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Language Development > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Communication

A

Exchange of information and ideas, needs, and desires between 2 or more individuals

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2
Q

Speech

A

Verbal means of communication that requires very precise neuromuscular coordination

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3
Q

Language

A

Socially shared code or system that requires ideas or concepts through the use of arbitrary symbols and rules

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4
Q

Paralinguistic

A

Intonation, stress or emphasis, speech rate

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5
Q

Non linguistic

A

Gestures, body posture, head and body movement, eye contact, and facial expression

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6
Q

Expressive language

A

Language produced

Speaking

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7
Q

Receptive language

A

Language understood

Comprehending

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8
Q

Phonology

A

Aspect of language concerned with the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of “speech sounds” and their combinations
-m vs b in mat vs bat

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9
Q

What is the smallest linguistic unit of speech that can signal a difference in meaning?

A

Phoneme

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10
Q

Morphology

A

Study of the internal organization of words

-one puppy vs two puppies

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11
Q

Free morpheme

A

Independent and can stand alone to function as words

-nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs

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12
Q

Bound morphemes

A

Cannot stand alone and are always in conjunction with free or other bound morphemes
-prefixes and suffixes

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13
Q

What is the smallest grammatical unit?

A

Morpheme

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14
Q

Syntax

A

Set of rules or principles that govern the structure of sentences when given language, specifically word order
-Mary kissed the boy vs John was kissed by Mary

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15
Q

Semantics

A

Rules of ‘meaning’ that words and sentences convey

-“push car”(action- object) or “mommy eat”(agent- action)

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16
Q

Lexicon

A

Mental dictionary that word knowledge forms (words)

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17
Q

Pragmatics

A

Rules that govern the use of language in social context

-greeting, asking questions

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18
Q

Form

A

The structure of language

-syntax, morphology, phonology

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19
Q

Content

A

The meaning of language

-semantics

20
Q

Use

A

The purpose of language in social context

-pragmatics

21
Q

Nature

A

Language development occurs because it is natural and inherent part of being human
-Generative, behaviorism

22
Q

Nurture

A

Language development occurs because of nurturant and learning from the environment/ experience

23
Q

Generative/ Nativist approach

A
  • Children are able to acquire language because they are born with innate knowledge(universal grammar)
  • innate rules present at birth in the language acquisition device(LAD)
  • minimal environmental language expose to prime LAD
24
Q

Behaviorism/ Empiricist Theory

A

Learning occurs when an environmental stimulus triggers a response or behavior

  • imitation, reinforcement, and successive approximations towards adult language behaviors
  • environment is CRITICAL
25
Q

Cognitive theory

A

Language emerges as product of cognitive development

  • capacity to perform higher mental processes associated with learning and problem solving
  • cognitive achievements are fundamental to linguistic development
26
Q

Cognitive development (piagent)

A
  • Sensormotor: children from birth to 2 years learn through trial and error
  • preoperational: children develop language, memory, and intuitive intelligence through making believe play between 3 and 7
  • concrete operational: logical thinking and concrete referencing develops from 7-11
  • formal operational: adolescence and adults attain lifelong intellect through hypothetical and abstract thinking
27
Q

Social interaction approach

A

Communicative interaction plays a central role in children’s acquisition of language

  • parent- child communication routines
  • child is contributing member in learning process
28
Q

Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

A

Area between zone of competence and zone of incompetence

  • at the point where children can perform tasks with some assistance
  • key to maximize child’s learning
29
Q

Heschl’s Area

A

Primary auditory area

-60% of auditory info corpses over to opposite hemisphere while 40% stays on the same side

30
Q

Language comprehension

A
  • consists of auditory processing and language decoding
  • Hechl’s area sends linguistic info to Wernick’s area in left hemisphere
  • paralinguistic info to the right hemisphere
31
Q

Language production

A
  • Message is organized in Wernick’s area and then the message is transmitted to Broca’s area
  • Broca’s prepares and coordinates motor program for verbalizing the message
  • signals go to motor cortex where it activates the muscles for speech
32
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

Difficulty in speech production

33
Q

Wernick’s Aphasia

A

Difficulty in comprehension and lexical/ semantic processing

34
Q

Neuron Growth

A

Neurons in brain are developed be the end of the second trimester

  • brain overproduced neurons so half are pruned back
  • 100 billion neurons must fire synapses(synaptogenesis) for networking to begin
  • early experiences are critical for most activation
35
Q

Sensation

A

Ability to register sensory information

-touch is first sense to develop in utero

36
Q

Speech Perception

Werner and Tees study on native and non native

A

3 months: babies discriminate diff prosodic patterns
1-4 months: differentiate every speech sound contrast used in both native and non native languages
- loose ability to perceive non native sound contrasts by 8-10 months of age
6 months: significant correlations exist and later word understanding, production, and phrase understanding
-8-10 months: learn patterns of prosody and phonotactic organization of native language

37
Q

Phonotactics

A

Rules for allowable combinations of phonemes

-strata or rtsata

38
Q

Babbling sounds related to the constant vowel co occurrence patterns

A

/ba/ or /mama/: labial consonants with central vowels
/dae/ or /dada/: coronal consonants with front vowels
/gu/ or /cookoo/: dorsal consonants with back vowels

39
Q

Critical period hypothesis

A
  • determined time period during which development must take place if it is to take place at all
  • 18 months- early puberty
  • some say closed by 5 years and others say early puberty
40
Q

Gestures

A
  • use of gestures is an indicator of later language learning

- pointing, arms waving, arms up

41
Q

Intentional reading

A

Ability to understand or interpret other people’s communicative intentions

42
Q

Joint attention

A
  • Shared focus of two individuals on an object
  • communicative pointing, gaze following
  • predicts later language development
43
Q

Imitation

A
  • Motor imitation and vocal imitation
  • important skill to both promote attention to others and language development
  • increase in language and joint attention
44
Q

Symbolic play

A

Developing ability to use actions, objects, or ideas to represent other actions, objects, or ideas

  • 18 months: uses one object to represent others and engage in one or two actions of present play
  • pretend and language are forms of symbolic functioning
45
Q

Infant direct speech

A

Characterized by short utterance length, simple syntax, and use of a small core vocab

  • mother’s use paralinguistic variations, such as intonation, timing, pause, and higher pitch
  • 6 months: mothers use more informational style and talk more about environment and the babies behaviors
46
Q

Gaze

A

Caregivers modify gaze pattern, eye contact with infant for more than 30 sec

  • during play, gaze may occur 70% with vocalization
  • learns to follow point
  • infant’s gaze establish joint reference

Language Development (1 decks)

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