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Human Evolution > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

four sub-disciplines of anthropology

A

cultural anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, biological anthropology (study of human biology within an evolutionary framework)

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2
Q

scientific theory

A

well-substantiated explanation of an aspect of the natural world that can incorporate laws, hypotheses and facts

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3
Q

scientific method

A

procedure that has characterized natural science consisting of observation, measurement, and experiment

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4
Q

hypothesis

A

scientific inquiry that may be tested, verified or answered by further investigation or methodological experiment

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5
Q

intelligent Design

A

pseudoscientific argument intended to demonstrate that living organisms were created by an intelligent cause, not natural selection (tries to justify existence of god

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6
Q

evolution

A

change over time

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7
Q

George Louis LeClerc de Buffon

A

comparative anatomist who found similarities (homology)

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8
Q

Scientific Revolution

A

name given to a period of drastic change in scientific thought that took place during the 16th and 17th centuries, abstract reasoning, quantitative thought, and scientific method

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9
Q

Theory of Natural Selection

A
  1. organisms produce more offspring than can survive 2. differential survival 3. trait variation 4. trait inheritance
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10
Q

ribonucleic acid (tRNA, mRNA, rRNA)

A

single stranded molecule similar to DNA (T not U), messenger base, transfer, ribosomal

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11
Q

Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linne)

A

created classification in taxonomic levels

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12
Q

transcription

A

gene’s DNA sequence is copied as mRNA where introns are cut out of the primary RNA transcript and coding regions are spliced together to form mature mRNA

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13
Q

mitosis

A

cell division process that creates 4 haploid gametes that are genetically unique

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14
Q

point mutations (insertion, deletion, substitution)

A

when a single base is copied or read wrong

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15
Q

Theory of Natural Selection

A

acts on phenotypes of individuals, POPULATIONS, can decrease or increase variations

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16
Q

allele

A

variants of genes (description: brown, red, black)

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17
Q

phenotype

A

physical characteristic of an organism under genetic control

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18
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

pea plants, controlled experiments whree he manipulated the characteristics he was interested in

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19
Q

fitness

A

reproductive success and reflects how well an organism is adapted to its environment (increased by adaptation)

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20
Q

reproductive success

A

individual’s production of offspring per breeding event or lifetime (increased by adaptation)

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21
Q

somatic cell

A

cells that make up our body (blood, nerve, muscle)

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22
Q

gametic cell

A

reproductive cells (sperm or egg)

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23
Q

cell nucleus

A

contains genes of the cell, eukaryotic cells

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24
Q

stem cells (embryonic, adult)

A

adult stem cells come from different parts of the adult body, embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated cells

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25
Methemoglobanemia
founder's effect example, blue people lacking enzyme diaphorase
26
DNA bases
information in DNA stored as a code made up of A, G, C, T
27
mutation
deletion, addition, and movement (change) in a DNA sequence
28
founder's effect
can alter allele frequencies by chance when brought about by founders and kept in small groups
29
chromosome
thread-like structures present in the nucleus which carries genetic information from one generation to another
30
cystic fibrosis/cholera
chromosome 7, recessive in heterozygosity (build up of mucus protected from cholera)
31
translation
process by which a protein is synthesized from the mRNA, occurs in the ribosome (protein maker)
32
meiosis
two diploid somatic cells that are genetically identical to each other and the original parent cell, produces genetic variation through recombination
33
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium
genetic stability in a population, principle where allele and genotype frequencies will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary influences
34
crossing over (recombination)
process by which pieces of DNA are broken and recombined to produce new combinations of alleles
35
DNA replication
biological process of producing two identical DNA molecules
36
homoplasy
similarities due to independent evolution of same or similar trait (convergent evolution)
37
cladogenesis/cladogenic
branching pattern of evolution
38
gradualism
speciation happens slowly (anagenesis, Darwin)
39
punctuated equilibrium
rapid (ish) speciation (eldredge and gould)
40
reproductive isolation
when two organisms cannot produce offspring
41
albinism
disease due to loss of pigmentation in skin (lack of melanocyte)
42
skin color (pheomenlanin, eumelanin)
pheomelanin (red-yellow), eumelanin (brown-black) ratio that determines skin color
43
melanocytes
melanin-producing cells
44
phenotype-genotype link
phenotype depends on genotype
45
carrier
individual who carries and is capable of passing on a genetic mutation
46
polygenic traits
coded on several genes (skin color)
47
folate deficiency/destruction
male infertility, birth defects folic acid is needed for proper DNA replication in dividing cells
48
Vitamin D deficiency
evolution of light skin color
49
homoplasy
characteer shared by species but not present in their shared ancestor (sometimes convergence)
50
gene
basic physical and functional unit of heredity, made up of DNA
51
regulatory genes
gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more genes
52
codon
sequence of three nucleotides which form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule
53
chromosomes
threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells
54
sex chromosome
chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism
55
homozygous
same DNA sequence for a particular gene
56
heterozygous
different DNA sequence for a particular gene
57
haploid
cell that contains one set of chromosomes
58
diploid
cell that contains two copies of each chromosomes (somatic cells)
59
biocultural adaptation
interactions between humans and their environment to understand human adaptation and variation
60
lactose persistence
dominant allele mutation that helps you digest milk sugars
61
genotype
genetic makeup of an organism that affects the phenotype
62
protein
polymers of amino acids with multiple functions
63
amino acid
building blocks of proteins
64
dominant v. recessive phenotype
dominant phenotype needs dominant allele present, recessive needs two copies of same allele
65
codominant
neither allele is recessive or dominant and both phenotypes are expressed (AB)
66
antigen
any substance that causes your body to protect itself against it
67
antibody
immunoglobulin, protective protein that attach onto antigens to kill them
68
universal recipient
AB blood, blood that can be received from any donor
69
universal donor
O blood, blood that can be donated to any recipient
70
J Watson, F Crick, M Wilkins & R Franklin
Watson and Crick and DNA, Wilkins and Franklin, double helix model of DNA via xray imaging
71
achondroplasia
dwarfism caused by gene mutation in FGFR3
72
ABO blood group
classification of human blood based on inherited properties
73
species
group of organisms that can reproduce and produce fertile offspring, most basic in taxonomy system

Human Evolution (1 decks)

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