Exam 1 Flashcards
Sociology
The scientific study of human social relations, groups, and societies
Sociological Imagination
The ability to grasp the relationship between individual lives and the larger social forces that help to shape them
Agency
The ability of individuals and groups to exercise free will and to influence social change
Structure
patterned social arrangements that have an effect on the agency
Auguste Comte
Founder of sociology; believed the scientific study of society could help manage the social change that was rapidly occurring during his time due to the industrial revolution.
Emile Durkheim
establishes what sociologist would study; focus on social solidarity and social change
Karl Marx
Father of the conflict perspective;
Class conflict is the competition between socail classess over the distribution of wealth, power, and other valued resources in society
Max Weber
Believed that an adequate explanation of socail world takes into account the meaning of what people do and say.
He predicted world would organize itself into bureaucracies, creating an iron cage
W.E.B DuBois
Introduced the study of class, race, and identity to sociology
Double consciousness
being aware of norms and values of two cultures in which you belong
Functionalism
Durkheima
the sociological theory that explains social organization and change in terms of the roles performed by different social structures, phenomena, and institutions.
Conflict
Marx
A view of society that emphasizes the role of coercion, conflict, and power in society and that social inequality will inevitably occur because of differing interests and values between groups, particularly the competition for scarce resources (Marx).
Symbolic Interactionism
Goffman
A microsocial perspective that posits both the individual self and society as a whole are the products of social interactions based on symbols.
Quantitative Data
data collected and quantified into numbers for analysis
Qualitative Date
data are gathered that focuses on the experiential nature of a phenomenon to provide in-depth knowledge about a given topic
Theory
a logical explanation of how or why a socail phenomenon existis
Hypothesis
a statement about the world, derived from theories that can be falsifed when tested
Types of research
- Field Study
- Participant Observation
- Secondary Data Analysis
- Experiments
Types of relationship
Correlational Relationship: Associations
Causal Relationship:
Culture:
The beliefs, norms, behaviors, and products common to the members of aparticular group
Subculture:
cultures that exist together with a dominant culture but differ in some important aspects from the dominant culture
What does culture consist of?
- Symbols
- Language
- Values
- Norms
Material Culture:
The physical objects that are created, embraced, or consumed by society that help shape people’s lives.
Nonmaterial Culture:
The abstract creations of human culture, including language and social practice/tradition
Belief:
A praticular idea that people accept as true
Norms:
accepted socail behaviors and belifis that givern behavior
Values:
the general standards in society that define ideal principles, like those governing notions of right and wrong
Types of Norms
- Folkways
- Mores
- Taboos
Folkways:
fairly weak norms which if violated, is not considered serious within a particular culture.
Mores:
strongly held norm, the violation of which seriously offends the standards of acceptable conduct of most people within a particular culture.
Taboos:
Powerful norms, the violation of which is considered serious and even unthinkable within a particular culture
Ideal Culture:
the values, norms, and behaviors that people in a given society profess to embrace.
Real Culture:
the values, norms, and behaviors that people in a given society actually embrace and exhibit.
Cultural Inconsistency:
a contradiction between the goals of ideal culture and the practices of real culture.
Globalization:
the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and mutual sharing, and other aspects of culture.
Global Culture:
a type of culture, some would say American culture, that has spread across the world in the form of mass media and restraints that unify the cultures of various countries.
High Culture:
cultural products held in high esteem in a particular society
Popular Culture:
cultural products shared by the masses
Socialization:
the process by which people learn the culture of their society
Goffman: Presentation of the Self:
people play different roles to manage the impressions of others
Cooley: Looking-Glass Self:
the concept that our self-image developed from how we interpret other people’s views of us
Agents of Socialization:
Family; School; Peers; Religion; Work; Media
Primary Groups:
smaller groups characterized by intense emotional ties, face-to-face interaction, intimacy, and a strong, enduring sense of commitment.
Secondary Groups:
larger groups that are less personal and characterized by fleeting relationships
Reference Groups:
groups that provide standards for judging our attitudes or behaviors.
Group Size:
As it increases, intensity of relationships decreases
Larger Groups:
Alliance: a subgroup that forms between group members, enabling them to dominate the group in their own interest.
Social Closure: the ability of a group to strategically and consciously exclude outsiders or those deemed undesirable from participating in the groups or enjoying the group’s resources.
Transformational Leader:
a leader who is able to instill in the members of a group a sense of mission or higher purpose.
Transactional Leader:
a leader who focuses on the supervision, organization, and group performance.
Compliance through rewards and punishments
Power:
the ability to mobilize resources and achieve a goal despite the resistance of others.
Legitimate Authority:
a type of power that is recognized as rightful by those whom it is exercised.
Positional Power:
a person’s position in a group determines their power.
Personal Power:
a person with the ability to persuade rather than relying on a position of power or ability to command.
Asch
the lines and dots
Milgram
teacher/learner shocks and conformity
Janis
Groupthink
Zimbardo
Prison experiment
Economic Capital
money and material that can be used to access valued goods and services.
Cultural Capital:
the values and traditions that can be used to access goods and services.
Social Capital:
the social knowledge and connections that enable people to accomplish their goals and extend their influence.
Formal Organizations:
an organization that is rationally designed to achieve its objectives, often by means of explicit rules, regulations, and procedures.
Utilitarian Organizations:
and organization that people join primarily because of some material benefit they expect to receive.
Coercive Organizations:
organization in which people are forced to give unquestioned obedience to authority.
Normative Organizations:
organization that people join of their own free will to pursue morally worthwhile goals without the expectation of material reward.
Bureaucracies:
a type of formal organization based on written procedural rules, arranged into a clear hierarchy of authority, staffed by full-time staff.
Weber: Iron Cage
Prison of rules and regulations that leads people to treat others less humanely and lose sight of the original goal.
Iron Law of Oligarchy
Check for definition in book.
Proletariat:
workers or working-class people
Bourgeoisie:
the middle class
