Exam-1 Flashcards
What type of session will require a longer initial interview and evaluation?
Treatment massage
Define the term: Superficial Fascia
Fascia in the superficial realm of the body; just beneath the skin.
Gentle, passive range of motion techniques used during end-of-life care are:
Contraindicated as too aggressive
Define the term: Downward rotation
Rotating a body part in an inferior direction
Define the term: Cutaneous membrane
Skin; the outer membrane of the body composed of the dermis and epidermis.
What do changes in muscle, fascia, and connective tissue indicate?
A functional postural dysfunction
Aside from the positive effect on a person’s mood, the relaxation response promoted by massage also decreases sensations of:
Pain
By inducing this type of nervous system response, massage promotes relaxation.
Parasympathetic
Massage techniques stimulate sebaceous gland activity. This is a:
Mechanical effect
One somatic reflex that can be manipulated by massage application methods is:
The tendon reflex
Primary effects from massage are:
The first effects to occur in the tissue
Adrenaline is associated with the “fight or flight” stress response and is also known as:
Epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) into the bloodstream
The environment, the attitude of the person administering the treatment, and the client’s confidence in the effectiveness of the treatment all contribute to the:
Placebo effect
Massage has been shown to DECREASE this type of brain wave, thus stimulating greater relaxation:
Beta
Massage increases available amounts of “feel-good” chemicals in the body such as dopamine, oxytocin, and:
Serotonin
Massage stimulates digestion because of the activation of which branch of the autonomic nervous system?
Parasympathetic nervous system
The client’s mental and emotional experience of a massage session is a result of:
Psychological effects
A physiological effect of massage that supports stress management is:
Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system response
Which massage technique is most commonly used to loosen and discharge phlegm?
Tapotement
Physiological effects of massage are:
Effects that occur in the body
A common psychological side effect of chronic pain conditions such as fibromyalgia or myofascial pain syndrome is some level of:
Depression
Massage can help reduce feelings of anxiety commonly associated with hyperstimulation of this branch of the autonomic nervous system:
Sympathetic
Avid athletes seek massage as part of their training regimen because of its effectiveness in reducing muscle:
Fatigue
With the improved quality of sleep that massage provides, production of this chemical, which reduces pain in the body, is increased:
Somatostatin
The increase in serotonin production stimulated by massage is linked to a DECREASE in symptoms of depression and:
Stress
Systemic effects of massage are:
Effects that cause changes to the body’s chemistry, circulation, metabolism, and nervous system
Components of standard precautions include:
Properly cleaning surfaces contaminated with blood or bodily fluid
Practitioners should pull long hair back so that it does not touch a client because:
The hair can act as a reservoir for pathogens
A virus is a type of:
Infectious Agent
A pathogen passed from one person to another results in a(n):
Infectious Disease
Mites thrive in:
Warm, moist areas of the body and skin folds
Directly after eating on a lunch break during a massage shift, practitioners should:
Brush and Floss teeth
Which of the following types of jewelry can a practitioner keep on during a massage?
Small earrings
Mites do what?
Suck the blood of the host and cause itching?
Smoking should not be allowed:
Anywhere in the massage business facility or parking lot
If a client sneezes on a magazine in the reception area, he/she might transfer pathogens to another person via:
Indirect contact
An informed consent document should include:
A disclaimer and signature section
An example of objective data is:
Palpation of the client’s soft-tissue
In the A section of a SOAP form you might document:
Session goals
Visual and palpation findings are documented in this section of the SOAP form:
O section
In the S section of a SOAP form you might document:
The symptoms the client reports
In the S section of a SOAP form, “intensity” means:
The degree the client experiences the symptoms
An example of subjective data includes:
The information the client write son the health form
When documenting a massage session on a standardized form:
Measure every finding and symptom with a consistent scale to quantify the data both before and after session
When Jenny leaves the massage clinic to move on to a new career opportunity, her client becomes very upset. She insists that she can’t recover from her sports injury without Jenny. This is an example of:
Projection
One indication of unethical, unprofessional touch is:
When the practitioner
is angry or frustrated with the client and can’t drop it before providing massage
Any mental process that allows the mind to deal with conflicts that can’t be immediately is classified as a:
Psychological defense mechanism
All of the following are examples of careless or unprofessional touch EXCEPT:
Rocking or vibration
Focusing on whatever is in the best interest of the client’s well-being is known as:
Client-centered care
The conscious decision to push away difficult emotions or anxiety-producing thoughts is called:
Suppression
A psychological defense that involves the outright refusal to acknowledge something that has occurred, or is occurring, is called:
Denial
The mutual trust and understanding established between practitioner and client at every stage of a massage session is known as:
Rapport
When clients experience transference, they may:
Attempt to establish the practitioner in a place of importance in their personal life
The friendly bond between people based on mutual liking, trust, and a sense that they understand and share each other’s concerns is called:
Rapport
Which of the following is shortened in a muscle contraction?
The sarcomere unit
The origin of a muscle normally refers to the:
More stationery attachment
Which term best describes the quality felt at the end of passive range of motion with tissue stretch and tissue compression?
Firm end feel
What is an example of the type of tissue that would create a soft end feel?
Adipose
A straight line that passes horizontally, right to left, is a:
Medial-lateral axis
What should a therapist always do before asking a client to perform an active-assisted range of motion?
Demonstrate the action him/herself/they/them and whatever other pronouns I might have missed
Which type of contraction could a practitioner induce in a client to reduce the stretch reflex and soften hypertonic muscles?
Isometric
Tissue damage due to overuse, overstretching or over contracting is called:
Strain
The plasma membrane of muscle fibers is also referred to as the:
Sarcolemma
Which term best describes the act of using one’s hands to examine, locate and manipulate muscle, soft tissue, or structure of the body?
Palpation
Which proprioceptors monitor the stretch reflex?
Muscle spindles
An articulation may refer to:
Any joint
Which term refers to the body’s position and alignment while standing, sitting, or lying down?
Posture
Movements occur in the transverse plan around this axis:
Superior-inferior axis
Which term best describes a bundle of specialized fibers that contract to hold positions of the body or move a joint
Muscle
The sensitive area of the muscle fiber that connects with a motor neuron at the neuromuscular junction is called the:
Motor end plate
Which term is used to refer to a sheath of fibrous connective tissue that envelops muscles and organs?
Fascia
Pivot joints allow for what type of motion?
Rotation
Which term refers to an increase in muscle volume and size?
Hypertrophy
When the shape of the bones stop a movement, as when a person extends his elbow all the way, this is classified as what type of end feel?
Hard end feel
Lowering a book onto a table with control is an example of what type of contraction?
Eccentric
Which term refers to a muscle that shares the same action as another muscle at the same joint?
Synergist
Which term refers to movement of the scapula or mandible in an anterior direction?
Protraction
Where are muscle spindles located?
In the muscle of the belly
Which of the following is an example of a cartilaginous joint?
Intervertebral-Joint
The deltoid muscle has fibers that are oriented at multiple angles along a force-generating axis. This muscle is a:
Multipennate muscle
Which term best describes tissue damage resulting from long periods of repetitive use?
Cumulative Stress
Which term means underneath single or multiple layers?
Intermediate
Which term refers to a broad area of muscle, which converges on an attachment site and is called a triangular muscle?
Convergent
Isometric muscle contraction is the contraction of a muscle with:
No joint movement
Which term refers to the use of various body parts such as the hands, fingers, knuckles, thumbs, or elbows to perform certain palpation activities or application methods?
Anatomical tools
Massage has been shown to stimulate more rapid and elaborate development of this part of the brain, which is related to memory:
Hippocampus
Reflexive effects from massage occur from:
An involuntary response of the nervous system
The increase in delta wave activity in the brain, which is promoted by massage, is linked to enhanced:
Relaxation and sleep
Substance P is a neuropeptide that relates sensory information to the brain associated with:
Pain
Massage can reduce stress by regulating the body’s wake and sleep cycles, also known as:
Circadian Rhythm
The styloid process of the temporal bone is tender to even moderate pressure. It should be avoided when the practitioner is working the:
Neck and later portions of the face
Endangerment areas are:
Regions of the body where delicate structures are superficial and may be damaged by techniques applied too forcefully
If a client is receiving treatment for cancer and has had surgery to remove a tumor, he or she:
Is cleared to receive massage with a physician’s release, but the recent surgery site is local contraindication
The clavicles, sternocleidomastoid muscles, and the trapezius muscles define the:
Posterior Triangle area
If a client takes lithium, it is important to avoid:
Scalp massage, as lithium causes hair shafts to weaken and thins the hair
If you feel a strong pulse while doing abdominal work, change the position of your hands to avoid disrupting circulation because you may be placing too much pressure on the:
Abdominal aorta or inferior vena cava
A client with mild depression:
Is indicated for massage
If a client is taking antidiabetic medications, the practitioner should be aware that:
Massage increases the use of glucose and insulin in the body, which could lead to adverse reactions
Anticoagulant medications may cause:
The client to bruise more easily in response to massage
The femoral triangle is defined by:
The inguinal ligament, sartorius, and adductor longus
When you use a hydrocollator pack or other hot pack:
Use at least four layers of towel to insulate the pack
When storing massage linens, a massage practitioner should:
Wash them in hot water with detergent, dry with heat, and store in a closed container
A well-planned treatment room for a business focusing on clinical massage would most likely have:
Neutral colors, medical charts, and anatomical models
When choosing lighting for a treatment room and the application of massage to clients:
Candles should always be avoided as a safety hazard
When you purchase sheets for your massage practice, an important consideration is that:
They are thick enough to provide sufficient coverage
If a practitioner who works as an employee notices that there is a safety issue at her place of employment, she should:
Report it to her supervisor
If you have cuts or hangnails on your hands, practice
Standard precautions
Pathogenic bacteria like E. coli may enter the body through:
Improperly handled food
These items are coverings for individual fingers that practitioners can use if there is a cut on a single finger:
Finger cots
If you touch your own hair during a session, you should:
Decontaminate your hands before touching the client again
Skin-to-skin contact or contact with contaminated linen, flooring, or hard surfaces could cause infections from:
Ringworm
This type of disease is passed from parent to child and is not infectious:
Genetic diseases
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has determined that this practice is the single most important element of infection prevention:
Hand Washing
Lice are an example of this type of pathogen that can be transmitted from direct contact in a massage session:
Parasitic Animals
If a client has broken skin, practice:
Standard Precautions
A biological agent capable of causing disease is referred to as a:
Pathogen
Parasitic animals of most concern to massage practitioners include:
Lice
Because of the possibility of fungal infection, practitioners are discouraged from working:
Barefoot
The type of hepatitis commonly transferred through blood in health-care settings is:
Hepatitis C
Practitioners should wash their hands up to this level to ensure thorough sanitation:
Elbows
All of the following are mechanisms of vehicle transmission EXCEPT:
Insect Bite
A producer of disease is called:
A pathogen
Antiseptics are:
Weaker than disinfectants
When handling cleaning products:
Open the windows and run ceiling fans to increase ventilation
Practitioners who perspire heavily while giving massage should:
Wear sweatbands on the forehead and wrist to prevent droplets of sweat from getting on the client
On a 0–10 scale, 1 represents:
Mild minus (L-)
The client’s goals, symptoms, and activities of daily living that aggravate or relieve symptoms are called:
Subjective data
Information you gather through observation of the client and palpation of the client’s tissue is called:
Objective data
In order to be eligible for liability insurance coverage, most insurance providers expect practitioners to:
Complete honest and accurate documentation for each session
An example of documentation where “onset” is recorded properly is:
The first week of may 2007
Practitioners develop their own abbreviations for massage terms when:
Standard abbreviations do not exist
A document that clients complete before their first session that includes personal contact information, current health conditions, medications, and past health conditions is:
A health history form
“Constant,” “intermittent,” and “seldom” are examples of:
Frequency
The session goals are documented in this section of the SOAP form:
A section
If a practitioner experiences a feeling of fullness in the forearm of the upper extremity, or numbness and decreased motor control, or shooting pain, he/she may be developing:
Thoracic outlet syndrome
While applying a stroke, it is good body mechanics to:
Line your body up directly behind your hands so it is positioned behind the work
When applying compression strokes or sustained direct pressure:
Use the forearm or elbow if possible to avoid injury
To avoid injury due to repetitive actions and overuse, incorporate plenty of this into the massage routine:
Movement and variety
If the practitioner is performing bilateral compression strokes to a client’s pectoral muscles, which is the most effective stance?
Symmetric stance
The ability to perform a full day’s work with several clients without tiring or compensating with poor body mechanics is referred to as:
Stamina
Accurately informing clients and other professionals of the breadth and limitations of one’s discipline describes which ethical principle?
Working within scope of practice
Lack of modesty in draping or personal privacy practices is a violation of which ethical principle?
Respecting the client’s dignity and basic rights
Which of the following is NOT directly related to providing high-quality care?
Creating a website that displays professional images and text
It is not unethical to refuse massage service to clients in this situation:
The client is under the influence of illegal drugs or alcohol
These are made up of beliefs and opinions that hold emotional worth and guide people’s behavior.
Values
Clients may experience unwanted sexual arousal responses because:
The abdominal areas, gluteal region, lower extremities, and genitals share the same nerve plexuses
If a practitioner starts a session late or ends a session early, he/she is violating which ethical code?
Commitment to high-quality service and client care
Beliefs that hold emotional worth, define character, and guide actions are known as:
Values
If you use a nickname for a client, such as “honey,” and the client asks you to refrain from using the nickname and you use it again, it is considered:
Sexual harassment and may result in sexual abuse charges
What is the most appropriate method for obtaining informed consent from a client?
Have the client read and sign an informed consent form, with an opportunity to ask questions
When clients use sexual innuendo or sexual impropriety, such as telling jokes of a sexual nature or sharing with the practitioner that the client hasn’t had sex in a long time, it is appropriate to:
Give them one warning that allows them to stop the inappropriate behavior and then terminate the session if the client does not stop the behavior that jeopardizes the therapeutic relationship
When a practitioner sees a client for massage and also tries to sell that client supplements, this is referred to as:
A conflict of interest
When should all secondary relationships be avoided?
If the therapeutic relationship came first
Which type of boundary is appropriate for a practitioner to exhibit if a client makes a sexual advance?
Impermeable
The NCBTMB mandates this period between ending a therapeutic relationship and beginning a personal relationship:
6 months
In order to avoid creating a dual relationship, a practitioner should not provide massage to:
A love interest
A semipermeable boundary between practitioner and client is most appropriate because it allows the practitioner to be sensitive to the client without:
Risk
A practitioner who refuses to work on a client because of race or sexual orientation is presenting which type of boundary?
Impermeable
When a practitioner sees a good friend as a massage client, and begins to discuss her relationship troubles during the massage, she is sacrificing this aspect of the massage:
Client - centered
When people who have been practicing massage for a number of years under an older system are allowed to integrate into the new system, this is referred to as:
Grandfathering
In states that do not regulate massage, a client who wants to lodge a complaint against a practitioner should contact:
The practitioner’s membership organization
The identification or naming of a condition or disease is known as a(n):
Diagnosis
How does certification differ from licensure?
A license is granted by state or local government; certification typically comes from nongovernmental agencies
The diagnosis of illness or disease is:
Out of the scope of practice for massage therapy
A requirement to practice massage in some states, this process allows an organization to keep track of practitioners in a database:
Registration
In what instance is a spinal adjustment included in a massage practitioner’s scope of practice?
Spinal adjustment is never part of the scope of practice
This group is usually appointed in states that regulate massage to oversee licensees and investigate complaints:
Board
Which of the following represents a practitioner violating his scope of practice?
A massage practitioner offers spinal adjustments to clients
Diagnosing a medical condition is considered:
Outside the scope of practice for any massage practitioner
The activity of the body in terms of groups of mutually supportive organs is the:
Organ System Level
The long, hollow passage formed by the vertebral foramina in the intact vertebral column is the:
Spinal Canal
The origin of a nerve at the spinal cord is its:
Root
A muscle closest to the bone is referred to as:
Deep
Filtration is the movement of water and dissolved substances across a membrane because of:
Hydrostatic pressure
Medial rotation of the radius that turns the palm downward is called:
Pronation
Toward the midline of the body is called:
Medial
The anterior thorax and upper limb is known as the:
Pectoral Area
Transverse plane is another term for what?
Horizontal
The movement of the ankle that moves the dorsal surface of the foot away from the anterior tibia is:
Plantar Flexion
Spinal relates to the:
Vertebral column
Which plane runs front to back, dividing the body into right and left parts?
Sagittal
The movement at the intertarsal joints facing the plantar surface of the foot medially is:
Inversion
The part of the abdomen to the left of the midline and below the umbilicus is the:
Left lower quadrant
Body temperature, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and palpable swelling are all considered:
Signs
The bones of the proximal foot are referred to as:
Tarsals
The transport of small molecules across cell membranes that does not require energy is:
Passive Transport
A muscle at, or close to, the surface of the body is said to be:
Superficial
Effects of cells on the body is activity at the:
Cellular level
The anterior surface of the hand in the anatomical position is the:
Palmar surface
Carotene is the precursor to vitamin:
A
The sebaceous glands are commonly referred to as:
Oil glands
Cutaneous is a term that refers to:
Skin
In addition to pressure, Pacinian corpuscles are also sensitive to:
Vibration
Merkel cells are also referred to as:
Tactile cells
Sudoriferous glands produce:
Sweat
The deeper layer of the skin containing blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and accessory organs is the:
Dermis
What are the small openings for sweat and sebaceous glands?
Pores
The deeper layer of the dermis made up of disorganized fibrous connective tissue and collagen that attaches the dermis to the adipose layer below is the:
Reticular region
The sensory receptors of incoming nerves in the mouth, eyelids, skin, and other places sensitive to cold are called:
Krause end bulbs
What is the strong fibrous membrane that covers and protects the long bones of the body?
Periosteum
Which term refers to fixed or immovable joints in which little or no movement between bones is possible?
Fibrous joints
Name the longest bone of the body:
Femur
Which term is used to describe specific locations or marks upon a bone?
Bony Landmark
Which term refers to ellipsoid joints between the metacarpals and the proximal phalanges?
Metacarpophalangeal joints
Which term refers to the medial bone of the forearm?
Ulna
Name the weight-supporting bone of the leg articulating with the femur at the knee and the talus at the ankle:
Tibia
The phenomenon in which something becomes deformed when an outside force manipulates it and slowly returns to its normal orientation over time is:
Viscoelasticity
Fascia moves between a sol and gel state easily when manipulated by massage techniques because:
It has more ground substance than other forms of connective tissue
When fascia is in a sol state, it is more:
Fluid
One way that fascia maintains the structural integrity of the body is:
It separates individual structures without losing the cohesion between them
When fascia is in a gel state it is more:
Viscous
These delicate collagen strands form networks that support skeletal and smooth muscle cells and nerves, and provide the framework for soft organs like the spleen:
Reticular fibers
This type of fascia surrounds organs and muscles so they can glide over each other without sticking:
Deep Fascia
One of the primary functions of fascia is to:
Provide Structural Integrity
One of the three fibers found in the connective tissue matrix is:
Elastin
This fluid, produced by fibroblasts, surrounds the cells in the body to support cellular metabolism:
Ground Substance
A reflex mechanism that coordinates the efforts of agonist and antagonist muscles is called:
Reciprocal Inhibition
Which term refers to the intermediate muscle layer of the flexor compartment that flexes fingers 2–5?
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Which muscle attaches to the manubrium and medial clavicle, and runs up to the mastoid process?
Sternocleidomastoid
Which concept best describes the interaction between myosin and actin that causes a muscle contraction?
Sliding filament theory
The most superficial muscle of the posterior lower leg is the:
Gastrocnemius
Which term best describes chronic pain that is accompanied by trigger points?
Myofascial pain syndrome
Which muscle of the quadriceps originates on the medial femur?
Vastus medialis
What are the deep muscles connecting the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae?
Interspinales
The peroneus longus inserts on the:
1st cuneiform and 1st metatarsal
What is the large, superficial muscle of the anterior chest?
Pectoralis major
The occipital lobe, basal ganglia, and corpus callosum are all part of the:
Cerebrum
Bell’s palsy is paralysis of the:
Facial Nerve
Which of the following are not special sensory receptors?
Golgi tendon organs
The nerve whose deep division passes through the carpal tunnel is the:
Median Nerve
Most of the respiratory centers of the brain are located in the:
Pons
What is the part of the central nervous system (CNS) outside the brain?
Spinal Cord
A bundle of neurons that carries information from one part of the nervous system to another is a(n):
Neuronal pathway
A gap in the myelin sheath that aids in speeding the impulses is called:
Node of Ranvier
The most medial nerve of the forearm is the:
Ulnar nerve
The communicating junction between neurons is a:
Synapse
If one presses finger into the skin, and it leaves a hollow spot on removal, it may be due to:
Pitting edema
Diastole refers to the ____ of the myocardium.
Relaxation
What do you call the hollow center of a blood vessel or organ?
Lumen
The accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces is called:
Edema
Blood from the arms and upper body is returned to the heart via the:
Super vena cava
The cells that transport oxygen are properly called:
Erythrocytes
The movement of blood through the lungs is:
Pulmonary circulation
The aorta carries blood out of the:
Left ventricle
The total venous drainage from the lower body is carried by the:
Inferior vena cava
The circulation of blood throughout the body is called:
Systemic Circulation
Lymph drainage from the feet, legs, and gluteal region passes through the:
Inguinal nodes
The lymph tissue in the wall of the intestine is:
Peyer’s patches
Backflow in the lymphatics is prevented by the:
Intralymphatic valve
How many sets of tonsils are in the body?
3
What are the nodes that receive immediate drainage from the cheeks and floor of the mouth?
Submandibular nodes
Where does the lymph from the arm, shoulder, and upper trunk drain?
Axillary Nodes
Once a person has chicken pox, he is considered immune to acquiring it in the future. This type of immunity is known as:
Active naturally acquired immunity
The lymph node is the main residence for:
Lymphocytes
What is the system that returns lymph to the blood?
Lymphatic vessels
Where is the thymus gland located?
Behind the sternum
Antibodies are produced mainly by:
B cells
Lymphocytes that migrate to damaged areas and attack invading microbes are the:
T cells
A harmful substance that stimulates the immune system is a(n):
Antigen
A very severe allergic reaction involving the release of large amounts of histamine is:
Anaphylaxis
What is the name of the system that fights off diseases and some toxic substances?
Immune System
Any cell that engulfs bacteria and other foreign material is called a:
Phagocyte
A disease in which the immune system attacks normal tissue is an:
Autoimmune disease
A red, superficial rash of welts is called:
Urticaria
When the immune system is exposed to a substance it has been sensitized to, there can be a(n):
Allergic reaction
The first line of defense in an immune response that might include the skin oils or mucus is called:
Non-specific Immunity
The last section of the small intestine, which opens to the large intestine, is known as the:
Ileum
The synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules is called:
Anabolism
Gingivae is the technical term for:
Gum
The majority of the breakdown of proteins occurs in the:
Stomach
The external anal sphincter contains which type of muscle tissue?
Striated
What is the tube-shaped sac at the beginning of the colon?
Appendix
The breakdown of ingested food in the gut by enzymatic action is
Chemical Digestion
The most acidic part of the digestive system is the:
Stomach
The total energy budget of the body is called:
Metabolism
The valve that allows chyme to pass from the small to the large intestine is the:
Ileocecal valve
Which of the following is not part of the respiratory system?
Carotid Sinus
What are the larger air passages in the lungs?
Bronchi
During external respiration, the blood in the pulmonary capillaries gains oxygen and releases:
Carbon dioxide
What structure within the lungs is the site for gas exchange?
Respiratory membrane
Each lung is covered by a serous membrane called the:
Pleura
All of the following are muscles of respiration EXCEPT for:
Pectoralis major
The nasopharynx is the part of the pharynx behind the nasal cavity and above the:
Soft palate
The series of cavities and tubes that serves to filter, warm, and moisten air before sending it to the lungs is called the ____ of the respiratory system.
Conducting portion
The volume of air that is inhaled or exhaled during a normal, resting breath cycle is called:
Tidal Volume
The trachea divides to form what?
Primary bronchi
The hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to stress is:
Cortisol
Another term for the pituitary gland is the:
Hypophysis
