Exam 1 Flashcards by Gianna Pascarelli

List some reproductive changes with aging of females

grey thin pubic hair, vaginal dryness, uterine atrophy, loss of tone in pelvic muscle

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List some reproductive changes of aging with men

scrotal drooping, prostate enlargement

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What will a low level of estriol indicate?

amenorrhea, impending miscarriage

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what will a low level of progesterone indicate?

amenorrhea, ovarian neoplasm

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what will a high level of progesterone indicate?

luteal cysts

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What will a high level of testosterone indicate in a male?

possible tumor, hyperthyroidism

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What will a low level of testosterone indicate in a male?

hypogonadism (not enough sperm)

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What does a high level of testosterone in women indicate?

adrenal or ovarian neoplasm, polycystic ovary syndrome

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What age do they recommend you begin Pap test?

annual at 21 years, then every 3 years

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3-d magnification and illumination. inspection of cervical epithelium, vagina and vulvar epithelium

colposcopy

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direct examination of pelvic cavity, to discover ovarian disorders and pelvic masses

laparoscopy

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What is the greatest discomfort during a laparoscopy?

referred shoulder pain

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Examination of pelvic cavity through the vagina

hysteroscopy

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small “punch” sample taken from the cervix

cervical biopsy

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catheter inserted into the uterus through the vagina to remove cells from the uterine lining

endometrial biopsy

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PSA

normal to have some in blood, high levels can indicate prostate cancer

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non invasive cancer of the breast duct

ductal carcinoma in situ

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non invasive cancer of the breast lobe

lobular carcinoma in situ

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what is the most common type of breast cancer

invasive ductal carcinoma ( spread to breast tissue)

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Risk factors for breast cancer

increased age, BRCA 1 or 2, early menses, late menopause, hormone therapy, oral contraceptives, lack of breast feeding, first child after 30

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When should you start screening for mammogram?

age 45, yearly - age 55 every other year

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what is oophorectomy?

removal of ovaries–> leads to menopause

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removal of entire tumor

lumpectomy

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removal of part of the breast that contains cancer and some tissue

partial mastectomy

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entire breast removed

total mastectomy

entire breast, some lymph nodes and part of chest wall

modified radical mastectomy

DIEP flap surgery

takes skin and fat off abdomen- as opposed to muscle and placed into breast tissue

What is lymphedema?

abnormal buildup of fluid in the limb

most common type of benign breast disorder

fibroadenoma

benign slow growing tumors that cause heavy vaginal bleeding

leiomyomas

how is leiomyoma diagnosed?

transvaginal ultrasound

nonsurgical management to manage bleeding for leiomyoma

uterine artery embolism

total hysterectomy

uterus and cervix

subtotal hyterectomy

just uterus

pan hysterectomy

uterus, ovaries and fallopian tubes

radical hysterectomy

uterus, cervix, nodes, upper third of vagina and surrounding tissues

bladder prolapse

cystocele

rectal prolapse

rectocele

the most common type of uterine cancer

adenocarcinoma

what brings people in with uterine cancer?

post menopausal bleeding

what is ovarian cancer often called?

silent killer

What chemo combo is used for ovarian cancer?

cisplatin /carboplatin(IV OR IP)- assess for bleeding

What is the classic symptom of invasive cervical cancer?

PAINLESS bleeding

Treatments for cervical cancer

hysterectomy, LEEP, cryotherapy, conization, radiation

What age do you begin getting the HPV vaccine?

9-14 years (2 doses)

inflammation of the lower gential tract

vulvovaginitis

What can BPH cause?

can cause lower urinary tract symptoms

What are symptoms of LUTS

voiding obstructive symptoms- hesitancy , weak stream, urinary retention

low level radio frequency transmitted through the prostate via a trans uretheral needle delivery system

TUNA

removes portions of the prostate gland through the penis by using a resectescope

TURP

What is the biggest risk after a TURP

hemmorhage

bright red or ketchup

arterial bleeding

burgundy blood

venous bleeding

second most common type of cancer in men

prostate cancer

normal PSA level

under 4

what is important to tell patients on sildenafil not to take

nitrates

most common STI in the US, acute, recurring, incurable

herpes

STI that can become systemic and cause serious complications including death

syphilis

single, small papillary growth, may grow into large cauliflower like masses

genital warts

abnormal vaginal discharge, severe abdomen pain, pain in urethra, discharge in the rectum

chlamydia

what is the treatment for chlamydia

single dose of azithromycin or a week of doxy

treatment for gonorrhea

single dose ceftriaxone IM plus azithromycin or doxy

symtpoms : lower or abdominal pelvic pain

PID

treatment for syphillis

penicilin G ( single IM dose)