Exam 1 Flashcards
four sub-disciplines of anthropology
cultural anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, biological anthropology (study of human biology within an evolutionary framework)
scientific theory
well-substantiated explanation of an aspect of the natural world that can incorporate laws, hypotheses and facts
scientific method
procedure that has characterized natural science consisting of observation, measurement, and experiment
hypothesis
scientific inquiry that may be tested, verified or answered by further investigation or methodological experiment
intelligent Design
pseudoscientific argument intended to demonstrate that living organisms were created by an intelligent cause, not natural selection (tries to justify existence of god
evolution
change over time
George Louis LeClerc de Buffon
comparative anatomist who found similarities (homology)
Scientific Revolution
name given to a period of drastic change in scientific thought that took place during the 16th and 17th centuries, abstract reasoning, quantitative thought, and scientific method
Theory of Natural Selection
- organisms produce more offspring than can survive 2. differential survival 3. trait variation 4. trait inheritance
ribonucleic acid (tRNA, mRNA, rRNA)
single stranded molecule similar to DNA (T not U), messenger base, transfer, ribosomal
Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linne)
created classification in taxonomic levels
transcription
gene’s DNA sequence is copied as mRNA where introns are cut out of the primary RNA transcript and coding regions are spliced together to form mature mRNA
mitosis
cell division process that creates 4 haploid gametes that are genetically unique
point mutations (insertion, deletion, substitution)
when a single base is copied or read wrong
Theory of Natural Selection
acts on phenotypes of individuals, POPULATIONS, can decrease or increase variations
allele
variants of genes (description: brown, red, black)
phenotype
physical characteristic of an organism under genetic control
Gregor Mendel
pea plants, controlled experiments whree he manipulated the characteristics he was interested in
fitness
reproductive success and reflects how well an organism is adapted to its environment (increased by adaptation)
reproductive success
individual’s production of offspring per breeding event or lifetime (increased by adaptation)
somatic cell
cells that make up our body (blood, nerve, muscle)
gametic cell
reproductive cells (sperm or egg)
cell nucleus
contains genes of the cell, eukaryotic cells
stem cells (embryonic, adult)
adult stem cells come from different parts of the adult body, embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated cells
Methemoglobanemia
founder’s effect example, blue people lacking enzyme diaphorase
DNA bases
information in DNA stored as a code made up of A, G, C, T
mutation
deletion, addition, and movement (change) in a DNA sequence
founder’s effect
can alter allele frequencies by chance when brought about by founders and kept in small groups
chromosome
thread-like structures present in the nucleus which carries genetic information from one generation to another
cystic fibrosis/cholera
chromosome 7, recessive in heterozygosity (build up of mucus protected from cholera)
translation
process by which a protein is synthesized from the mRNA, occurs in the ribosome (protein maker)
meiosis
two diploid somatic cells that are genetically identical to each other and the original parent cell, produces genetic variation through recombination
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium
genetic stability in a population, principle where allele and genotype frequencies will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary influences
crossing over (recombination)
process by which pieces of DNA are broken and recombined to produce new combinations of alleles
DNA replication
biological process of producing two identical DNA molecules
homoplasy
similarities due to independent evolution of same or similar trait (convergent evolution)
cladogenesis/cladogenic
branching pattern of evolution
gradualism
speciation happens slowly (anagenesis, Darwin)
punctuated equilibrium
rapid (ish) speciation (eldredge and gould)
reproductive isolation
when two organisms cannot produce offspring
albinism
disease due to loss of pigmentation in skin (lack of melanocyte)
skin color (pheomenlanin, eumelanin)
pheomelanin (red-yellow), eumelanin (brown-black) ratio that determines skin color
melanocytes
melanin-producing cells
phenotype-genotype link
phenotype depends on genotype
carrier
individual who carries and is capable of passing on a genetic mutation
polygenic traits
coded on several genes (skin color)
folate deficiency/destruction
male infertility, birth defects folic acid is needed for proper DNA replication in dividing cells
Vitamin D deficiency
evolution of light skin color
homoplasy
characteer shared by species but not present in their shared ancestor (sometimes convergence)
gene
basic physical and functional unit of heredity, made up of DNA
regulatory genes
gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more genes
codon
sequence of three nucleotides which form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule
chromosomes
threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells
sex chromosome
chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism
homozygous
same DNA sequence for a particular gene
heterozygous
different DNA sequence for a particular gene
haploid
cell that contains one set of chromosomes
diploid
cell that contains two copies of each chromosomes (somatic cells)
biocultural adaptation
interactions between humans and their environment to understand human adaptation and variation
lactose persistence
dominant allele mutation that helps you digest milk sugars
genotype
genetic makeup of an organism that affects the phenotype
protein
polymers of amino acids with multiple functions
amino acid
building blocks of proteins
dominant v. recessive phenotype
dominant phenotype needs dominant allele present, recessive needs two copies of same allele
codominant
neither allele is recessive or dominant and both phenotypes are expressed (AB)
antigen
any substance that causes your body to protect itself against it
antibody
immunoglobulin, protective protein that attach onto antigens to kill them
universal recipient
AB blood, blood that can be received from any donor
universal donor
O blood, blood that can be donated to any recipient
J Watson, F Crick, M Wilkins & R Franklin
Watson and Crick and DNA, Wilkins and Franklin, double helix model of DNA via xray imaging
achondroplasia
dwarfism caused by gene mutation in FGFR3
ABO blood group
classification of human blood based on inherited properties
species
group of organisms that can reproduce and produce fertile offspring, most basic in taxonomy system
