Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
A
epithelial tissue
2
Q
A
simple squamous
3
Q
A
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
4
Q
A
stratified squamous
5
Q
A
stratified squamous
6
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A
stratified squamous
7
Q
A
simple squamous
8
Q
A
stratifed squamous
9
Q
A
simple cuboidal
10
Q
A
simple cuboidal
11
Q
A
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL
12
Q
A
13
Q
A
stratfied cuboidal
14
Q
A
stratfied cuboidal
15
Q
A
stratfied cuboidal
16
Q
A
simple columnar
17
Q
A
simple columnar
18
Q
A
simple columnar
19
Q
A
simple columnar
20
Q
A
stratified columnar
21
Q
A
pseudostrafided ciliated columanr
22
Q
A
pseudostratfied ciliated columnar
23
Q
A
pseudostratfied columnar ciliated
24
Q
A
pseudostratfied cilliated columnar
25
pseudostratfied ciliated columnar
26
transitional
27
transitional
28
29
transitional
30
areolar tissue
31
areolar tissue
32
areolar tissue
33
adipose tissue
34
loose connective tissue
35
adipose tissue
36
adipose tissue
37
reticular tissue
38
reticular tissue
39
reticular
40
dense regular connective tisuee
41
dense regular connective tissue
42
dense regular connective tissue
43
elastic tissue
44
dense irregular connective tissue
45
dense irregular connective tissue
46
hyaline cartilage
47
hyaline cartilage
48
elastic cartilage
49
hyaline cartilage
50
elastic cartilage
51
elastic cartilage
52
fibrous cartilage
53
fibrous cartilage
54
fibrous cartilage
55
bone
56
osteon of bone
57
osteon of bone
58
skeletal muscle
59
skeletal muscle
60
smooth muscle
61
smooth muscle
62
smooth muscle
63
cardiac muscle
64
cardiac muscle
65
cardiac muscle
66
neural tissue
67
neural tissue
68
anatomy
the study of the internal and external structures and landmarks we can see
69
physiology
the studt of the functions and mechanisms of the human body
70
cytology
study of cells
71
histology
study of tissues
72
macroscopic anatomy
study of structures that can be seen without magnification
73
surface anatomy
(macroscopic) refers to superficial anatomical markings
74
regional anatomy
(macroscopic) refers to all structures in a specific area of the body whether they are sperficial or deep
75
systemic anatomy
(macroscopic) the study of organ systems of the body
76
surgical anatomy
studies anatomical landmarks important for surgical procedures
77
radiographis anatomy
the study of anatomical structures with the use of x-rays or ultrasound scans
78
cross sectional anatomy
the use of radiographic techniques (CT and MRI) scans to look at cross sections of the body
79
xrays
Best for visualizing boone and abnormal dense structures
Best for detecting fractures, abdominal emergencies, and for chest imaging (to see fluid or infection)
Best to take two views, and consider the position of the x-ray (anterior posterior/ Posterior Anterior)
Inexpensive and quick results
Can be used on Soft tissue (breasts for cancer)
80
x ray coloring
Air- dark
Fat - less dark
Soft tissue - gray
Bone - white
Metal - bright white
81
Posterior anterior
anterior posterior
Posterior-ANterior (PA)
X Rays are going into the posterior and leaving through the anterior side
Anterior-Poster (AP)
X rays are going into the anterior and leaving through the posterior
In reference to the heart
The heart will create a shadow, the farther away the x-ray is, the smaller the shadow will be
In PA view, the heart will only have 13cm shadow rather than 16 cm
82
barium contrast x ray
Patient drinks barium sulfate before x ray. It will coat the digestive tract and is easily visualized
83
can we image the brain using x rays?
No because of the bony density of the skull. The brain has lots of water and is bathed in cerebrospinal fluid both of which complicates using x-rays to image the brain
84
Computed (axial) tomography (CT or CAT) scan
Produced x rays images that are computer enhanced for 3D like structures
Can visualize soft tissue in more detail, tissue intensity will show varying degrees of grey
Can have a whole body scan
85
all scans and images are...
All scans and images will be left to right. Point of view of the patient\*\*\*
86
angiography
Pertains to blood vessels
Utilizes contrast medium that is injected into blood vessels to produce clear images of the blood vessels
87
digital subtraction angiography
DSA provided an unobstructed view of small arteries. Images are taking before and after contrast to see blockages of vessels
88
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
High energy magnetic field to produce high-contrast images of soft tissues in color
Can create 2d and 3D blueprint
Cannot be used on metal
Commonly used to differentiating Normal and abnormal tissues and places with high volume of fluid like the brain and knee
Torn meniscus is thicker than normal
89
Positron emission tomography (PET) Scan
Forms images by detecting radioactive isotopes (either water or sugar) injected into the body. These tagged molecules will identify regions of high metabolic activity
The brain and cancerous tumors
Cancerous tumors have high levels of glucose
90
Semography (ultrasound imaging)
Body is propped with pulses of high-frequency sound waves that echo off the body’s tissues
Imaging technique used to determine the age of a developing fetus and on young children
Sound is transmitted or reflected
Fluid = dark
Soft tissue = shades of grey
Bone = bright
Skin is always at the top of the image and most internal structures are at the bottom
91
levels of structural organization
Atoms join together to create
1. Molecules join together to create
2. Cells form
3. Tissues that form
4. Organs make up
5. Organ systems which makes up
6. Organ systems
They go from simple (atoms) to complex (organ systems)
92
integumentary system
protection from environemntal hazards; temp control
93
skeltal system
support, protection of soft tissues; mineral storage; blood formation
94
muscular system
locomotin, support, heat production
95
nervous sytem
directing immediate responses to stimuli, usuallt by coordinaing the actitvies of other organ system
96
endocrine system
directing long-term changes in the activites of other organ systems
97
cardiovascular system
just heart and blood vessels
internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes and gasses
98
lymphoid system
defense against infection and disease
99
respiratory system
delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood
100
digestive system
processing of food and absirptoion of organic nutrients, minerals, vitamin, and water
101
urinary system
elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products; control of pH
102
reproductive system
production of sex cells and hormones
103
Describe how you would go into anatomical position from sitting on the floor with hands on your lap
Stand up, toes facing front, arms at your sides with palms facing the front
104
proximal, distal, lateral, medial
Proximal: nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk
Distal: farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunnk
Lateral: farther from the midline
Medial: nearer to the midline
105
saggital cut
Left and right halves
Midsagittal: right at the midline
Parasagittal: left and right unequally
106
transverse cut
separating top half from the bottom (superior and inferior)
107
frotnal cut
separating anterior and posterior
108
oblique cut
seperating the tissue at an angle
109
Abdominopelvic quadrants
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Left Upper quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left Lower quadrant (LLQ)
110
abdominopelvic regions
right hypochondriac region
right lumbar region
right inguinal region
left hypochondriac region
left lumbar region
left inguinal region
epigastric region
umbilical region
hypogastric region
111
Select organs found within the abdominopelvic quadrants
RUQ: Most of the liver, gallbladder•
LUQ: Most of the stomach, spleen•
RLQ: cecum, appendix, right ureter, right ovary, right spermatic cord•
LLQ: left ureter, left ovary, left spermatic cord
112
Select organs found within the abdominopelvic regions
Epigastric: left lobe of liver•
Right hypochondriac: right lobe of liver, liver fundus•
Left hypochondriac: stomach fundus, spleen
Umbilical: small intestine, transverse colon
Right lumbar: ascending colon
Left lumbar: descending colon
113
posterior cavity
Cranial cavity: surrounds the brain
Spinal cavity: surrounds the spinal cord
The meninges= membrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord
114
anterior cavity
* Thoracic cavity
* Pleural cavity: lungs
* Pericardial cavity: heart
* Mediastinal cavity: space between the apex of the lungs (contained pericardial cavity)
* Abdominal cavity
* Pelvic cavity
* Adomino pelvic cavity
* Peritoneal cavity: true space between the parietal peritonitis and the visceral peritoneum
* Pelvic cavity: urinary bladder
* Abdominal cavity: contains the stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, spleen, and kidneys and lower part of the esophagus
* The diaphragm divides the thoracic and abdominal cavity
115
parietal membrane
The membrane nearest to the wall of the body (farthest from the organs) is the parietal membrane
Parietal pleura, parietal pericardium, parietal peritoneum
116
visceral membrane
The membrane farthest from the wall of the body (nearest the organs) is the visceral membrane
Visceral pleura, visceral pericardium, visceral peritoneum
117
1. Kartagener syndrome is a disorder associated with abnormal moving Cillia. Based on what you have learned in these lessons on epithelial tissue, what organs would be effects, and what would be the symptoms of Kartagener syndrome?
2. 80-90% of cancer is epithelial in nature. Explain why this is. Name different locations in the body that would then be susceptible to cancer that is epithelial in origin.
3. You have a patient with a blocked salivary gland due to chronic dehydration. Would the gland continue producing saliva? What symptoms would you notice?
4. Describe what you think is going on in slide #1, (Histology practice) in the abnormal slide, and give a rationale behind your answer.
5. Your classmate says to you " I thought I was taking Advanced Human Anatomy to learn how to help people with heart attacks, or pancreatic cancer, why am I learning about cells and tissues?" What do you respond? Explain why we are starting off the course learning about tissues.
1. Organs that would be affected by Kartagener syndrome include the respiratory system where we use mucus to trap and cilia to move pathogens out of the respiratory tract and into the digestive tube. This will lead to recurrent infections. Where else do we have cilia in the body? The protein that makes cilia is found in the flagellum of sperm, therefore males with Kartagener's syndrome have sperm that are not motile, and therefore are infertile. In females, cilia is used to move an ovulated oocyte towards the fallopian tube. Do you think females with Kartagener's syndrome would also suffer from infertility?
2. Cancer is mainly epithelial in origin because epithelial cells have the unique ability to regenerate easily and more rapidly than other tissues.
3. Yes, there would not no reason to initially stop saliva production, it would not be released through the duct, and would build up causing pressure, and pain, and lead to inflammation. body fluid that is no longer moving or circulating is prone to bacteria. After a build-up of pressure feedback would slow down the rate of production.
4. Basal cell carcinoma - One of the stem cells has transformed into a cancerous cell, and is proliferating rapidly creating the round ball-like structure.
5. Diseases begin at the cellular and tissue level.
118
1. Vitamin C is needed for the proper formation of collagen fibers. Insufficient vitamin C in the diet causes a condition known as scurvy, which is characterized by the general weakening of connective tissues and collagen throughout the body. Keeping in mind that strong connective tissues and collagen are needed to bind body parts together, what might be some of the major symptoms of scurvy?
2. Why is blood considered connective tissue? Be specific.
3. What would happen if the trachea were not composed of such massive rings of hyaline cartilage? What might happen if the esophagus were composed of hyaline cartilage-like the trachea?
4. Order the following injuries based on how fast they would heal from the fastest to the slowest. Explain your answer
a) Neural tissue damage from a stroke or ischemia
b) Cardiac muscle injury from a heart attack
c) A paper cut
d) a torn tendon.
5. Lupus is a connective tissue disease and an autoimmune disorder. Explain why symptoms of lupus are systemic and not localized.
1. : Teeth fall out of their sockets, blood vessels rupture, and wounds fail to heal. (Strong collagen is necessary for holding teeth in their sockets, reinforcing blood vessels, and healing wounds. )
2. Blood contains soluble fibers that become insoluble during clot formation, which satisfies the definition of a connective tissue = cells dispersed amongst a fluid matrix surrounded by fibers.
3. The trachea is designed to allow the passage of gases, and the esophagus is designed to facilitate the movement of solids and liquids. The hyaline cartilage that encircles the trachea provides stiffness that prevents this tube from collapsing during breathing. If the esophagus were composed of similar amounts of hyaline cartilage, it could not change shape to accommodate the passage of solids.
4. A paper cut would heal the fastest due to the regenerative properties of epidermal tissue , a torn tendon would be next, although it would be slower to heal than other connective tissues, neural damage and cardiac muscle tissue would both be the slowest.
5. Because connective tissue is widespread throughout the body. symptoms are systemic, not localized.
