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Neurobiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

somatic vs autonomic motor division

A

somatic: skeletal muscle, autonomic/visceral: smooth, cardiac muscle + glands

both part of peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

ganglia

A

accumulations of nerve cell bodies in pns

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3
Q

gray matter

A

cell bodies and neuropil in brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

white matter

A

axon tracts

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5
Q

nucleus

A

local accumulation of neurons w roughly similar fins

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6
Q

cortex

A

sheetlike array of nerve cells

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7
Q

commissures

A

tracts that cross the midline of the brain

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8
Q

columns

A

sensory tracts of dorsal spinal cord

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9
Q

autonomic path

A

autonomic motor neurons in brainstem and spinal cord (preganglionic neurons) -> peripheral motor neurons in autonomic ganglia -> these innervate smooth muscle

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10
Q

sympathetic vs parasympathetic organization

A

sympathetic: ganglia are in vertebrate
parasympathetic: ganglia are near organs

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11
Q

enteric system

A

small ganglia and individual neurons in gut wall

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12
Q

neural system characteristics

A

unity of fxn, representation of specific information, subdivision

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13
Q

computational vs topographic maps

A

topographic: like vision, point to point correspondence
computational: not like that

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14
Q

cre/lox system

A

cre recombinase is introduced to mouse genome through homologous recombination, cuts loxP sequences

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15
Q

creERT method

A

cre haș an estrogen receptor that can only be activated by tamoxifen, allows temporal control

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16
Q

gastrulation

A

single layer of cells -> multiple germ layers

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17
Q

germ layers

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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18
Q

notochord

A

cylinder of mesodermal cells that condenses at midline, generated at primitive pit. axis of symmetry

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19
Q

neuroectoderm

A

ectoderm above notochord, gives rise to nervous system

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20
Q

neurulation

A

notochord sends signals to tell above cells to differentiate into neuroectodermal precursor cells. midline ectoderm hardens into neural plate

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21
Q

neural tube

A

gives rise to entire brain and spinal cord, formed from neural plate

22
Q

neural crest

A

where edges of folded neural plate come together, give rise to a bunch of neurons and glia, cartilage, bone, etc

23
Q

sections of neural tube

A

prosencephalon (cane hook), mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

24
Q

prosencephalon forms

A

telencephalon, diencephalon, and optic vesicles -> eventually all forebrain

25
Q

rhombencephalon forms into

A

mesencephalon and myelencephalon

26
Q

neuromeres

A

repeating units in neural tube -> eventually cerebellum

27
Q

how genes

A

divide embryo into segments

28
Q

retinoid acid

A

inductive signal

29
Q

some neural inducer things

A

bone morphogenetic proteins, sonic hedgehog, fibroblast growth factor

30
Q

noggin and chordin

A

endogenous antagonist which block bone morphogenetic proteins so that ectodermal cells can stay neurons

31
Q

sonic hedgehog what sit important for

A

closing neural tube, establishing identity of neurons in spinal cord

32
Q

neuroblasts

A

immature nerve cells

33
Q

delta ligands and notch receptors

A

delta ligands send signals to notch receptors in adjacent cells, liberating notch intracellular domain

34
Q

basic helix loop helix neurogenic factors

A

local delta notch signaling -> downregulation of delta in most cells, but up regulation in some. in these, bhlh is unregulated and cell becomes primed for neuronal differentiation

35
Q

neurogenesis process

A

lots of lil neurites -> one is picked as axon and rest become dendrites

36
Q

growth cone

A

structure at tip of extending axon which helps it explore and determine direction of growth

37
Q

lamellipodium

A

sheetlike expansion at tip of growth cone

38
Q

filopodia

A

fine processes that extend from lamellipodium, which rapidly form and disappear

39
Q

actin skeleton vs microtubule skeleton role in growth cone motility

A

actin: changes in shape of tip
microtubule: elongates axon

both controlled by (de)polymerization

40
Q

molecules which influence axon growth

A

extracellular matrix molecules, ca independent and dependent cell adhesion molecules, and ephrins

41
Q

extracellular matrix cell adhesion molecules include… + properties

A

laminins, collagens, fibronectin

all found in ecm and create durable surfaces

42
Q

receptor for ecm molecules

A

integrins

43
Q

where are CAMs and cadherins found + why r they unique

A

on growth cones, growing axons, and surrounding cells

they are both ligand and receptor

44
Q

ephori function

A

cell-cell recognition

45
Q

netrins

A

proteins that attract axons, esp helps with those crossing the midline

46
Q

slit and robo

A

slit = secreted factor, robo = receptor; help axon from coming back over the midline by terminating sensitivity to netrin once its crossed. slit also helps with dendritic branching

47
Q

semaphorins

A

chemorepellents which cause growth cones to collapse and axon extension to stop. also can serve as a chemoattractant for dendrites

48
Q

brain derived neurotrophic factor

A

promotes dendritic growth and branching

49
Q

dendritic tiling

A

dendrites are repelled from other dendrites (including their own)
modulated by dscam1

50
Q

chemoaffinity hypothesis

A

each destination cell and ganglion cell has a specific tag which matches them

proven to be more of a gradient of affinities

51
Q

neuregulin

A

regulates expression and localization of postsynaptic receptors

52
Q

neurexins and neuroligins

A

neurexins = presynaptic
neuroglins = postsynaptic
promote adhesion in the synapse, help localize synaptic vesicles, docking proteins, receptors, etc

Neurobiology (1 decks)

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