Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GEOL107 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a mineral

A

naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solid that has a specific chemical composition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the eight most common elements in the earth’s crust

A

oxygen, silicon, aluminum, calcium, iron, magnesium, sodium, potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is an ion

A

an atom or group of atoms that bears one or more positive or negative electrical charges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is a cation

A

positive charged ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is an anion

A

negative charged ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ionic bonds

A

the complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

covalent bonds

A

molecular bond, involves sharing election pairs between atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

van der Waals bond

A

a weak force of attraction between electrically neutral molecules that collide with or pass very close to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

metallic bond

A

sharing of many detached electrons between many positive ions, where the electrons act as “glue: giving the substance a definite structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Of ionic, covalent, and van der Waals bonds which is strongest? weakest? Which bond is associated with the hardest minerals?

A

strongest- covalent
weakest- ionic
strongest minerals- covalent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron? What is the net charge of an individual silicon-oxygen tetrahedron?

A

4 sided figure with a silicon atom in the middle boned by 4 neighboring oxygen atoms

net charge = -4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are carbonates?

A

a salt of carbonic acid (H2CO3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

example of a carbonate mineral?

A

Calcite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are native elements?

A

chemical element that occur in nature in an uncombined or pure form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

example of a native element?

A

sulfur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is a rock?

A

naturally occurring aggregate combo of minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is foliation?

A

pressure from weight of surrounding minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

on what basis are the three major rock groups subdivided

A

igneous
metamorphic
sedimentary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the origin of an igneous rock and what two factors do we use to subdivide the igneous rocks

A

magma rises towards the earths surface and cools

intrusive and extrusive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is magma?

A

hot fluid/semifluid material below or within the earth’s crust from which lava and other igneous rock is formed on cooling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the general characteristics of mafic (basaltic) and silicic (felsic) magmas?

A

mafic- enriched in iron, magnesium and calcium, typically dark

silicic- enriched in silica, fledspar, light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the principal gases dissolved in magma?

A

water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is viscosity? Know that the higher the viscosity the more violent the eruptive style

A

the state of being thick, sticky, and semifluid consistency due to internal friction

24
Q

What does the texture of an igneous rock tell you about it’s cooling history?

A

slowly- large crystals

quickly- small crystals

25
Q

What do the terms phaneritic, aphanitic, porphyritic, vesicular, and glassy mean?

A 
Aphanitic- not visible
phaneritic- visible
porphyritic- large crystals
vesicular- bubbly
glassy- crystallization cannot occur
26
Q

in terms of classification what is a granite, a rhyolite, a gabbro, a basalt, an andesite, a diorite? a peridotite?

A 
granite-intrusive igneous
rhyolite- extrusive igneous
gabbro- intrusive igneous
basalt- extrusive igneous
andesite-extrusive igneous
diorite- intrusive igneous
peridotite-intrusive igneous
27
Q

What are vesicles?

A

small cavity in an aphanitic or glassy igneous rock

28
Q

What are pyroclasts?

A

fire, sedimentary clastic rocks composed solely or primarily of volcanic materials

29
Q

What type of magma produces pyroclasts?

A

high viscosity

30
Q

What is a shield volcano?

A

usually composed of almost entirely of fluid lava flows, low profile

31
Q

a cinder cone?

A

simplest type of volcano, built from particle and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single event

32
Q

a composite volcano (stratovolcano)?

A

tall, conical volcano composed of one layer of hardened lave, tephra, and volcanic ash

33
Q

Which of these types of volcanoes are characterized by lava flows? pyroclasts? or both?

A

lava flows- shield
cinder cone- pyroclast
stratovolcano- both

34
Q

What is the difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks?

A

extrusive- formed on the earths surface from lava

intrusive- formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the cruse of the planet

35
Q

What is the difference between a discordant, concordant, tabular, and a massive igneous rock body?

A

discordant- cuts across the pre - existing rock bed

concordant- runs parallel to the pre - existing rock bed

tabular- plane surface, flat

massive igneous rock body-

36
Q

What is a batholith?

A

a large mass of intrusive igneous rock, forms from cooled magma deep in the earth’s crust

37
Q

what is a sill

A

parallel layering in the country rock

38
Q

what is a dike

A

cuts across any layering in country rock

39
Q

what is a laccolith

A

mass of igneous rock, typically lens-shaped, that has been intruded between rock strata causing uplift in the shape of a dome

40
Q

What are the major factors that determine when and where a rock will begin to partially melt?

A

decompression of melting, heating, water flux melting

41
Q

What is Bowen’s reaction series?

A

ranking of common igneous silicate minerals by the temperature at which it crystallizes

42
Q

What is the last common mineral that crystallizes as a melt cools?

A

potassium, feldspar, quartz, and muscovite, mica

43
Q

What are the origins for the sedimentary rocks?

A

sediment is deposited out of air, ice, wind, gravity or water flows carrying the particles in suspension

44
Q

What are clastic (detrital) sedimentary rocks? chemical sedimentary rocks? biochemical sedimentary rocks?

A

clastic- rock and mineral fragments (sandstone and schist)

chemical- precipitated from solution (salt and limestone)

biochemical- remains or organisms (limestone and coal)

45
Q

How are the clastic (detrital) sedimentary rocks subdivided or classified?

A 
boulder (largest grain)
cobble (second largest)
pebble (third largest)
sand (fourth largest)
silt (fifth largest)
clay (finest grain)
46
Q

What is a breccia, a conglomerate? a sandstone? a siltstone? a shale?

A

breccia- clastic (angular fragments

conglomerate- rounded fragments

sandstone- clastic organic material and rock fragments

siltstone- grain size

shale- fine grained

47
Q

What are the three dominant sedimentary rock types found in the Earth’s crust?

A

clastic
chemical
biochemical

48
Q

What is limestone? an evaporite? chert? coal?

A

chemical

49
Q

How are limestones formed?

A

accumulation of shell, coral, algal, and fecal debris

50
Q

How are evaporites formed?

A

brines generated in areas where the amount of water lost by evaporation exceeds the total amount of water

51
Q

How is coal formed?

A

dead plant matter decays into peat and converted byt to coal by the heat and pressure of deep burial

52
Q

What are the major sedimentary depositional environments?

A

marine, transitional, continental

53
Q

What is the origin of metamorphic rocks?

A

subjected to high heat, pressure and mineral rich fluids

54
Q

What causes metamorphism?

A

temperature, pressure and chemical changes

55
Q

What is foliation?

A

pressure from weight of surrounding minerals

56
Q

What is a slate? a phyllite? a schist? a gneiss? a marble? a quartzite?

A

slate- foliated
phyllite- foliated
schist- foliated
gneiss- foliated

marble- non-foliated
quartzite- non-foliated

GEOL107 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions