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Advanced Psychopathology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychopathology: 3 areas of study

A
  1. description + classification of symptoms (DSM)
  2. Underlying causes (etiology)
  3. Prognosis, course, + treatment outcome
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2
Q

Rosenhan Study

A

8 pseudo patients admitted to 12 psychiatric hospitals
“empty, hallow, thud” report words to doctors there
avg 19 day stay (schizo in remission)
began acting normally after admission
tested reliability of psychiatric diagnosis
concluded we can not distinguish sane from insane in psychiatric hospitals

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3
Q

NCS

A

National comorbidity survey
first nationally representative mental health survey in the U.S. to use a fully structured research diagnostic interview to assess the prevalence and correlates of DSM-III-R disorders.

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4
Q

Culture and Religion

A

paranoid schizophrenia most common diagnosis in African Americans; cultural competency

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5
Q

3 parts of brain involved in personality

A

Dorsolateral PFC
Orbital PFC
Mesial cingulate PFC

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6
Q

Dorsolateral PFC

A

executive function
deficits in planning, sustaining attention
depression most common with DPFC damage
problems with dealing with complex situations

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7
Q

Orbital PFC

A

Limbic system (emotion)
social inappropriateness
mania/hypomania
disinhibition / impulsivity

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8
Q

Mesial Cingulate PFC

A

Akinetic Mustism

lack of movement / speech

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9
Q

Delirium

A

disturbance of attention + awareness
disturbance develops over short period of time
medication/drugs can lead to delirium
replaced in DSM with major/minor neurocognitive disorders

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10
Q

Major neurocognitive disorder

A

evidence of significant cognitive decline
concern of individual, clinician, or knowledgeable informant
test scores below 3rd percentile

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11
Q

Minor neurocognitive disorder

A

evidence of modest cognitive decline
modest performance on standardized neuropsychology testing (3rd-16th percentile)
cognitive deficits do not affect ADL (activities of daily living)
not accounted for by delirium

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12
Q

DAT (dementia alzheimer’s type)

A

senile plaques
neurofibrillary tangles
brain degeneration

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13
Q

Senility

A

age-related decline of brain

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14
Q

probable alzheimer’s

A 
either evidence from genetic testing is found or
all 3 of following:
1. clear evidence of decline in memory
2. steady, progressive decline
3. no evidence of mixed etiology
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15
Q

Phineas Gage

A

lesion in left frontal lobe

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16
Q

substance use

A

pathological recurrent use of a substance

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17
Q

Tolerance

A

built resistance to a drug (e.g. alcohol)

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18
Q

Withdrawal

A

physical and mental effects felt after reducing or stop taking a drug

19
Q

Theories for alcohol abuse

psychodynamic

A

ego can’t cope with reality so person turns to outside sources for help
oral fixation that results in excessive ETOH use

20
Q

Theories for alcohol abuse

object relations

A

get rid of inner motherly voice
genetics + alcoholism
Danish adoption studies : biological son of alcoholic more likely to be affected
less reactive = drink more

21
Q

Theories for alcohol abuse

behavioral

A

tension-reduction hypothesis:
alcohol reduces stress + anxiety (negative reinforcement)
Learned behavior (reinforced)

22
Q

Expectancy theory

A

expectations when consuming alcohol:

social performance, reduce anxiety, increase power

23
Q

Social learning theory

A

alcohol improves self-efficacy

24
Q

cocaine (asking for neurotransmitters)

A

binds to dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin receptors

stimulant

25
Q

caffeine (asking for neurotransmitter)

A

blocks adenosine

26
Q

3 types of opiod receptors

A

Mu: pain relief, euphoria, respiratory depression
Kappa: pain relief and dysphoria
Delta: pain relief

27
Q

Specific phobia disorder

A

marked fear or anxiety about specific object/situation
immediate fear or anxiety is provoked
fear is out of proportion to actual danger
duration is 6+ months

28
Q

social phobia disorder (social anxiety disorder)

A
  • marked fear/anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual is exposed to possible scrutiny of others
  • fear of negative evaluation
  • perceived presence of others who may be critical
29
Q

Panic Disorder

A
  • panic attack is single episode of panic symptoms
  • recurrent, unexpected panic attacks
  • attacks followed for 1+ months with:
    1. concern about another panic attack
    2. maladaptive change in behavior
30
Q

Agoraphobia

A
  • fear of places/situations where escape would be difficult in event of panic attack
  • fear of open spaces
31
Q

GAD (generalized anxiety disorder)

A

constant worrying about number of life events that lasts longer than normal (at least 6 months)

32
Q

OCD (obsessive compulsive disorder)

A
  • occurrence of unwanted or intrusive thoughts (obsessions) accompanied with compulsive behaviors to neutralize these thoughts
  • presence of obsession, compulsion, or both
33
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain
natural sedative to reduce anxiety
GABA agonists depolarizes neurons

34
Q

Amygdala

A

fear organ - fear response

35
Q

Rachman 3 pathways to fear

A
  1. classic conditioning
  2. vicarious acquisition through direct or indirect observations
  3. informational acquisition
36
Q

PTSD

A

there must be a precipitating event
recurrent dreams or memories
flashbacks
intense psychological distress at cues

37
Q

Fear of Fear theory

A

3 variants of panic attacks:

  1. interceptive conditioning
    - pair internal sensations with panic
  2. catastrophic thoughts
  3. Anxiety sensitivity
    - more sensitive to anxiety symptoms in general
38
Q

main symptom of GAD

A

person lives in state of anxious apprehension

39
Q

Difference between ASD and PTSD

A

ASD: duration is between 3 days to 1 month
PTSD: after 1 month ASD becomes PTSD

40
Q

Adjustment disorder

A

Adjustment disorder is a group of symptoms, such as stress, feeling sad or hopeless, and physical symptoms that can occur after you go through a stressful life event. The symptoms occur because you are having a hard time coping. Your reaction is stronger than expected for the type of event that occurred.

41
Q

Danish adoption studies

A

biological son of alcoholic is more likely to be affected

42
Q

McNally et al

A
  • panic patients exhibit a bias for interpreting ambiguous stimuli as threatening.
  • panic patients may be characterized by a memory bias for retrieving anxiety information, in contrast to GAD patients, who show no such bias.
43
Q

Wise et al

A
  • it suggests that drug cravings result from more than one source
  • If a variety of addictive substances have positive reinforcing effects through a common biological mechanism, then one drug should have some of the same subjective consequences of, and partially satisfy the urge for, another.

Advanced Psychopathology (1 decks)

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