Exam 1

Question 1

Psychopathology: 3 areas of study

Answer 1

1. description + classification of symptoms (DSM)
2. Underlying causes (etiology)
3. Prognosis, course, + treatment outcome

Question 2

Rosenhan Study

Answer 2

8 pseudo patients admitted to 12 psychiatric hospitals
“empty, hallow, thud” report words to doctors there
avg 19 day stay (schizo in remission)
began acting normally after admission
tested reliability of psychiatric diagnosis
concluded we can not distinguish sane from insane in psychiatric hospitals

Question 3

NCS

Answer 3

National comorbidity survey
first nationally representative mental health survey in the U.S. to use a fully structured research diagnostic interview to assess the prevalence and correlates of DSM-III-R disorders.

Question 4

Culture and Religion

Answer 4

paranoid schizophrenia most common diagnosis in African Americans; cultural competency

Question 5

3 parts of brain involved in personality

Answer 5

Dorsolateral PFC
Orbital PFC
Mesial cingulate PFC

Question 6

Dorsolateral PFC

Answer 6

executive function
deficits in planning, sustaining attention
depression most common with DPFC damage
problems with dealing with complex situations

Question 7

Orbital PFC

Answer 7

Limbic system (emotion)
social inappropriateness
mania/hypomania
disinhibition / impulsivity

Question 8

Mesial Cingulate PFC

Answer 8

Akinetic Mustism

lack of movement / speech

Question 9

Delirium

Answer 9

disturbance of attention + awareness
disturbance develops over short period of time
medication/drugs can lead to delirium
replaced in DSM with major/minor neurocognitive disorders

Question 10

Major neurocognitive disorder

Answer 10

evidence of significant cognitive decline
concern of individual, clinician, or knowledgeable informant
test scores below 3rd percentile

Question 11

Minor neurocognitive disorder

Answer 11

evidence of modest cognitive decline
modest performance on standardized neuropsychology testing (3rd-16th percentile)
cognitive deficits do not affect ADL (activities of daily living)
not accounted for by delirium

Question 12

DAT (dementia alzheimer’s type)

Answer 12

senile plaques
neurofibrillary tangles
brain degeneration

Question 13

Senility

Answer 13

age-related decline of brain

Question 14

probable alzheimer’s

Answer 14

either evidence from genetic testing is found or
all 3 of following:
1. clear evidence of decline in memory
2. steady, progressive decline
3. no evidence of mixed etiology

Question 15

Phineas Gage

Answer 15

lesion in left frontal lobe

Question 16

substance use

Answer 16

pathological recurrent use of a substance

Question 17

Tolerance

Answer 17

built resistance to a drug (e.g. alcohol)

Question 18

Withdrawal

Answer 18

physical and mental effects felt after reducing or stop taking a drug

Question 19

Theories for alcohol abuse

psychodynamic

Answer 19

ego can’t cope with reality so person turns to outside sources for help
oral fixation that results in excessive ETOH use

Question 20

Theories for alcohol abuse

object relations

Answer 20

get rid of inner motherly voice
genetics + alcoholism
Danish adoption studies : biological son of alcoholic more likely to be affected
less reactive = drink more

Question 21

Theories for alcohol abuse

behavioral

Answer 21

tension-reduction hypothesis:
alcohol reduces stress + anxiety (negative reinforcement)
Learned behavior (reinforced)

Question 22

Expectancy theory

Answer 22

expectations when consuming alcohol:

social performance, reduce anxiety, increase power

Question 23

Social learning theory

Answer 23

alcohol improves self-efficacy

Question 24

cocaine (asking for neurotransmitters)

Answer 24

binds to dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin receptors

stimulant

Question 25

caffeine (asking for neurotransmitter)

Answer 25

blocks adenosine

Question 26

3 types of opiod receptors

Answer 26

Mu: pain relief, euphoria, respiratory depression Kappa: pain relief and dysphoria Delta: pain relief

Question 27

Specific phobia disorder

Answer 27

marked fear or anxiety about specific object/situation immediate fear or anxiety is provoked fear is out of proportion to actual danger duration is 6+ months

Question 28

social phobia disorder (social anxiety disorder)

Answer 28

- marked fear/anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual is exposed to possible scrutiny of others - fear of negative evaluation - perceived presence of others who may be critical

Question 29

Panic Disorder

Answer 29

- panic attack is single episode of panic symptoms - recurrent, unexpected panic attacks - attacks followed for 1+ months with: 1. concern about another panic attack 2. maladaptive change in behavior

Question 30

Agoraphobia

Answer 30

- fear of places/situations where escape would be difficult in event of panic attack - fear of open spaces

Question 31

GAD (generalized anxiety disorder)

Answer 31

constant worrying about number of life events that lasts longer than normal (at least 6 months)

Question 32

OCD (obsessive compulsive disorder)

Answer 32

- occurrence of unwanted or intrusive thoughts (obsessions) accompanied with compulsive behaviors to neutralize these thoughts - presence of obsession, compulsion, or both

Question 33

GABA

Answer 33

inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain natural sedative to reduce anxiety GABA agonists depolarizes neurons

Question 34

Amygdala

Answer 34

fear organ - fear response

Question 35

Rachman 3 pathways to fear

Answer 35

1. classic conditioning 2. vicarious acquisition through direct or indirect observations 3. informational acquisition

Question 36

PTSD

Answer 36

there must be a precipitating event recurrent dreams or memories flashbacks intense psychological distress at cues

Question 37

Fear of Fear theory

Answer 37

3 variants of panic attacks: 1. interceptive conditioning - pair internal sensations with panic 2. catastrophic thoughts 3. Anxiety sensitivity - more sensitive to anxiety symptoms in general

Question 38

main symptom of GAD

Answer 38

person lives in state of anxious apprehension

Question 39

Difference between ASD and PTSD

Answer 39

ASD: duration is between 3 days to 1 month PTSD: after 1 month ASD becomes PTSD

Question 40

Adjustment disorder

Answer 40

Adjustment disorder is a group of symptoms, such as stress, feeling sad or hopeless, and physical symptoms that can occur after you go through a stressful life event. The symptoms occur because you are having a hard time coping. Your reaction is stronger than expected for the type of event that occurred.

Question 41

Danish adoption studies

Answer 41

biological son of alcoholic is more likely to be affected

Question 42

McNally et al

Answer 42

- panic patients exhibit a bias for interpreting ambiguous stimuli as threatening. - panic patients may be characterized by a memory bias for retrieving anxiety information, in contrast to GAD patients, who show no such bias.

Question 43

Wise et al

Answer 43

- it suggests that drug cravings result from more than one source - If a variety of addictive substances have positive reinforcing effects through a common biological mechanism, then one drug should have some of the same subjective consequences of, and partially satisfy the urge for, another.