Exam 1

Question 1

Answer 1

epithelial tissue

Question 2

Answer 2

simple squamous

Question 3

Answer 3

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS

Question 4

Answer 4

stratified squamous

Question 5

Answer 5

stratified squamous

Question 6

Answer 6

stratified squamous

Question 7

Answer 7

simple squamous

Question 8

Answer 8

stratifed squamous

Question 9

Answer 9

simple cuboidal

Question 10

Answer 10

simple cuboidal

Question 11

Answer 11

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL

Question 12

Question 13

Answer 13

stratfied cuboidal

Question 14

Answer 14

stratfied cuboidal

Question 15

Answer 15

stratfied cuboidal

Question 16

Answer 16

simple columnar

Question 17

Answer 17

simple columnar

Question 18

Answer 18

simple columnar

Question 19

Answer 19

simple columnar

Question 20

Answer 20

stratified columnar

Question 21

Answer 21

pseudostrafided ciliated columanr

Question 22

Answer 22

pseudostratfied ciliated columnar

Question 23

Answer 23

pseudostratfied columnar ciliated

Question 24

Answer 24

pseudostratfied cilliated columnar

Question 25

Answer 25

pseudostratfied ciliated columnar

Question 26

Answer 26

transitional

Question 27

Answer 27

transitional

Question 28

Question 29

Answer 29

transitional

Question 30

Answer 30

areolar tissue

Question 31

Answer 31

areolar tissue

Question 32

Answer 32

areolar tissue

Question 33

Answer 33

adipose tissue

Question 34

Answer 34

loose connective tissue

Question 35

Answer 35

adipose tissue

Question 36

Answer 36

adipose tissue

Question 37

Answer 37

reticular tissue

Question 38

Answer 38

reticular tissue

Question 39

Answer 39

reticular

Question 40

Answer 40

dense regular connective tisuee

Question 41

Answer 41

dense regular connective tissue

Question 42

Answer 42

dense regular connective tissue

Question 43

Answer 43

elastic tissue

Question 44

Answer 44

dense irregular connective tissue

Question 45

Answer 45

dense irregular connective tissue

Question 46

Answer 46

hyaline cartilage

Question 47

Answer 47

hyaline cartilage

Question 48

Answer 48

elastic cartilage

Question 49

Answer 49

hyaline cartilage

Question 50

Answer 50

elastic cartilage

Question 51

Answer 51

elastic cartilage

Question 52

Answer 52

fibrous cartilage

Question 53

Answer 53

fibrous cartilage

Question 54

Answer 54

fibrous cartilage

Question 55

Answer 55

bone

Question 56

Answer 56

osteon of bone

Question 57

Answer 57

osteon of bone

Question 58

Answer 58

skeletal muscle

Question 59

Answer 59

skeletal muscle

Question 60

Answer 60

smooth muscle

Question 61

Answer 61

smooth muscle

Question 62

Answer 62

smooth muscle

Question 63

Answer 63

cardiac muscle

Question 64

Answer 64

cardiac muscle

Question 65

Answer 65

cardiac muscle

Question 66

Answer 66

neural tissue

Question 67

Answer 67

neural tissue

Question 68

anatomy

Answer 68

the study of the internal and external structures and landmarks we can see

Question 69

physiology

Answer 69

the studt of the functions and mechanisms of the human body

Question 70

cytology

Answer 70

study of cells

Question 71

histology

Answer 71

study of tissues

Question 72

macroscopic anatomy

Answer 72

study of structures that can be seen without magnification

Question 73

surface anatomy

Answer 73

(macroscopic) refers to superficial anatomical markings

Question 74

regional anatomy

Answer 74

(macroscopic) refers to all structures in a specific area of the body whether they are sperficial or deep

Question 75

systemic anatomy

Answer 75

(macroscopic) the study of organ systems of the body

Question 76

surgical anatomy

Answer 76

studies anatomical landmarks important for surgical procedures

Question 77

radiographis anatomy

Answer 77

the study of anatomical structures with the use of x-rays or ultrasound scans

Question 78

cross sectional anatomy

Answer 78

the use of radiographic techniques (CT and MRI) scans to look at cross sections of the body

Question 79

xrays

Answer 79

Best for visualizing boone and abnormal dense structures

Best for detecting fractures, abdominal emergencies, and for chest imaging (to see fluid or infection)

Best to take two views, and consider the position of the x-ray (anterior posterior/ Posterior Anterior)

Inexpensive and quick results

Can be used on Soft tissue (breasts for cancer)

Question 80

x ray coloring

Answer 80

Air- dark

Fat - less dark

Soft tissue - gray

Bone - white

Metal - bright white

Question 81

Posterior anterior

anterior posterior

Answer 81

Posterior-ANterior (PA)

X Rays are going into the posterior and leaving through the anterior side

Anterior-Poster (AP)

X rays are going into the anterior and leaving through the posterior

In reference to the heart

The heart will create a shadow, the farther away the x-ray is, the smaller the shadow will be

In PA view, the heart will only have 13cm shadow rather than 16 cm

Question 82

barium contrast x ray

Answer 82

Patient drinks barium sulfate before x ray. It will coat the digestive tract and is easily visualized

Question 83

can we image the brain using x rays?

Answer 83

No because of the bony density of the skull. The brain has lots of water and is bathed in cerebrospinal fluid both of which complicates using x-rays to image the brain

Question 84

Computed (axial) tomography (CT or CAT) scan

Answer 84

Produced x rays images that are computer enhanced for 3D like structures

Can visualize soft tissue in more detail, tissue intensity will show varying degrees of grey

Can have a whole body scan

Question 85

all scans and images are…

Answer 85

All scans and images will be left to right. Point of view of the patient***

Question 86

angiography

Answer 86

Pertains to blood vessels

Utilizes contrast medium that is injected into blood vessels to produce clear images of the blood vessels

Question 87

digital subtraction angiography

Answer 87

DSA provided an unobstructed view of small arteries. Images are taking before and after contrast to see blockages of vessels

Question 88

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Answer 88

High energy magnetic field to produce high-contrast images of soft tissues in color

Can create 2d and 3D blueprint

Cannot be used on metal

Commonly used to differentiating Normal and abnormal tissues and places with high volume of fluid like the brain and knee

Torn meniscus is thicker than normal

Question 89

Positron emission tomography (PET) Scan

Answer 89

Forms images by detecting radioactive isotopes (either water or sugar) injected into the body. These tagged molecules will identify regions of high metabolic activity

The brain and cancerous tumors

Cancerous tumors have high levels of glucose

Question 90

Semography (ultrasound imaging)

Answer 90

Body is propped with pulses of high-frequency sound waves that echo off the body’s tissues

Imaging technique used to determine the age of a developing fetus and on young children

Sound is transmitted or reflected

Fluid = dark

Soft tissue = shades of grey

Bone = bright

Skin is always at the top of the image and most internal structures are at the bottom

Question 91

levels of structural organization

Answer 91

Atoms join together to create

1. Molecules join together to create
2. Cells form
3. Tissues that form
4. Organs make up
5. Organ systems which makes up
6. Organ systems

They go from simple (atoms) to complex (organ systems)

Question 92

integumentary system

Answer 92

protection from environemntal hazards; temp control

Question 93

skeltal system

Answer 93

support, protection of soft tissues; mineral storage; blood formation

Question 94

muscular system

Answer 94

locomotin, support, heat production

Question 95

nervous sytem

Answer 95

directing immediate responses to stimuli, usuallt by coordinaing the actitvies of other organ system

Question 96

endocrine system

Answer 96

directing long-term changes in the activites of other organ systems

Question 97

cardiovascular system

Answer 97

just heart and blood vessels

internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes and gasses

Question 98

lymphoid system

Answer 98

defense against infection and disease

Question 99

respiratory system

Answer 99

delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood

Question 100

digestive system

Answer 100

processing of food and absirptoion of organic nutrients, minerals, vitamin, and water

Question 101

urinary system

Answer 101

elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products; control of pH

Question 102

reproductive system

Answer 102

production of sex cells and hormones

Question 103

Describe how you would go into anatomical position from sitting on the floor with hands on your lap

Answer 103

Stand up, toes facing front, arms at your sides with palms facing the front

Question 104

proximal, distal, lateral, medial

Answer 104

Proximal: nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk

Distal: farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunnk

Lateral: farther from the midline

Medial: nearer to the midline

Question 105

saggital cut

Answer 105

Left and right halves

Midsagittal: right at the midline

Parasagittal: left and right unequally

Question 106

transverse cut

Answer 106

separating top half from the bottom (superior and inferior)

Question 107

frotnal cut

Answer 107

separating anterior and posterior

Question 108

oblique cut

Answer 108

seperating the tissue at an angle

Question 109

Abdominopelvic quadrants

Answer 109

Right upper quadrant (RUQ)

Left Upper quadrant (LUQ)

Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

Left Lower quadrant (LLQ)

Question 110

abdominopelvic regions

Answer 110

right hypochondriac region

right lumbar region

right inguinal region

left hypochondriac region

left lumbar region

left inguinal region

epigastric region

umbilical region

hypogastric region

Question 111

Select organs found within the abdominopelvic quadrants

Answer 111

RUQ: Most of the liver, gallbladder•

LUQ: Most of the stomach, spleen•

RLQ: cecum, appendix, right ureter, right ovary, right spermatic cord•

LLQ: left ureter, left ovary, left spermatic cord

Question 112

Select organs found within the abdominopelvic regions

Answer 112

Epigastric: left lobe of liver•

Right hypochondriac: right lobe of liver, liver fundus•

Left hypochondriac: stomach fundus, spleen

Umbilical: small intestine, transverse colon

Right lumbar: ascending colon

Left lumbar: descending colon

Question 113

posterior cavity

Answer 113

Cranial cavity: surrounds the brain

Spinal cavity: surrounds the spinal cord

The meninges= membrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord

Question 114

anterior cavity

Answer 114

• Thoracic cavity
  
  • Pleural cavity: lungs
  • Pericardial cavity: heart
  • Mediastinal cavity: space between the apex of the lungs (contained pericardial cavity)
• Abdominal cavity
• Pelvic cavity
• Adomino pelvic cavity
  
  • Peritoneal cavity: true space between the parietal peritonitis and the visceral peritoneum
  • Pelvic cavity: urinary bladder
  • Abdominal cavity: contains the stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, spleen, and kidneys and lower part of the esophagus
• The diaphragm divides the thoracic and abdominal cavity

Question 115

parietal membrane

Answer 115

The membrane nearest to the wall of the body (farthest from the organs) is the parietal membrane

Parietal pleura, parietal pericardium, parietal peritoneum

Question 116

visceral membrane

Answer 116

The membrane farthest from the wall of the body (nearest the organs) is the visceral membrane

Visceral pleura, visceral pericardium, visceral peritoneum

Question 117

1. Kartagener syndrome is a disorder associated with abnormal moving Cillia. Based on what you have learned in these lessons on epithelial tissue, what organs would be effects, and what would be the symptoms of Kartagener syndrome?
2. 80-90% of cancer is epithelial in nature. Explain why this is. Name different locations in the body that would then be susceptible to cancer that is epithelial in origin.
3. You have a patient with a blocked salivary gland due to chronic dehydration. Would the gland continue producing saliva? What symptoms would you notice?
4. Describe what you think is going on in slide #1, (Histology practice) in the abnormal slide, and give a rationale behind your answer.
5. Your classmate says to you “ I thought I was taking Advanced Human Anatomy to learn how to help people with heart attacks, or pancreatic cancer, why am I learning about cells and tissues?” What do you respond? Explain why we are starting off the course learning about tissues.

Answer 117

1. Organs that would be affected by Kartagener syndrome include the respiratory system where we use mucus to trap and cilia to move pathogens out of the respiratory tract and into the digestive tube. This will lead to recurrent infections. Where else do we have cilia in the body? The protein that makes cilia is found in the flagellum of sperm, therefore males with Kartagener’s syndrome have sperm that are not motile, and therefore are infertile. In females, cilia is used to move an ovulated oocyte towards the fallopian tube. Do you think females with Kartagener’s syndrome would also suffer from infertility?
2. Cancer is mainly epithelial in origin because epithelial cells have the unique ability to regenerate easily and more rapidly than other tissues.
3. Yes, there would not no reason to initially stop saliva production, it would not be released through the duct, and would build up causing pressure, and pain, and lead to inflammation. body fluid that is no longer moving or circulating is prone to bacteria. After a build-up of pressure feedback would slow down the rate of production.
4. Basal cell carcinoma - One of the stem cells has transformed into a cancerous cell, and is proliferating rapidly creating the round ball-like structure.
5. Diseases begin at the cellular and tissue level.

Question 118

1. Vitamin C is needed for the proper formation of collagen fibers. Insufficient vitamin C in the diet causes a condition known as scurvy, which is characterized by the general weakening of connective tissues and collagen throughout the body. Keeping in mind that strong connective tissues and collagen are needed to bind body parts together, what might be some of the major symptoms of scurvy?
2. Why is blood considered connective tissue? Be specific.
3. What would happen if the trachea were not composed of such massive rings of hyaline cartilage? What might happen if the esophagus were composed of hyaline cartilage-like the trachea?
4. Order the following injuries based on how fast they would heal from the fastest to the slowest. Explain your answer
   a) Neural tissue damage from a stroke or ischemia
   b) Cardiac muscle injury from a heart attack
   c) A paper cut
   d) a torn tendon.
5. Lupus is a connective tissue disease and an autoimmune disorder. Explain why symptoms of lupus are systemic and not localized.

Answer 118

1. : Teeth fall out of their sockets, blood vessels rupture, and wounds fail to heal. (Strong collagen is necessary for holding teeth in their sockets, reinforcing blood vessels, and healing wounds. )
2. Blood contains soluble fibers that become insoluble during clot formation, which satisfies the definition of a connective tissue = cells dispersed amongst a fluid matrix surrounded by fibers.
3. The trachea is designed to allow the passage of gases, and the esophagus is designed to facilitate the movement of solids and liquids. The hyaline cartilage that encircles the trachea provides stiffness that prevents this tube from collapsing during breathing. If the esophagus were composed of similar amounts of hyaline cartilage, it could not change shape to accommodate the passage of solids.
4. A paper cut would heal the fastest due to the regenerative properties of epidermal tissue , a torn tendon would be next, although it would be slower to heal than other connective tissues, neural damage and cardiac muscle tissue would both be the slowest.
5. Because connective tissue is widespread throughout the body. symptoms are systemic, not localized.