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BIO 241 > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Form, locale, and relationship of body parts

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

How body works to carry out necessary life function

A

Physiology

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3
Q

Seven Necessary Life Functions

A

Maintaining boundaries, Movement, Responsiveness, Digestion, metabolism, Excretion, Reproduction

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4
Q

Separation between internal and external environments

A

Maintaining boundaries

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5
Q

Ability to respond to stimuli

A

Responsiveness

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6
Q

Muscular system allows movement i.e. skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle

A

Movement

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7
Q

Breakdown of ingested food

A

Digestion

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8
Q

All chemical reactions that occur in the body

A

Metabolism

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9
Q

Removal of metabolic and digestive wastes i.e. urea, CO2, feces

A

Excretion

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10
Q

Division of cells, reproduction of offspring

A

Reproduction and Growth

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11
Q

Why have organ systems?

A

Organ systems serve cells and supply survival needs

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12
Q

What are the 6 survival needs?

A

Nutrients, Water, Oxygen, Appropriate amounts, Appropriate atmospheric pressure, Normal body temperature

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13
Q

Integumentary system functions

A

Protects tissue from injury, desiccation, contains sensory receptors, glands

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14
Q

Integumentary system organs

A

Skin, hair, nails

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15
Q

Skeletal system functions

A

Encases and supports organs, provides leverage for skeletal muscles, forms blood cells

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16
Q

Skeletal system organs

A

Bones, joints, cartilage

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17
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Production of blood cells

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18
Q

Muscular system functions

A

Allows manipulation of environment, locomotion, expression, movement of fluids, posture, heat

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19
Q

Muscular system organs

A

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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20
Q

Nervous system functions

A

Coordinator, responds to internal and external changes via muscles and glands, memory, interpreter, command center

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21
Q

Nervous sytem organs

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

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22
Q

Endocrine system functions

A

Regulates processes such as growth, reproduction, metabolism via hormones

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23
Q

Endocrine system organs

A

Ovary, testis, adrenal gland, pancreas, thymus, thyroid, pineal gland, pituitary gland

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24
Q

Cardiovascular system functions

A

Pumps blood, transports O2, CO2, hormones, clotting factors, chemical precursors, urea, antibodies, carrier proteins, blood cells, enzymes

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25
Q

Cardiovascular system organs

A

Blood vessels, heart

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26
Q

Lymphatic/Immune system functions

A

Picks up and returns fluid leaked from blood vessels, houses lymphocytes, disposes of debris, foreign substances, abnormal growths

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27
Q

Lymphatic/Immune system organs

A

Red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen

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28
Q

Respiratory system functions

A

Ventilation, respiration, supply blood with O2 and removal of CO2, pH balance, thermoregulation, speech

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29
Q

Respiratory system organs

A

Lungs, trachea, larynx, pharynx, diaphragm, nasal/oral cavity

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30
Q

Digestive system functions

A

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

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31
Q

Digestive system organs

A

Oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small and large intestine, rectum, anus

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32
Q

Urinary System functions

A

Elimination of nitrogenous wastes from body, regulates water, electrolyte and acid base balance of blood

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33
Q

Urinary system organs

A

Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

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34
Q

Male reproductive system functions

A

produces sperm and sex hormones, delivers sperm to female reproductive tract

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35
Q

Male reproductive system organs

A

Prostate, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens

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36
Q

Female reproductive system functions

A

Produces oocytes and sex hormones, provides site for fertilization, implantation, and fetal development, produces milk

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37
Q

Female reproductive system organs

A

Uterus, ovary, fallopian tubes, mammary glands

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38
Q

Maintenance or relatively stable internal conditions despite continuously changing environment

A

Homeostasis

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39
Q

Three components of homeostasis

A

Receptor, control center, effector

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40
Q

Receptor

A

Monitors environment and detects stimuli

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41
Q

Control Center

A

Receives input from receptor, determines set point at which variable is maintained and appropriate response

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42
Q

Effector

A

Receives output from control center and provides means to respond

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43
Q

Affarent

A

Toward control center/CNS, sensory

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44
Q

Efferent

A

From control center/CNS, motor

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45
Q

Negative Feedback

A

Rate decreases and product increases, reduces or shuts off process

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46
Q

Negative Feedback examples

A

Blood glucose, blood pressure, blood calcium, thermostat

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47
Q

Positive Feedback

A

Production increases and product increases

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48
Q

Positive Feedback examples

A

Blood clotting, labor contractions, pepsinogen

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49
Q

Superior

A

above, toward head or upper part

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50
Q

Inferior

A

below

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51
Q

Anterior

A

Front, toward front of body

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52
Q

Posterior

A

Back, toward back of body

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53
Q

Medial

A

Toward midline of body

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54
Q

Lateral

A

Away from midline

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55
Q

Intermediate

A

In between

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56
Q

Proximal

A

Toward origin of body part, or point of attachment of a limb to the body of trunk

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57
Q

Distal

A

Further from trunk

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58
Q

Superficial

A

External, toward body surface

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59
Q

Deep

A

Internal, away from body surface

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60
Q

Axial

A

Head, neck, torso

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61
Q

Appendicular

A

Limbs

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62
Q

Frontal

A

Forehead

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63
Q

Orbital

A

Eye

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64
Q

Nasal

A

Nose

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65
Q

Oral

A

Mouth

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66
Q

Mental

A

Chin

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67
Q

Cervical

A

Neck

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68
Q

Sternal

A

Center of chest

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69
Q

Axillary

A

Armpit

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70
Q

Mammary

A

Nipples

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71
Q

Umbilical

A

Abdominal

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72
Q

Inguinal groin

A

Pelvic

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73
Q

Genital

A

Pubic

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74
Q

Acromial

A

Shoulder

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75
Q

Brachial

A

Arm (upper)

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76
Q

Antecubital

A

Inside of elbow

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77
Q

Antebrachial

A

Forearm

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78
Q

Carpal

A

Wrist

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79
Q

Manus

A

Hand

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80
Q

Palmar

A

metacarpal, palm

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81
Q

Pollex

A

Thumb

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82
Q

Digital

A

Fingers

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83
Q

Coxal

A

Hip

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84
Q

Femoral

A

Thigh

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85
Q

Paterllar

A

Knee

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86
Q

Crural

A

Shin (anterior leg)

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87
Q

Fibular

A

Side of leg/shin

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88
Q

Tarsal

A

Ankle

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89
Q

Metatarsal

A

Most of toes

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90
Q

Hallux

A

Big toe

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91
Q

Otic

A

Ear

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92
Q

Occipital

A

Back of head

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93
Q

Olecranal

A

Posterior elbow

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94
Q

Popliteal

A

Posterior thigh

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95
Q

Sural

A

Calf

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96
Q

Calcaneal

A

Heel

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97
Q

Plantar

A

Underside of foot

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98
Q

Pedal

A

Foot

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99
Q

Scapular

A

Dorsal or back shoulder

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100
Q

Vertebral

A

Midline of back

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101
Q

Sacral

A

Tailbone

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102
Q

Lumbar

A

Lower back

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103
Q

Gluteal

A

Butt

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104
Q

Perineal

A

Between genitals and anus

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105
Q

Sagittal

A

Divides left and right

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106
Q

Frontal

A

Divides anterior and posterior

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107
Q

Tranverse

A

Divide superior and inferior

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108
Q

Types of Body cavities

A

Dorsal and Ventral

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109
Q

Coela

A

Internal cavities

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110
Q

Thoracic cavity organs:

A

Heart and lungs

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111
Q

Thoracic cavities:

A

Superior mediastinum, pleural cavity, pericardial cavity within mediastinum

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112
Q

Cranial cavity organs:

A

Brain

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113
Q

Vertebral cavity organs:

A

Spinal cord

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114
Q

Pelvic cavity organs:

A

Urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum

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115
Q

Abdominal cavity organs:

A

Digestive system

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116
Q

Parietal serosa

A

Lines internal body cavity walls, superficial to visceral serosa

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117
Q

Visceral serosa

A

Covers internal organ, deep to parietal serosa

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118
Q

Cavity most vulnerable to trauma

A

Abdominal cavity because walls are formed by muscle only

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119
Q

What happens when Serious membranes become inflamed

A

Smooth layers become rough and stick together

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120
Q

Study of tissues

A

Histology

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121
Q

Steps of preparing slides

A

Fix, Section, Stain

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122
Q

Step 1: Fix

A

Preserve with solvent

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123
Q

Step 2: Section

A

Cut into slices thin enough to transmit light or electrons

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124
Q

Step 3: Stain

A

Enhance contrast using colored dye or heavy metal coatings

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125
Q

Function of epithelial tissue

A

Forms boundaries between different environments, filters, absorbs, protects, secretes

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126
Q

Characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

Regneration, Avascular (innervated), Specialized contacts, Supported by connective tissues, Polarity

127
Q

Apical surface

A

Upper free side, can have microvilli

128
Q

Basal surface

A

Lower attached side, attached to basal lamina

129
Q

Basal lamina

A

Adhesive sheet, apical most surface of basement membrane

130
Q

Basement membrane

A

Basal surface, Basal Lamina, Reticular Lamina. Resists stretching and tearing

131
Q

Specialized contacts

A

Gap junctions, Tight junctions, Desmosomes

132
Q

Regeneration

A

Stimulated by loss of apical -basal polarity

133
Q

First name: simple

A

absorption, secretion, filtration due to thin layer

134
Q

First name: stratified

A

Multiple layers, protection due to multiple layers

135
Q

Second name: squamous

A

flattened, scale like

136
Q

Second name: cuboidal

A

box like, cubed

137
Q

Second name: columnar

A

tall, column like

138
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Kidney, lungs
Endothelium: lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, heart
Mesothelium: serosae in ventral body cavity

139
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands such as ovary surface

140
Q

Simple ColuMnar epithelium

A

Absorption and secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances

Ciliated: bronchi, uterine tubes, uterus
Non-ciliated: digestive tract (stomach to rectum), gallbladder

141
Q

Pseudostratified ColuMnar epithelium

A

Ciliated: trachea, upper respiratory tract

Non-ciliated: sperm carrying ducts

142
Q

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Moist linings such as vagina, esophagus, mouth

143
Q

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

SKIN! or epidermis

144
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Hollow organs or organs made for stretching such as bladder, urethra, ureters

145
Q

Ductless glands

A

Endocrine. secreted into interstitial fluid

146
Q

Unicellular or multicellular gland with ducts

A

Exocrine

147
Q

Unicellular exocrine glands produce

A

Mucin

148
Q

Unicellular exocrine glands contain these cells:

A

Goblet cells and mucous cells

149
Q

Unicellular exocrine glands found in:

A

Intestinal and respiratory tracts

150
Q

Multicellular exocrine glands are composed of:

A

Duct, secretory unit, connective tissue for blood and nerve fibers supplying

151
Q

Simple tubular multicellular exocrine glands

A

Unbranched. can be found in intestinal and stomach gland

152
Q

Compound tubular multicellular exocrine gland

A

Duct branches. can be found in small intestine

153
Q

Simple alveolar multicellular exocrine gland

A

Sebaceous gland

154
Q

Compound alveolar multicellular exocrine gland

A

Mammary gland, salivary gland

155
Q

Tubular

A

Secretory cells form duct

156
Q

Alveolar

A

Secretory cells form sac

157
Q

3 modes of secretion for secretory glands

A

Holocrine, Apocrine, Merocrine

158
Q

Merocrine

A

Products secreted by exocytosis ex: sweat, pancreas

159
Q

Holocrine

A

Products accumuluate within then rupture. PIMPLE

160
Q

Apocrine

A

Accumpulates products within, but only apex ruptures. ex: breast milk

161
Q

Connective tissue function

A

Bind, support, protect, store, transport

162
Q

Is bone vascular?

A

Yes

163
Q

Is cartilage vascular?

A

No

164
Q

3 common characteristics of connective tissue?

A

Common embryonic origin, varying degree of vascularity, extracellular matrix

165
Q

3 structural elements of connective tissue

A

Ground substance, fibers, cells

166
Q

Ground substance

A

Material that fills space between cells that is made up of (ICP)
Interstitial fluid, cell adhesives proteins, proteoglycans

167
Q

3 types of fibers

A

Collagen, elastic, reticular

168
Q

Collagen fiber

A

Provides strength, toughness, most abundant

169
Q

Elastic fiber

A

Long, thin, branched. Allow for stretch

170
Q

Reticular fiber

A

Short, fine, highly branched. allow for stretch

171
Q

Immature cartilage cells

A

Chondroblasts

172
Q

Immature connective tissue cells

A

Fibroblast

173
Q

Immature bone cells

A

Osteoblast

174
Q

Cell in bone marrow

A

hematopoietic stem cells

175
Q

Mast cells

A

White blood cells that initiates inflammatory response

176
Q

Macrophage

A

Phagocytize dead cells, detect debris

177
Q

Loose Areolar Connective tissue function

A

Wraps and cushions organs, supports and binds, anchors skin

178
Q

Loose Areolar Connective tissue is found in

A

Under epithelia ie lamina propria, surrounds capillaries

179
Q

White blood cells roam due to open space in

A

Loose Areolar Connective tissue

180
Q

Loose Adipose Connective tissue function

A

Insulates, fuel reserve, protects and supports organs

181
Q

Loose Adipose Connective tissue is found in

A

Behind eyeballs, within abdomen, breasts, subcutaneous tissue (cellulite aka fat cells)

182
Q

Loose Reticular Connective tissue function

A

FIBROBLAST. supports reticular cells, mast cells, macrophages, and other white blood cells around internal skeleton. Provides housing for white blood cells

183
Q

Loose Reticular Connective tissue found in

A

Lymphoid organs such as spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes

184
Q

Dense Regular Connective tissue function

A

Strength (COLLAGEN), FIBROBLAST, withstanding stress

185
Q

Dense Regular Connective tissue found in

A

Tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses

186
Q

Dense Regular Connective tissue is

A

Parallel collagen fibers and fibroblasts

187
Q

Dense Irregular Connective tissue function

A

Resisting tension in many directions

188
Q

Dense Irregular Connective tissue found in

A

Dermis, joint capsules, fibrous covering, submucosa of digestive tract

189
Q

Dense Elastic Connective tissue function

A

Allows recoil after stretching, flow of blood through arteries and lungs

190
Q

Dense Elastic Connective tissue found in

A

Wall of large arteries, ligaments in vertebral column, bronchial tubes

191
Q

Cartilage is

A

Matrix secreted by chondroblasts

192
Q

Chondroblasts are found in

A

Lacunae

193
Q

Chondroblasts are made up of

A

80% water, collagen fibers, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin

194
Q

Hyaline Cartilage function

A

Supports and reinforces, cushion, resists stress

195
Q

Hyaline Cartilage found in

A

Embryonic skeleton, ends of long bone, ribs, cartilage of nose, larynx and pharynx

196
Q

Elastic Cartilage function

A

Maintains shape while allows flexibility

197
Q

Elastic Cartilage found in

A

Ear and Epiglottis

198
Q

Fibrocartilage function

A

Compress shock, strength

199
Q

Fibrocartilage found in

A

Pubic symphysis, discs of knee and intervertebral discs

200
Q

Loss in flexibility and cushioning means

A

Cartilage can ossify or become bony

201
Q

When avascular cartilage loses ability to divide…

A

Injuries heal slowly

202
Q

Osseous tissue function

A

Supports, protects, stores calcium and fat, marrow inside bones is site for hematopoiesis production

203
Q

Blood function

A

Transport respiratory gases, nutrients, and waste

204
Q

3 types of membranes

A

Serous, mucus, cutaneous

205
Q

Skin is

A

cutaneous membrane

206
Q

Cutaneous membrane is different because it is

A

dry

207
Q

Mucous membrane found in

A

Body cavities that are open to exterior such as respiratory, urogenital, digestive tract

208
Q

Serous membranes found in

A

Closed ventral body cavities

209
Q

3 names for serous membranes

A

Pericardium, peritoneum, pleurae

210
Q

2 types of tissue repair

A

Regeneration and fibrosis

211
Q

Steps in tissue repair

A
  1. inflammation
  2. organization restores blood supply
  3. Regeneration and fibrosis effects permanent repair
212
Q

Step 1 of tissue repair (inflammation)

A

Release of inflammatory chemicals that allows clotting and scabbing

213
Q

Step 2 of tissue repair (organization)

A

Clot replaced with granulation tissue, fibroblasts bridge wound site, and regeneration of epithelium begins

214
Q

Step 3 of tissue repair (permanent repair)

A

Scab detaches, fibrous bridge matures, and contracts while epithelium thicken and starts to resemble adjacent tissue

215
Q

Regenerate well:

A

Epithelial tissue, areolar connective tissue, bone, dense irregular connective tissue, blood forming tissue

216
Q

Regenerate moderately:

A

Smooth muscle, dense regular connective tissue

217
Q

Do not regenerate

A

Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue of brain and spinal cord

218
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Produce keratin

219
Q

Melanocytes

A

Spider shaped cells that produce melanin. protect from UV damage

220
Q

Dendric or Langerhans cell

A

Star shaped macrophages that patrol deep epidermis. Activators of immune system

221
Q

Merkel cells

A

Sensory receptors that sense touch

222
Q

Stratum Basale function

A

Attaches to dermis, contains single row of daughter cells that actively divide producing 2 daughter cells

223
Q

Takes ___ days to reach surface from basale layer

A

25-45 days

224
Q

Melanocytes are___ percentage of cells

A

10-25%

225
Q

Stratum basale contains these 3 cells

A

Melanocytes, Merkel, and dendritic cells

226
Q

Stratum Spinosum function

A

Resists tension and pulling, contain web like system of intermediate pre-keratin filament

227
Q

Appear spikey once dessicatied:

A

Keratinocytes

228
Q

Dentritic cells are most abundant in

A

Stratum spinosum

229
Q

Stratum granulosum function

A

Beginning of keratinization, cells flatten and organelles begin to disintegrate, cells above stratum granulosum die because they are too far from dermal capillaries

230
Q

Keratohylaine granules

A

help form keratin fibers in upper layers

231
Q

Lamellar granules of glycolipids

A

prevent water loos with tight junctions

232
Q

Stratum lucidum function

A

Found only in thick skin such as palms and soles. 2-3 rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes

233
Q

When stratum lucidum not present, keratinohyaline granules begin to aggregate in

A

Stratum corneum

234
Q

Stratum corneum function

A

Keratin, plasma membranes, tight junctions, glycolipids ensure minimum abrasion, penetration, and water loss

235
Q

3/4 of epidermis is

A

Stratum corneum

236
Q

How many cells are sloughed every minute

A

about 50,000 cells

237
Q

Two layers of dermis

A

Papillary and reticular

238
Q

Dermis contains

A

Hair follicles, oil glands, sweat glands, nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels

239
Q

Papillary layer is

A

Superficial areolar connective tissue (thin)

240
Q

Dermal papillae send

A

fingerlike projections into epidermis

241
Q

Fingerprints

A

Dermal ridge of papillary layer. Friction ridges and openings of sweat glands/ducts

242
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscle

A

Touch receptors

243
Q

Reticular layer is

A

80% of dermal thickness

244
Q

Reticular layer is what tissue?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

245
Q

Cutaneous Plexus

A

Network of blood vessels between reticular and hypodermis

246
Q

Flexure lines

A

Folds near joints where dermis is tightly secured to deeper structures. Visible on hands, wrists, fingers, soles, toes

247
Q

Dermal tears that leave silvery white scars are called

A

Striae or stretch marks

248
Q

Short term trauma can cause blisters that seperate

A

epidermis and dermis

249
Q

3 components of skin color

A

Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin

250
Q

Melanin is only found in

A

Deeper epidermal layers

251
Q

All humans have same amount of melanocytes but what differs?

A

Form, retainment, and amount of melanin

252
Q

Carotene accumulates in

A

Stratum corneum and hypodermis

253
Q

Carotene can be converted in vitamin A which helps with

A

Vision and epidermal health

254
Q

Hemoglobin in skin is caused by

A

red blood cells in dermal capillaries

255
Q

Excessive sun exposure causes __ to clump, causing skin to become more leathery

A

elastic fibers

256
Q

UV alters DNA which causes

A

skin cancer

257
Q

UV destroys folic acid which is

A

necessary for DNA synthesis

258
Q

Photosensitivity is

A

increased response to sun. ex: antibiotics, antihistamines, perfumes, and detergents

259
Q

Cyanosis

A

Blue skin, poorly oxygenated hemoglobin

260
Q

Erythemia

A

Redness, fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy

261
Q

Pallor

A

Blanching or pale color, anemia or low blood pressure

262
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellow, liver disorder or bile accumulates

263
Q

Bronzing

A

Inadequate steroid hormones or pituitary gland tumors

264
Q

Bruises

A

Hematoma, clotted blood under skin

265
Q

Cleavage lines

A

natural orientation of collagen fibers in dermis

266
Q

Arrector pilli is responsible for

A

Goosebumps and forcing sebum out

267
Q

Arrector pilli is a

A

smooth muscle attached to follice

268
Q

Sweat glands also called

A

Sudoriferous glands

269
Q

Sweat glands are found on all surfaces of skin except

A

nipples and part of genitalia

270
Q

Sweat glands regulated by

A

sympathetic nervous sytem

271
Q

Two types of sweat glands

A

Eccrine and apocrine

272
Q

Eccrine sweat glands are most numerous on

A

palms, soles, forehead

273
Q

Eccrine sweat glands are induced by

A

heat or emotions

274
Q

Are eccrine sweat glands functional at birth?

A

Yes

275
Q

Are apocrine sweat glands functional at birth?

A

No but they are present. functional at puberty

276
Q

Is eccrine or apocrine larger?

A

Apocrine

277
Q

Eccrine glands connect and empty to

A

Pore

278
Q

Apocrine sweat glands connect and empty to

A

Hair follicle

279
Q

Two types of apocrine sweat glands?

A

Ceruminous (sebum, ear wax, sticky barrier) and mammary

280
Q

Sebum is made out of

A

Lipids and cell fragments

281
Q

Sebum is needed for

A

lubrication of hair and skin, prevention of water loss, bactericidal

282
Q

Sebaceous glands are

A

branched alveolar

283
Q

Cerumin is

A

apocrine sweat, sebum, dead skin, bacteria

284
Q

Function of skin

A 
Protection
Body temp regulation
Sensation
Metabolism
Blood reservoir
Excretion via sweat
285
Q

Three types of barriers of skin

A

Chemical, biological, physical

286
Q

Wounded skin releases

A

Cathelicidins which prevents infection

287
Q

Characteristics of acid mantle (low pH)

A

Dermicin, bactericidal, and defensins

288
Q

Chemical shield against UV

A

Melanin

289
Q

Epidermis full of layers of dead flat cells which contain

A

keratin and glycolipids

290
Q

Biological barriers include

A

Dendritic cells of epidermis, macrophages of dermis, and DNA absorbing UV to convert to heat

291
Q

Mechanoreceptors respond to

A

touch, pressure, vibration, stretch

292
Q

Thermoreceptors respond to

A

temperature

293
Q

Photoreceptors respond to

A

light

294
Q

Chemoreceptors respond to

A

chemical like smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry

295
Q

Nociceptors respond to

A

pain causing stimuli like extreme heat or cold, excessive pressure, pinch, inflammatory chemicals

296
Q

Externoreceptors respond to

A

Stimuli outside of body such as touch, pressure, pain, temp. *most special sense organs

297
Q

Interoreceptors respond to

A

Stimuli arising in internal viscera and blood vessels such as tissue stretch, temp changes, chemical changes

298
Q

Proprioceptors respond to

A

Stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, etc. they inform brain of one’s movements

299
Q

Two types of receptor structure

A

Special sense and general senses

300
Q

Receptors for special senses

A

Vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste

301
Q

Simple receptors of general senses monitor

A

tactile sensations such as touch, pressure, stretch, vibration, temp, pain, muscle sense

302
Q

Modified dentritic endings of sensory neurons

A

Simple receptors of general senses

303
Q

Non-encapsulated free nerve endings found in

A

Epithelia and connective tissue

304
Q

Non-encapsulated free nerve endings respond mostly to

A

temp, pain, light touch

305
Q

Non-encapsulated free nerve endings receptors

A

Thermoreceptors, nociceptors, merkel dics or light touch receptors, hair follicle receptors to detect bending of hair

306
Q

Encapsulated nerve ending are almost all

A

mechanoreceptors

307
Q

Encapsulated nerve endings examples include

A

Meissners corpuscles, lamellar corpuscles, ruffni endings, muscle spindles, tendon organs, and joint kinesthetic receptors

308
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

Detect touch in superficial dermis

309
Q

Lamellar corpuscles

A

Detect deep pressure and vibration in deep dermis

310
Q

Ruffni endings

A

Detect continuous pressure in dermis

311
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Detect muscle stretch in skeletal muscles

312
Q

Tendon organs

A

Detect tendon stretch in tendons

313
Q

Joint kinesthetic receptors

A

Monitor joint position and motion

BIO 241 (1 decks)

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