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Human Evolution > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

four sub-disciplines of anthropology

A

cultural anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, biological anthropology (study of human biology within an evolutionary framework)

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2
Q

scientific theory

A

well-substantiated explanation of an aspect of the natural world that can incorporate laws, hypotheses and facts

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3
Q

scientific method

A

procedure that has characterized natural science consisting of observation, measurement, and experiment

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4
Q

hypothesis

A

scientific inquiry that may be tested, verified or answered by further investigation or methodological experiment

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5
Q

intelligent Design

A

pseudoscientific argument intended to demonstrate that living organisms were created by an intelligent cause, not natural selection (tries to justify existence of god

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6
Q

evolution

A

change over time

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7
Q

George Louis LeClerc de Buffon

A

comparative anatomist who found similarities (homology)

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8
Q

Scientific Revolution

A

name given to a period of drastic change in scientific thought that took place during the 16th and 17th centuries, abstract reasoning, quantitative thought, and scientific method

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9
Q

Theory of Natural Selection

A
  1. organisms produce more offspring than can survive 2. differential survival 3. trait variation 4. trait inheritance
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10
Q

ribonucleic acid (tRNA, mRNA, rRNA)

A

single stranded molecule similar to DNA (T not U), messenger base, transfer, ribosomal

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11
Q

Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linne)

A

created classification in taxonomic levels

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12
Q

transcription

A

gene’s DNA sequence is copied as mRNA where introns are cut out of the primary RNA transcript and coding regions are spliced together to form mature mRNA

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13
Q

mitosis

A

cell division process that creates 4 haploid gametes that are genetically unique

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14
Q

point mutations (insertion, deletion, substitution)

A

when a single base is copied or read wrong

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15
Q

Theory of Natural Selection

A

acts on phenotypes of individuals, POPULATIONS, can decrease or increase variations

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16
Q

allele

A

variants of genes (description: brown, red, black)

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17
Q

phenotype

A

physical characteristic of an organism under genetic control

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18
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

pea plants, controlled experiments whree he manipulated the characteristics he was interested in

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19
Q

fitness

A

reproductive success and reflects how well an organism is adapted to its environment (increased by adaptation)

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20
Q

reproductive success

A

individual’s production of offspring per breeding event or lifetime (increased by adaptation)

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21
Q

somatic cell

A

cells that make up our body (blood, nerve, muscle)

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22
Q

gametic cell

A

reproductive cells (sperm or egg)

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23
Q

cell nucleus

A

contains genes of the cell, eukaryotic cells

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24
Q

stem cells (embryonic, adult)

A

adult stem cells come from different parts of the adult body, embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated cells

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25
Q

Methemoglobanemia

A

founder’s effect example, blue people lacking enzyme diaphorase

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26
Q

DNA bases

A

information in DNA stored as a code made up of A, G, C, T

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27
Q

mutation

A

deletion, addition, and movement (change) in a DNA sequence

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28
Q

founder’s effect

A

can alter allele frequencies by chance when brought about by founders and kept in small groups

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29
Q

chromosome

A

thread-like structures present in the nucleus which carries genetic information from one generation to another

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30
Q

cystic fibrosis/cholera

A

chromosome 7, recessive in heterozygosity (build up of mucus protected from cholera)

31
Q

translation

A

process by which a protein is synthesized from the mRNA, occurs in the ribosome (protein maker)

32
Q

meiosis

A

two diploid somatic cells that are genetically identical to each other and the original parent cell, produces genetic variation through recombination

33
Q

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

A

genetic stability in a population, principle where allele and genotype frequencies will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary influences

34
Q

crossing over (recombination)

A

process by which pieces of DNA are broken and recombined to produce new combinations of alleles

35
Q

DNA replication

A

biological process of producing two identical DNA molecules

36
Q

homoplasy

A

similarities due to independent evolution of same or similar trait (convergent evolution)

37
Q

cladogenesis/cladogenic

A

branching pattern of evolution

38
Q

gradualism

A

speciation happens slowly (anagenesis, Darwin)

39
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

rapid (ish) speciation (eldredge and gould)

40
Q

reproductive isolation

A

when two organisms cannot produce offspring

41
Q

albinism

A

disease due to loss of pigmentation in skin (lack of melanocyte)

42
Q

skin color (pheomenlanin, eumelanin)

A

pheomelanin (red-yellow), eumelanin (brown-black) ratio that determines skin color

43
Q

melanocytes

A

melanin-producing cells

44
Q

phenotype-genotype link

A

phenotype depends on genotype

45
Q

carrier

A

individual who carries and is capable of passing on a genetic mutation

46
Q

polygenic traits

A

coded on several genes (skin color)

47
Q

folate deficiency/destruction

A

male infertility, birth defects folic acid is needed for proper DNA replication in dividing cells

48
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A

evolution of light skin color

49
Q

homoplasy

A

characteer shared by species but not present in their shared ancestor (sometimes convergence)

50
Q

gene

A

basic physical and functional unit of heredity, made up of DNA

51
Q

regulatory genes

A

gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more genes

52
Q

codon

A

sequence of three nucleotides which form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule

53
Q

chromosomes

A

threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells

54
Q

sex chromosome

A

chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism

55
Q

homozygous

A

same DNA sequence for a particular gene

56
Q

heterozygous

A

different DNA sequence for a particular gene

57
Q

haploid

A

cell that contains one set of chromosomes

58
Q

diploid

A

cell that contains two copies of each chromosomes (somatic cells)

59
Q

biocultural adaptation

A

interactions between humans and their environment to understand human adaptation and variation

60
Q

lactose persistence

A

dominant allele mutation that helps you digest milk sugars

61
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup of an organism that affects the phenotype

62
Q

protein

A

polymers of amino acids with multiple functions

63
Q

amino acid

A

building blocks of proteins

64
Q

dominant v. recessive phenotype

A

dominant phenotype needs dominant allele present, recessive needs two copies of same allele

65
Q

codominant

A

neither allele is recessive or dominant and both phenotypes are expressed (AB)

66
Q

antigen

A

any substance that causes your body to protect itself against it

67
Q

antibody

A

immunoglobulin, protective protein that attach onto antigens to kill them

68
Q

universal recipient

A

AB blood, blood that can be received from any donor

69
Q

universal donor

A

O blood, blood that can be donated to any recipient

70
Q

J Watson, F Crick, M Wilkins & R Franklin

A

Watson and Crick and DNA, Wilkins and Franklin, double helix model of DNA via xray imaging

71
Q

achondroplasia

A

dwarfism caused by gene mutation in FGFR3

72
Q

ABO blood group

A

classification of human blood based on inherited properties

73
Q

species

A

group of organisms that can reproduce and produce fertile offspring, most basic in taxonomy system

Human Evolution (1 decks)

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