscle cells
What are located in muscles?
myofilaments (actin and myosin) which interact to produce tension through contraction
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Skeletal muscle tissue
tissue made up of long, cylindrical multinucleated cells with striations
voluntary movement
Cardiac muscle tissue
branching striated usually uninucleated cells connected by intercalated discs
involuntary motion
smooth muscle tissue
spindle-shaped cells that are uninucleate and do not have striations; propels things along internal passage ways
involuntary motion
What are the function of muscle tissue
producing body movement , maintaining posture, stabilizing joints, generating heat (thermogenesis)
What is in skeletal muscles?
nerves, connective tissue, skeletal muscle fibers, and blood vessels
what are the three connective tissue sheaths of skeletal muscles?
endomysium, perimysium, epimysium
endomysium
wraps around muscle fibers (CT)
perimysium
wraps around a fascicle (CT)
epimysium
wraps around a bunch of fascicles (CT)
What happens when a muscle contracts?
one bone remains stationary while the other is moved
origin
the muscle’s attachment to the immoveable bone
insertion
the muscles attachment to the moveable bone
direct attachments
the epimysium is directly attached to the periosteum of the bone
indirect attachments
the muscle’s connective tissue wrapping extends beyond the muscle as either a tendon or an aponeurosis which will attach to the bone
aponeurosis
a flat tendon
What are the three types of movement at synovial joints and skeletal muscles?
gliding (translation), angular movement, rotation
translation/gliding
flat articular surface slide over one another
angular movements
increase or decrease angle between two bones
flexion
decrease the angle between 2 bones
extension
increase the angle between 2 bp=ones
hyperextension
extension beyond anatomical position
lateral flexion
bending left or right
abduction
moving a limb away from the midline or median plane of the body
adduction
moving the limb toward the median or midline
circumduction
moving a limb to create a cone in space
rotation
turning a bone along its axis
lateral rotation
rotation away from midline
medial rotation
rotation toward the midline
dorsiflexion
dorsal end of the food toward the shin
plantar flexion
take sole end of foot away from shin
supination
forearm rotated laterally
radius and ulna are parallel
pronation
rotate forearm medially
rotate ulna and radius (crossing)
inversion
turning midally
eversion
turning laterally
protraction
moving a body part forward
retraction
moving a part backward
elevation
lifting a body part superiorly
depression
moving a body part inferiorly
