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Community > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is public health nursing?

A

focuses on the health care of the community or populations- sometimes referred to as a community health nurse.

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2
Q

Are these community-based or community-oriented?

  1. ) Deals with illness-oriented care
  2. ) ONE ON ONE care
  3. ) Focus on individual and family
A

community-based

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3
Q

Are these community-based or community-oriented?

  1. ) Provide healthcare to promote quality of life
  2. ) Could provide care to 1 on 1, groups or organizational level
  3. ) Focus is on individual, family, group and population.
A

community-oriented

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4
Q

What is public health?

A

It links disciplines, builds on science of epidemiology and focuses on the community. It organized efforts designed to fulfill society’s interest; this ensures conditions in which people can be healthy- it can also be what members of the society do to ensure conditions that support health.

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5
Q

What are the 5 components of social determinants of health (SDOH) that can lead to resource constraints, poor health, and health risks?

A
  1. ) Neighborhood and Built Environment
  2. ) Health and Health Care
  3. ) Social and Community Context
  4. ) Education
  5. ) Economic Stability
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6
Q

What is the primary step on the tringle of Public Health Approach to Prevention?

A

Approaches that take place before violence has occurred to prevent initial perpetration or victimization.

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7
Q

What is the secondary step on the tringle of Public Health Approach to Prevention?

A

Immediate response after violence has occurred to deal with the short-term consequences of violence.

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8
Q

What is the tertiary step on the tringle of Public Health Approach to Prevention?

A

Long-term response after violence has occurred to deal with the long-term consequences of violence.

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9
Q

-Historical Events-
What is the name of the woman who implemented the way of nursing and caused epidemics to become less common and increased sanitation?

A

Florence Nightingale

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10
Q

-Historical Events-

What were the major roles that Florence Nightingale did?

A

used simple epidemiology to decrease soldier deaths, established the first nursing school in 1860.

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11
Q

-Historical Events-

Who founded the first district nursing association in Liverpool, England.

A

William Rathbone

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12
Q

-Historical Events-

In 1877 in New York City- what kind of nurses cared for patients in their homes.

A

visiting nurses

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13
Q

-Historical Events-

Who founded the Henry Street Settlement?

A

Lillian Wald

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14
Q

-Historical Events-

Who established the frontier nursing service and founded nurse midwifery?

A

Mary Breckinridge

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15
Q

-Historical Events-

What were the years of the Social Security Act, Healthy People, and HIPPA

A

1965 Wo
1979
1996

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16
Q

-Historical Events-

What Act was passed in 2010, but was not established till 2013?

A

Affordable Care Act

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17
Q

-Nature of the Community-

What is an aggregate? What are the characteristics?

A

simply a group of people that share common characteristics. The characteristics can be anything from culture, race, or ethnicity, to a preference for a particular sport etc.

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18
Q

-Nature of the Community-

What are the two things that a community could be defined by?

A

geographical or physical location

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19
Q

-Nature of the Community-

What is the social system?

A

The third major feature of a community is the relationships that community members form with each other

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20
Q

-Assessing the Community-

What is the Shoe Leather Epidemiology?

A

The community health nurse typically begins the assessment of a community by traveling through the community and collecting data.
-traveling by foot

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21
Q

-Assessing the Community-

What is the Windshield survey?

A
  • As the nurse travels through the community, he or she records observations of different things including geographic features and the location of agencies, services, businesses, and industries, and can locate possible areas of environmental concern through “sight, sense, and sound.”
  • offers the nurse an opportunity to observe people and their role in the community. The nurse also makes use of census data and vital statistics to learn more about the community.
  • in a car
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22
Q

-Community Health Planner-

How does a community health planner encourage individual health?

A

focus nay be on direct care needs or self care responsibilities.

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23
Q

-Community Health Planner-

What is the primary goal of a community health planner for people at the group level?

A

health education

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24
Q

-Community Health Planner-

What does a community health planner encourage for community health?

A

may involve population disease prevention or environmental hazard control

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25
Q

-Community Health Planner-

What are some of the most important health education goals?

A

to understand health behavior and translate knowledge, enhance wellness and decrease disability

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26
Q

-Community Health Planner-

What is empowerment?

A

total sum of efforts that are defined as gaining controls over decision-making at the individual, family, community and societal levels

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27
Q

Low literacy causes? (6 things)

A
  1. ) Increases use of health care services
  2. ) Decreases self-esteem
  3. ) Adversely affects outcomes and treatment
  4. ) Poses barriers to obtaining informed consent
  5. ) Impacts participation in research
  6. ) Leads to health care isolation
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28
Q

-Culture & Diversity-

What is cultural Diversity?

A

refers to the degree of variation that is represented among populations based on lifestyle, ethnicity, race, and interest across place, and place of origin across time. It also includes social class, gender identity, sexual orientation, and physical abilities/disabilities as well as the changing populations of the world.

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29
Q

-Culture & Diversity-

What is social organization?

A

refers to the way in which a cultural group structures itself around the family to carry out role functions.

30
Q

-Culture & Diversity-

What is nutritional practices?

A

are an integral part of the assessment process for all families, especially because they play a prominent role in the health problems of some groups

31
Q

-Culture & Diversity-

What is cultural competence?

A

is a combination of culturally congruent behaviors, practice attitudes, and policies that allow nurses to work effectively in cross-cultural situations. Cultural competence includes acknowledging the fundamental differences in the ways clients and families respond to illness and treatment from what might be your response or a more typical western health care response.

32
Q

-Environmental Health Sciences-

What is Toxicology?

A

is the basic science that studies the health effects associated with chemical exposures. Its corollary in health is pharmacology. In toxicology, only the negative effects of chemical exposures are studied.

33
Q

-Environmental Health Sciences-

What is epidemiology?

A

is the science that helps us understand the strength of the association between exposures and health effects in human populations. We will discuss this in more detail later in the semester.

34
Q

-Environmental Health Sciences-

What are the multidisciplinary approaches?

A

In addition to toxicology and epidemiology, nurses work with various scientists such as geologists, meteorologists, and chemists to better understand how and when humans may be exposed to hazardous chemicals, radiation, and biological contaminants. The public health field also depends on food safety specialists, sanitarians, radiation specialists, and industrial hygienists.

35
Q

What is the mnemonic for environmental exposure history?

A

“IPREPARE”

36
Q

What does “IPREPARE” stand for?

A 
I  –  Investigate potential exposures
P – Present work
R – Residence
E – Environmental concerns
P – Past work
A – Activities
R – Referrals and Resources
E – Educate
37
Q

What are the 5 components of water quality?

A
  1. ) availability
  2. ) volume
  3. ) mineral content levels
  4. ) toxic chemical pollution
  5. ) pathogenic microorganism levels
38
Q

What are some water quality problem?

A

droughts, dousing reservoirs with chemicals to reduce algae, contaminating aquifers with pesticides and fertilizers, leaching lead from water pipes, and oil spilling from transport tankers or leaking offshore wells

39
Q

What is Food Safety?

A

refers to availability, accessibility, and relative cost of healthy food free of contamination by harmful herbicides, pesticides, and bacteria. Food safety concerns include malnutrition, bacterial food poisoning, carcinogenic chemical additives, improper or fraudulent meat inspection or food labeling, microbial epidemics among livestock, food products from diseased animal sources, and disruption of vital natural food chains by ecosystem destruction

40
Q

What happens if a foodborne outbreak occurs?

A

it is the role of public health inspectors to investigate the restaurants. Public health nurses are responsible for interviewing those who are ill, collecting specimens for testing, and conducting in depth interviews. Nurses do not inspect restaurants but they may discover a common source of contamination through patient interviews

41
Q 
-Matching-
Less Serious= reversible, not debilitating, not life-threatening OR 
More Serious= irreversible, debilitating, life-threatening.
1.) skin rash
2.) nausea
3.) cancer
4.) headache
5.) birth defects
6.) cough
7.) nervous system damage
8.) throat irritation
A
  1. ) less
  2. ) less
  3. ) more
  4. ) less
  5. ) more
  6. ) less
  7. ) more
  8. ) less
42
Q

What are the middle men when it comes to the seriousness of a disease?

A 
asthma
chronic bronchitis
dizziness
miscarriage
kidney damage
liver damage
43
Q

-Government-
Who was the First nurse to exert political pressure on a government,
established nursing corps, and transformed military health

A

Florence Nightingale

44
Q

Who advocated for abolishing slavery, promoted women’s rights, and fought for human rights and lobbied for funds

A

Sojourner Truth

45
Q

Who organized relief during the civil war and persuaded congress to ratify the Treaty of Geneva, allowing the red cross to act in times of peace.

A

Clara Barton

46
Q

Who waged a campaign for nurses to control nursing instead of physicians, helped found the start of the national league for nursing, and advocated for women during the suffrage movement

A

Lavina Dock

47
Q

Who identified connection between health & social conditions and participated in development of health policy.

A

Lillian Wald

48
Q

What are the 4 steps in policy formation?

A
  1. ) Define the issue
  2. ) Commitment of resources
  3. ) Formulation of a regulatory schedule
  4. ) Evaluation
49
Q

What is the Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906?

A

Established a program to supervise and control the manufacture, labeling, and sale of food. Subsequent legislation included meat and dairy products, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, toys, and household products. This also led to the creation of the Food and Drug Administration.

50
Q

What is the Children’s Bureau Act of 1912?

When did child lobar end?

A
  • Helped protect children from unhealthy child labor practices.
  • However, child labor was not widely ended in the US until 1938
51
Q

What is the Social Security Act of 1935 and its Amendments? Who was it initially for?

A

Originally designed to provide welfare assistance for high-risk mothers and children.

52
Q

What is the public Health Act of 1944?

A

consolidated all existing public health legislation into one law. Provided for establishing: Health services for migratory workers, family planning services, health research facilities, National Institutes of Health, Nursing Training Acts, Traineeships for graduate students in Public Health, Home Health services for people with Alzheimer’s disease, Prevention and Primary Care services.

53
Q

What are the two major amendments to the Social Security Act that were passed in 1965?

A

Medicare and Medicaid

54
Q

What is medicare?

A

pays specified health care services for all people who are 65 years of age and older who are eligible to receive Social Security Benefits. It also covers people with permanent disabilities and End-Stage Renal Disease. It is funded through a payroll tax of working citizens.

55
Q

What is the difference between Medicare and Tenncare?

A

There is no difference; they are the same thing.

56
Q

What is Medicaid?

What is it known as in TN?

A

provides access to care for the poor and medically needy of all ages. Each state is allocated federal dollars on a matching basis. Each state has the responsibility and right to determine the services to be provided and the dollar amount allocated to the program.
- In Tennessee, this is known as Tenncare.

57
Q

What is the Hill-Burton Act of 1946?

A

authorized federal assistance in the construction of hospitals and health centers with stipulations about services for the uninsured. This greatly expanded the number of hospitals across the US who were obligated to provide care for the uninsured.

58
Q

What is the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996?

A

(HIPAA) – Offered protections for patient privacy and confidentiality.

59
Q

What is the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003?

-also known as Medicare Part D

A

Provided senior citizens with prescription drug coverage

60
Q

What is the Reinvestment Act of 2003?

A

was a response to the critical nursing shortage being experienced across the country. Federal funds were used to increase enrollments and the number of practicing nurses.

61
Q

What is the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010?

A

goal was to reduce the number of uninsured Americans. The AFA was highly politicized and remains a controversial topic.

62
Q

How many parts of Medicare are there?

A

4 parts: Part A, B, C, D

63
Q

What kind of coverage does Part A of Medicare include?

A

-covers you ALL night-

Inpatient care in hospitals, SNFs, hospice, home health

64
Q

What kind of coverage does Part B of Medicare include?

A

-covers the basics-

Services from doctors and other HCPs, home health, outpatient care, durable medical equipment, preventive services

65
Q

What does Part C of Medicare cover?

A
  • “All in one” as an alternative to the original Medicare
  • Lower out of pocket costs
  • Extra benefits that cover vision, hearing or dental
66
Q

What does Part D of Medicare cover?

A

Drugs

67
Q

What are the 3 levels of public health?

A
  1. ) Federal-Level Subsystem
  2. ) State-Level Subsystem
  3. ) Local Health Department Subsystem
68
Q

What happens at the Federal-Level Subsystem of public health care?

A

Most activities on this level are administered by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)

69
Q

What is the States responsibilities at the Stat-Level Subsystem of public health care?

A

States are responsible for the health of their citizens and are the central authorities in the public health care system.

70
Q

What services are included at the Local Health Department Subsystem of public health care? (4 things)

A
  • Community Health Services
  • Environmental Health Services
  • Personal Health Services
  • Mental Health services

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