exam 1 Flashcards by Brent Jarman

What is a mineral

naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solid that has a specific chemical composition

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the eight most common elements in the earth’s crust

oxygen, silicon, aluminum, calcium, iron, magnesium, sodium, potassium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is an ion

an atom or group of atoms that bears one or more positive or negative electrical charges

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is a cation

positive charged ions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is an anion

negative charged ions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ionic bonds

the complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

covalent bonds

molecular bond, involves sharing election pairs between atoms

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

van der Waals bond

a weak force of attraction between electrically neutral molecules that collide with or pass very close to each other

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

metallic bond

sharing of many detached electrons between many positive ions, where the electrons act as “glue: giving the substance a definite structure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Of ionic, covalent, and van der Waals bonds which is strongest? weakest? Which bond is associated with the hardest minerals?

strongest- covalent
weakest- ionic
strongest minerals- covalent

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron? What is the net charge of an individual silicon-oxygen tetrahedron?

4 sided figure with a silicon atom in the middle boned by 4 neighboring oxygen atoms

net charge = -4

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are carbonates?

a salt of carbonic acid (H2CO3)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

example of a carbonate mineral?

Calcite

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are native elements?

chemical element that occur in nature in an uncombined or pure form

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

example of a native element?

sulfur

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is a rock?

naturally occurring aggregate combo of minerals

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is foliation?

pressure from weight of surrounding minerals

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

on what basis are the three major rock groups subdivided

igneous
metamorphic
sedimentary

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the origin of an igneous rock and what two factors do we use to subdivide the igneous rocks

magma rises towards the earths surface and cools

intrusive and extrusive

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is magma?

hot fluid/semifluid material below or within the earth’s crust from which lava and other igneous rock is formed on cooling

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the general characteristics of mafic (basaltic) and silicic (felsic) magmas?

mafic- enriched in iron, magnesium and calcium, typically dark

silicic- enriched in silica, fledspar, light

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the principal gases dissolved in magma?

water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is viscosity? Know that the higher the viscosity the more violent the eruptive style

the state of being thick, sticky, and semifluid consistency due to internal friction

What does the texture of an igneous rock tell you about it’s cooling history?

slowly- large crystals

quickly- small crystals

What do the terms phaneritic, aphanitic, porphyritic, vesicular, and glassy mean?

``` Aphanitic- not visible phaneritic- visible porphyritic- large crystals vesicular- bubbly glassy- crystallization cannot occur ```

in terms of classification what is a granite, a rhyolite, a gabbro, a basalt, an andesite, a diorite? a peridotite?

``` granite-intrusive igneous rhyolite- extrusive igneous gabbro- intrusive igneous basalt- extrusive igneous andesite-extrusive igneous diorite- intrusive igneous peridotite-intrusive igneous ```

What are vesicles?

small cavity in an aphanitic or glassy igneous rock

What are pyroclasts?

fire, sedimentary clastic rocks composed solely or primarily of volcanic materials

What type of magma produces pyroclasts?

high viscosity

What is a shield volcano?

usually composed of almost entirely of fluid lava flows, low profile

a cinder cone?

simplest type of volcano, built from particle and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single event

a composite volcano (stratovolcano)?

tall, conical volcano composed of one layer of hardened lave, tephra, and volcanic ash

Which of these types of volcanoes are characterized by lava flows? pyroclasts? or both?

lava flows- shield cinder cone- pyroclast stratovolcano- both

What is the difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks?

extrusive- formed on the earths surface from lava | intrusive- formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the cruse of the planet

What is the difference between a discordant, concordant, tabular, and a massive igneous rock body?

discordant- cuts across the pre - existing rock bed concordant- runs parallel to the pre - existing rock bed tabular- plane surface, flat massive igneous rock body-

What is a batholith?

a large mass of intrusive igneous rock, forms from cooled magma deep in the earth's crust

what is a sill

parallel layering in the country rock

what is a dike

cuts across any layering in country rock

what is a laccolith

mass of igneous rock, typically lens-shaped, that has been intruded between rock strata causing uplift in the shape of a dome

What are the major factors that determine when and where a rock will begin to partially melt?

decompression of melting, heating, water flux melting

What is Bowen’s reaction series?

ranking of common igneous silicate minerals by the temperature at which it crystallizes

What is the last common mineral that crystallizes as a melt cools?

potassium, feldspar, quartz, and muscovite, mica

What are the origins for the sedimentary rocks?

sediment is deposited out of air, ice, wind, gravity or water flows carrying the particles in suspension

What are clastic (detrital) sedimentary rocks? chemical sedimentary rocks? biochemical sedimentary rocks?

clastic- rock and mineral fragments (sandstone and schist) chemical- precipitated from solution (salt and limestone) biochemical- remains or organisms (limestone and coal)

How are the clastic (detrital) sedimentary rocks subdivided or classified?

``` boulder (largest grain) cobble (second largest) pebble (third largest) sand (fourth largest) silt (fifth largest) clay (finest grain) ```

What is a breccia, a conglomerate? a sandstone? a siltstone? a shale?

breccia- clastic (angular fragments conglomerate- rounded fragments sandstone- clastic organic material and rock fragments siltstone- grain size shale- fine grained

What are the three dominant sedimentary rock types found in the Earth's crust?

clastic chemical biochemical

What is limestone? an evaporite? chert? coal?

chemical

How are limestones formed?

accumulation of shell, coral, algal, and fecal debris

How are evaporites formed?

brines generated in areas where the amount of water lost by evaporation exceeds the total amount of water

How is coal formed?

dead plant matter decays into peat and converted byt to coal by the heat and pressure of deep burial

What are the major sedimentary depositional environments?

marine, transitional, continental

What is the origin of metamorphic rocks?

subjected to high heat, pressure and mineral rich fluids

What causes metamorphism?

temperature, pressure and chemical changes

What is foliation?

pressure from weight of surrounding minerals

What is a slate? a phyllite? a schist? a gneiss? a marble? a quartzite?

slate- foliated phyllite- foliated schist- foliated gneiss- foliated marble- non-foliated quartzite- non-foliated