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APHASIA EXAM 1 > Exam 1 ALL > Flashcards

Exam 1 ALL Flashcards

1
Q

CN I & Function

A

Olfactory
Smell (Sensory)

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2
Q

CN II & Function

A

Optic
Vision (Sensory)

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3
Q

cn III & function

A

oculomotor
eye movement (motor)

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4
Q

cn IV & function

A

trochlear
eye movement (motor)

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5
Q

cn V & function

A

trigeminal
facial sensation, anterior 2/3 tongue (sensory)
mastication (motor)

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6
Q

cn VI & function

A

abducens
eye movement (motor)

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7
Q

cn VII & function

A

facial
taste anterior 2/3 tongue (sensory)
facial expressions (motor)

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8
Q

cn VIII & function

A

vestibulocochlear
hearing, balance (sensory)

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9
Q

cn IX & function

A

glossopharyngeal
taste posterior 1/3 tongue (sensory)
pharynx for swallowing (motor)

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10
Q

cn X

A

vagus
heart rate (sensory)
velar elevation, swallowing, tensing/stretching VFs, abducting/adducting VFs (motor)

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11
Q

cn XI & function

A

accessory
keeping head up, supportive function for swallowing (motor)

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12
Q

cn XII & function

A

hypoglossal
instrinsic (fine) and extrinsic (gross) movement of tongue (motor)

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13
Q

neurological perspective

A

language only, lesion

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14
Q

cognitive perspective

A

related to cognitive & lesion

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15
Q

functional perspective

A

communication masking cognitive

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16
Q

4 parts of aphasia definition

A

1) language level problem
2) receptive and expressive
3) multimodal
4) CNS dysfunction

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17
Q

aphasia operational definition

A

acquired selective impairment of language modalities from a focal brain lesion affecting communicative and social functioning, quality of life

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18
Q

aphasia is __ language loss

A

acquired

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19
Q

4 modalities

A

expressive
receptive
reading
writing

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20
Q

expressive

A

formulation/production

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21
Q

receptive

A

derive meaning

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22
Q

reading

A

processing written words

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23
Q

writing

A

producing shapes or words that make sense

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24
Q

paraphasia

A

error in phonemes, words, or phrases produced unintentionally due to higher level language deficits

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25
Q

phonemic/literal paraphasia

A

error at phonemic level

taple for staple

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26
Q

neologism/neologistic paraphasia

A

word produced is entirely different and more than 50% unintelligible

dowfler for pencil

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27
Q

semantic paraphasia

A

substitution of one word for another word that is similar in meaning

glass for cup

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28
Q

unrelated verbal paraphasia

A

substitution of one word for another word that is not similar in meaning

lunch for bicycle

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29
Q

perseveration

A

word that is said repeatedly and inappropriately

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30
Q

perseverative paraphasia

A

word said earlier is repeatedly and inadvertently produced

getting “stuck”

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31
Q

agrammatism

A

lack of grammar by omitting function words

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32
Q

functor words

A

in-between words used to frame major content words in a sentence

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33
Q

content words

A

words that carry majority of meeting

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34
Q

telegraphic speech

A

few words are used but words still carry a great deal of meeting

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35
Q

repetition deficits

A

inability to repeat due to lesion at arcuate fasciculus

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36
Q

arcuate fasciculus

A

pathway between broca’s and wernicke’s, allows for repetition of words

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37
Q

alexia

A

acquired impairment of reading

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38
Q

agraphia

A

inability to write letters or words
may write neologisms

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39
Q

self repair

A

speaker restates or revises word or phrase in order to produce it error free

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40
Q

perseverative self-repairing

A

decrease speech fluency, slow down rate of speech, make speaker frustrated, they get stuck

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41
Q

speech disfluencies

A

phoneme repetitions, word repetitions, part-word repetitions, phrase repetitions, prolongations, interjections

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42
Q

interjections

A

very common, “uhhhh”

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43
Q

preserved language

A

rote or overlearned language
counting to 10s, abcs

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44
Q

automatic language

A

language produced automatically or closely associated with a stimulus
swearing in pain

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45
Q

fluent

A

connected, not necessarily real words

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46
Q

nonfluent

A

speech not connected

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47
Q

nonfluent aphasias

A

broca’s, transcortical motor, mixed transcortical, global

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48
Q

fluent aphasias

A

conduction, anomic, wernicke’s, transcortical sensory

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49
Q

broca’s aphasia definition

A

marked deficiency of syntactical, structural words, functors, strikingly abnormal output

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50
Q

broca’s lobe

A

frontal

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51
Q

broca’s expressive language

A

agrammatic/telegraphic speech
NONFLUENT
impaired repetition
effortful, poorly articulated speech
no neologisms
impaired confrontation naming

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52
Q

broca’s receptive language

A

good comprehension

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53
Q

broca’s reading

A

intact reading comprehension
inability to read aloud

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54
Q

broca’s writing

A

difficulty comprehending written material
abnormal writing

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55
Q

telegraphic speech in broca’s

A

small function words absent

walk dog instead of i will take the dog for a walk

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56
Q

chronic agrammatic aphasia

A

deficits in using and understanding syntactic structures
limitation in ability to recognize correct grammatical structures

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57
Q

global aphasia

A

most severe, nonfluent, severe depression of all modalities

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58
Q

global aphasia expressive

A

reduced fluency
NONFLUENT
facial gestures

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59
Q

global aphasia receptive

A

comprehension impaired
can be alert of surroundings

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60
Q

global aphasia reading

A

impaired reading

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61
Q

global aphasia writing

A

impaired writing

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62
Q

transcortical motor aphasia

A

nonfluent, looks like broca’s

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63
Q

transcortical motor expressive

A

nonfluent
nonfluent, paraphasic, telegraphic
intact repetition

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64
Q

transcortical motor receptive

A

better comprehension than production

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65
Q

mixed transcortical aphasia

A

RARE
nonfluent
motor and sensory
global aphasia with ability to repeat

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66
Q

mixed transcortical expressive

A

nonfluent
unimpaired automatic speech
intact repetition

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67
Q

wernicke’s aphasia

A

fluent
temporal lobe

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68
Q

wernicke’s expressive

A

fluent
rapid rate of speech
normal phrase length
severe word finding
empty speech
jargon
normal prosodic features
impaired repetition

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69
Q

wernicke’s receptive

A

poor language comprehension
lack of awareness of error

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70
Q

wernicke’s reading

A

impaired reading

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71
Q

wernicke’s writing

A

impaired writing

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72
Q

you know that smoodle pinkered and that i want to get him round and take care of him

A

fluent, flows
wernicke’s aphasia

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73
Q

beautiful handwriting, doesn’t make sense

A

wernicke’s

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74
Q

conduction aphasia

A

fluent, arcuate fasciculus lesion, impacted repetition

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75
Q

conduction expressive

A

fluent speech
impaired repetition
paraphasic speech

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76
Q

conduction receptive

A

good comprehension

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77
Q

conduction reading

A

abnormal read aloud
good reading comprehension

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78
Q

conduction writing

A

impaired writing

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79
Q

transcortical sensory aphasia (TSA)

A

fluent, similar to Wernicke’s, thalamus involved

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80
Q

transcortical sensory expressive

A

fluent but usually meaningless
impaired naming
echolalic behavior
repetition good to excellent

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81
Q

transcortical sensory receptive

A

impaired comprehension
prompting might help

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82
Q

anomic aphasia

A

mildest, word finding, appears with broca’s

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82
Q

anomic aphasia characteristics

A

inability to name people/objects, aware of nature but cannot name, impaired comprehension, disturbance in word retrieval

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82
Q

anomic aphasia has ___ localization value

A

little/no

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82
Q

word production anomia

A

inability to produce name of object presented
nonfluent aphasia

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83
Q

word selection anomia

A

inability to name object although patient can demonstrate or explain use

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84
Q

semantic anomia

A

inability to retrieve appropriate word from lexicon
difficulty understanding his own name

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85
Q

category-specific anomia

A

inability to name items in some categories while being able to name items in other categories

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86
Q

modality specific anomia

A

inability of patient to name objects presented to one sensory modality but not others

can’t see visual, but can do tactile

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87
Q

transcortical aphasias

A

RARE
repetition is better than expected

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88
Q

pure aphasias

A

alexia without agraphia (occipital)
agraphia without alexia (premotor cortex)

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89
Q

crossed aphasia

A

ipsilateral, right handed person lesions in right hemisphere

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90
Q

subcortical aphasia: thalamic

A

word finding
disturbances in rhythm
short term memory problem
naming errors
neologisms

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91
Q

progressive nonfluent aphasia

A

degeneration of frontal lobes, form of dementia, not lesions

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92
Q

progressive nonfluent aphasia characteristics

A

phonemic paraphasias
anomia
slow rates of speech
reduced phrase length
intact receptive language

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93
Q

semantic dementia

A

degeneration in temporal lobes, similar to wernicke’s

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94
Q

semantic dementia characteristics

A

semantic jargon
pragmatic deficits
significant anomia

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95
Q

aphasia in left handed

A

no set theory

96
Q

sign language aphasia

A

similar to oral aphasia, language is dependent on hemisphere

97
Q

sign language aphasia characteristics

A

difficulty understanding signs
impaired comprehension
dysfluent signing
hand shape paraphasias
omit movements
nonfluent signing
fluent but meaningless signing

98
Q

associated disorders

A

coma, vision disorders, verbal memory disturbance, cognitive/affective disorders, depression, emotional or behavioral disturbances, emotional liability

99
Q

psuedo bulbar affect

A

emotional outbursts due to brian damage

100
Q

cortical lesions vs subcortical lesions

A

cortical may affect language function more

101
Q

mild aphasia

A

resemble normal speakers, more burden on convo partners, compensation strategies, nonlinguistic aids

102
Q

moderate aphasia

A

fundamentally different, phonemic errors, reduced lexicon, impaired vigilance, paucity of speech acts

103
Q

severe aphasia

A

easy to identify, may demonstrate severe impairments of all modalities, may be nonverbal, may not make sense

104
Q

3 divisions of brain

A

cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem

105
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord
brain to body
EFFERENT

106
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

body to brain
AFFERENT

107
Q

efferent

A

exits

108
Q

afferent

A

arrives

109
Q

cerebrum

A

control center
highest cognitive functions
gyri sulci

110
Q

cerebral meninges

A

dura mater, arachnoid matter, pia mater
protective

111
Q

dura mater

A

tough mother, protective, outermost, thick

112
Q

arachnoid mater

A

vascular supply to brain, openings for blood vessels, webbed

113
Q

pia mater

A

gentle mother, delicate, innermost

114
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

protective, nutritive
flows through ventricles, meninges, brain, spinal cord
removes waste

115
Q

grey matter

A

unmyelinated neurons
top of neuron

116
Q

white matter

A

axons, myelinated

117
Q

dendrite

A

receives info

118
Q

axon terminal button

A

sends info

119
Q

3 white matter tracts

A

association fibers, commissural fibers, projection fibers

120
Q

association fibers

A

1 structure, 1 hemisphere, do not cross over

121
Q

commissural fibers

A

communicate between left and right, corpus callosum

122
Q

projection fibers

A

leave the brain, cranial nerves

123
Q

corpus callosum

A

keeps 2 hemispheres together

124
Q

right hemisphere

A

interpret nonlinguistic signals, facial expressions, body language

125
Q

right hemisphere comprehension deficits

A

concrete comprehension of language/prosody
inability to recognizes faces/facial expressions
inability to recognize/interpret music

126
Q

right hemisphere expression deficits

A

monotone speech
flat affect
no melody or rhythm

127
Q

right hemisphere environmental deficits

A

inability to understand nonspeech sounds

128
Q

right hemisphere macrostructure deficits

A

gestalt

129
Q

gestalt

A

inability to piece small parts together to see the bigger picture

130
Q

right hemisphere visuospatial deficits

A

inability to track depth, distance, shapes

131
Q

right hemisphere sustained attention deficits

A

inability to stay focused, easily distracted

132
Q

right hemisphere selective attention deficits

A

inability to fade out stimuli

133
Q

left hemisphere deficits

A

language

134
Q

broca’s area

A

frontal lobe, brodmann 44 + 45

135
Q

wernicke’s area

A

temporal lobe, brodmann 22

136
Q

central sulci

A

divides frontal and parietal lobes

137
Q

lateral sulci

A

divides temporal from frontal and parietal

138
Q

frontal lobe functions

A

expressive language, personality, some memory, motor movements

139
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

frontal lobe
personality, some memory, executive functions like decision making

140
Q

primary motor cortex

A

frontal lobe, motor strip
motor movements
left primary motor planning for speech

141
Q

motor homunculus

A

frontal lobe
more surface area to parts with fine motor movement than gross motor movement

142
Q

parietal lobe functions

A

sensory

143
Q

primary sensory cortex

A

parietal lobe
tactile/proprioceptive informatoin

left from right, right from left (contralateral)

144
Q

sensory homunculus

A

parietal lobe
more surface area to structures with more sensory receptors than fewer

145
Q

temporal lobes functions

A

memory created and housed, auditory cortex

146
Q

hippocampi

A

temporal lobe
short term to long term memory

147
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

temporal lobe
in front of wernicke’s areas

148
Q

occipital lobe functions

A

vision

149
Q

primary visual cortex

A

occipital lobe
info from eyes
contralateral

150
Q

visual association areas

A

occipital lobe
processes and interprets visual info
visual perception

151
Q

subcortical structures

A

beneath level of awareness

brainstem, cerebellum, thalamus, basal ganglia

152
Q

brainstem

A

connects spinal cord to brain
involuntary life functions
midbrain, pons, medulla

153
Q

midbrain

A

in brainstem
centra hautica
dopamine

154
Q

pons

A

in brainstem
cranial nerves pass through and decusate (cross over)

155
Q

medulla

A

in brainstem
lesion above medulla contralateral hemiplegia
lesions below medulla ispilateral hemiplegia

156
Q

cerebellum

A

in brainstem
contralateral hemisphere processing
vermis connects hemispheres

error control, body movement coordination, monitors intent of motor planning

157
Q

thalamus

A

on top of brainstem
sensory relay station for all cranial nerves except olfactory
receives afferent info from body
receives motor plans from cerebellum

158
Q

basal ganglia

A

cuadate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

initiation of movement, muscle tone maintenance, inhibition of extraneous movements

159
Q

acetylcholine

A

basal ganglia
excitatory
action, when to move

160
Q

circle of willis

A

bloody supply to the brain
central location for arteries
blood flow to all areas of brain
safety valve during occlusion

161
Q

anterior cerebral artery (ACA)

A

blood to frontal and parietal lobes, basal ganglia, corpus callosum

162
Q

middle cerebral artery (MCA)

A

most common
blood to broca’s, wernicke’s, temporal lobe, primary motor cortex

163
Q

posterior cerebral artery (PCA)

A

blood to occipital lobes, cerebellum, and inferior temporal lobes

164
Q

spinal cord

A

white and grey matter in spinal column

transmits sensory (afferent) info to brain
transmits motor (efferent) info to body

165
Q

phrenic nerve

A

innervates diaphragm

166
Q

bilateral innervation

A

both contralateral and ipsilateral hemispheres
protective redundancy

167
Q

protective redundancy

A

allows body part to still function if one cerebral hemisphere is damaged

168
Q

what causes aphasia

A

cva
tbi
brain tumors
degenerative diseases
medical procedures

169
Q

cva

A

cerebrovascular accidents

170
Q

cva or stroke caused by

A

interruption of blood supply to brain, oxygen supply cut

171
Q

cva symptoms

A

most common: one sided weakness
confusion, difficulty speaking, difficulty seeing, difficulty walking, dizziness, loss of balance, severe headache, fainting

172
Q

types of strokes

A

ischemic, hemorrhagic

172
Q

ischemia

A

blod clot blocks arterties and cuts blood supply to brain
85% of strokes ischemic

173
Q

infarct

A

death of area of tissue

174
Q

ischemic stroke

A

blood clot

175
Q

transient ischemic stroke TIA

A

mini stroke
blockage temporary, short symptoms
usually no permanent damage

176
Q

thrombotic stroke

A

clot (embolus) blocks blood flow to one or more arteries of brain
result of unhealthy blood vessels clogged with cholestorol or fatty deposits

177
Q

2 types of thombosis

A

large vessel and small vessel

178
Q

large vessel thrombosis

A

most often in large arteries
most common, best understood
hardening and narrowing of artery
smoking, high BP, high cholesterol

179
Q

small vessel disease

A

lacunar infarction
blood flow is blocked in small arterial vessel
closesly linked to hypertension

180
Q

watershed stroke

A

ischemia
between territories of 2 major arteries in brain
10% of ischemic strokes
severe communicative deficits

181
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A

stroke caused by breakage or bursting of blood vessel in brain

182
Q

aneurysm

A

weak or thin spot on blood vessel wall
usually present at birth, can start to balloon
takes years

183
Q

2 types of hemorrhagic strokes

A

subarachnoid, intracerebral

184
Q

subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

aneurysm bursts in large artery on or near meninges
blood contaminates CSF

185
Q

intracerebral hemorrhage

A

bleeding from blood vessels in brain
hypertension main cause

186
Q

brain tumor

A

mass of abnormal cells that can be benign or malignant
primary or metastic
fast growing, rapidly spreading

187
Q

primary tumor

A

developed in brain
30-50% experience aphasia

188
Q

metastic tumor

A

begins in other parts and spreads

189
Q

neoplastic aphasia

A

aphasia secondary to cancer

190
Q

degenerative diseases of aphasia

A

frontotemporal dementia, spongiform degeneration, alzheimer’s, lewy body, cruezfeldt jacob disease, HIV

191
Q

HIV stroke

A

opportunistic infection
vasculopathy
cardioembolism
coagulopathy

192
Q

sickle cell disease

A

blood platelets become deformed into sickle shapes
major cause of strokes in african americans

193
Q

neuroplasticity

A

recover itself

brain’s ability to change either at micro level or macro level, allowing brain to respond to environmental or changes in organism itself
adaptive or maladaptive

brain can create new connections

194
Q

micro level

A

neural plasticity

195
Q

macro level

A

behavioral plasticity

196
Q

adaptive

A

efficient rerouting

197
Q

maladaptive

A

inefficient rerouting, poor recovery

198
Q

restoration

A

macro level
back to original level

199
Q

compensation

A

macro level
skill not regained, support strategy

200
Q

habituation

A

macro level
learned new skill not there before

201
Q

subsitution

A

macro level
learning whole new thing

202
Q

recovery vs. compensation (behavioral)

A

recovery: capacity to perform previous impaired task in same manner as before injury

compensation: use of new strategy to perform previously impaired task in same manner as before injury

203
Q

recovery vs. compensation (neurophysiologic)

A

recovery: restoration of function within area initially lost, recreating connections, functioning similarly

compensation: different neural tissue takes over functions lost after injury

204
Q

acute

A

recent, just had it

205
Q

subacute

A

few weeks, few months

206
Q

chronic

A

lasting more than few months, 6+

207
Q

rapid recovery

A

few hours or days after

208
Q

steady improvement

A

over several weeks

209
Q

prognostic variables in language recovery

A

age at stroke onset
history of previous stroke
history of earlier treatment
premorbid health status
education
handedness
post-onset time
stimulability**
support networks
emotional and psychosocial changes

210
Q

health disparities

A

difference in incidence, prevalence, morbidity, and burden of disease and health conditions that exist among specific population groups

211
Q

health care disparities

A

difference in health care access and use between 2 or more groups

212
Q

causes of health disparities

A

poverty
discrimination
nonexistent/poor medical care early in life
neighborhood wealth
poor living and working situations

213
Q

major factor of health care disparities

A

lack of insurance

214
Q

vulnerable populations

A

racially diverse
low ses
residence
sex/gender
incarcerated
veterans
homeless

215
Q

chronic diseases implicated in CVAs

A

hypertension
heart disease
cavernous venous malformations CVMS
diabetes

216
Q

lifestyle contributors in CVAs

A

alcoholism
obesity
smoking
access to health care

217
Q

____ have highest rates of hypertension

A

african americans

218
Q

___ is a significnt risk factor for stroke because of relationship to coronary artery disease

A

obesity

219
Q

obesity places individual at higher risk for ___ and ____

A

hypertension and diabetes

220
Q

highest prevalence of obesity amongst ____

A

african american women

221
Q

prevalence of diabetes in AAs is nearly ___% higher than non-hispanic whites

A

70

222
Q

___ at highest risk for diabetes

A

african americans,
hispanics
american indians

223
Q

combo of diabetes and hypertension increases risks for ___ and ___

A

stroke and dementia

224
Q

cavernous malformations

A

vascular disease of brain that casues headaches, epilepsy, seizures, and cerebral hemorrhage

225
Q

cavernous malformations are found more in ___ than in any other ethnic group

A

hispanic americans

226
Q

CMs inherited from common ancestor in ___ or ___ form

A

sporadic or familial

227
Q

___ disease is implicated in both stroke and dementia

A

heart

228
Q

____ have highest rates of risk factors for cardiovascular disease

A

native americans

229
Q

_____ at highest risk for stroke

A

pacific islanders

230
Q

stroke belt

A

area down south, high percentage of AAs, little access to healthy foods, prevalent health care disparities, obesity, low SES

231
Q

greatest incidence of disability is amongst ___

A

african american females

232
Q

____ and ___ 2x more likely to have recurrent strokes

A

hispanic and african americans

233
Q

chronic alcohol abuse

A

more than 3-4 drinks per day

234
Q

___ have highest prevalence of heavy drinking

A

native americans

followed by whites then hispanics

235
Q

culture

A

language, thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs, values, and institutions of ethnic, religious, or social groups

236
Q

competence

A

capactity to function effectively within context of cultural beliefs, behaviors, and needs of consumers

237
Q

cultural competence

A

set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that enables effective work in cross-cultural situations

238
Q

cultural responsiveness

A

incorporating attributes and characteristics and knowledge of another author’s culture, reciprocal action

239
Q

cultural sensitivity

A

being aware that differences and similarities exist between people without assigning value

240
Q

cultural dissonance

A

lack of acceptance between provider and culturally diverse patient when provider does not understand patient’s values, norms, and beliefs

APHASIA EXAM 1 (1 decks)

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