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Speech Path 2 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(41 cards)

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1
Q

What does frequency measure?

A
  • Rate of vocal fold vibration, expressed as cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz)
  • A measure of pitch
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2
Q

What does intensity measure?

A
  • Physical measure of sound pressure, reported in decibels (dB)
  • Intensity and loudness go together
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3
Q

What determines phonatory quality?

A

How the voice sounds; a reflection of how well the two vocal folds work during vibratory cycle

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4
Q

What is dysphonia?

A

Umbrella term used to refer to a voice that is disordered

Breathy, hoarse, rough, jitter (rapid changes in frequency), diplophonic, shimmer

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5
Q

Define voice disorder

A

Individuals whose pitch, loudness, resonance, or phonatory quality differ significantly from that of persons of a similar age, gender, cultural background, and racial or ethnic group

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6
Q

Define resonance

A

Vibration of the air within the oral, nasal and pharyngeal columns, which affects the quality of voice
- causes: anatomical, neurophysiological, allergies/illness

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7
Q

Glottal fry

A

irregular vocal cord vibrations at the low end of a person’s pitch range that results in a “creaky” sounding voice

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8
Q

Behaviors that are considered vocal abuse

A 
Talking in noisy environments
Coughing or clearing the throat frequently
Using caffeine products
Yelling, screaming, cheering
Giving speeches or lectures
Spending time in smoky environments
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9
Q

Vocal nodules

A

Acute (bruises on VF) vs chronic (nodules thicken and harden like callouses)

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10
Q

Polyp

A

Appear similar to nodules but may have a stalk, similar to blisters

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11
Q

Vocal cord hemorrhage

A

Burst blood vessel in VF, often sudden and painful

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12
Q

Bowed vocal folds

A

Usually seen in aging, due to thyroarytenoid (VF) muscle weakness or atrophy, hypo functional

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13
Q

What is spasmodic dysphonia?

A

Light voice, strained, croaking, strangling, tremor- VF close at the wrong time so you can’t breathe

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14
Q

Describe 2 psychogenic voice disorders.

A
  • Psychogenic disorders (nonorganic disorders)- result from or are linked to emotional and psychological characteristics
  • Mutational Falsetto- (puberphonia)- describes a male child or adolescent who inhibits an inappropriately high voice
  • Juvenile Voice Disorder- A disorder in which a woman maintains a juvenile voice into adulthood
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15
Q

-What is a laryngectomy? Why would someone need a laryngectomy?

A
  • A procedure in which a person’s larynx is surgically removed (mostly occurs with advanced cancer)
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16
Q

Give 2 options for producing voice after a laryngectomy.

A 
- Alaryngeal Communication
A form of communication used by people who have no larynx. (no voice)
- Electrolarynx
- Esophageal speech
- Tracheo-esophageal prosthesis
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17
Q

What are the 4 aspects of voice that you will listen to during an assessment?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Case History and Interview, Oral-Motor examination, Clinical observation, instrumental assessment
  • Pitch, loudness, resonance, quality
18
Q

What is the name of the instrument used to measure voice parameters?

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A

Visi-Pitch IV- machine that provides feedback but measures pitch and loudness for baselines, can measure in specified periods change

19
Q

What are 3 goals of voice treatment?

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A

To teach a vocal behavior that is absent
To substitute an appropriate vocal behavior for an inappropriate one
To strengthen vocal behaviors that are weak or inconsistent

20
Q

Define aphasia

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A

Absence of language or without language
A language disorder that is acquired sometimes after development of language competence
Includes disturbances of receptive and/or expressive abilities for spoken and written language

21
Q

What is the primary cause of aphasia? Which part of the brain is affected?

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A

Typically stroke, but could be other brain injury, to the language- dominant (left) hemisphere

22
Q

What parts of language can be affected by aphasia?

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A

All parts- receptive and expressive

23
Q

Give 3 controllable and 3 uncontrollable risk factors for stroke

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A

Uncontrollable: age, gender (more women than men), racial or ethnic background, family history
Controllable: hypertension, diabetes, tobacco smoking, excessive alcohol use

24
Q

What are the 6 areas used to classify aphasia?

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A

fluency, comprehension, repetition, naming, reading, and writing

25
What is anomia?
“no name”, word retrieval or word finding
26
What are neologisms?
non-real words, seen in fluent aphasias
27
What are paraphasias?
Paraphasias- the production of an unintended sound within a word, or of a whole word or phrase Phonemic (at sound level- say “cook” for “book”) Semantic (at word level- say magazine for book)
28
Give 3 prognostic indicators for aphasia recovery.
The site of the brain injury The type and size of the injury The type and severity of aphasia Handedness (left handed people sometimes have right hemisphere language center, rare) Age (younger=greater plasticity) Pre-injury and current health Motivation and resources for treatment (location, money, transportation) Social support (friends and family knowing how to communicate w/you, help you)
29
Name 2 comprehensive aphasia battery tests used in assessment
- Western Aphasia Battery | - Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination
30
What are the 3 components of the EBP triangle?
Clinical expertise Client values Best current evidence
31
What are the goals of aphasia therapy?
To correct or compensate to improve functional communication for daily needs To improve functioning beyond spontaneous recovery (at level of brain that would’ve happened no matter what) Can’t get everyone back to baseline communication
32
What is the type of communication disorder experienced by people with right hemisphere dysfunction?
Right Hemisphere Dysfunction- Results from neurological damage to the right cerebral hemisphere, language and cognition may be impacted, but different from aphasia (cognitive-linguistic or cognitive-communication disorder)
33
List 5 aspects of executive functioning that can be affected by RHD.
Organization, reasoning, problem solving, planning, sequencing
34
What is left neglect?
Unilateral spatial neglect (USN), reduced awareness of stimuli on left side, even though there may be no sensory loss Doesn’t draw the left side of the daisy, writes on left side of paper, isn’t aware of things placed on the left side of them
35
Define diffuse axonal injury.
The axon gets twisted- the neurons may still be processing but transmission is impaired
36
What aspects of cognitive communication can be affected by TBI?
Memory, attention, executive dysfunction, sometimes language (esp. discourse, pragmatics)
37
Define dementia
A chronic and progressive decline in memory, cognition, language, and personality resulting from central nervous system dysfunction Memory impairment, impairment in at least one other cognitive domain (language, executive functioning, visual-spatial skills), presence of aphasia, apraxia, or agnosia, and severe enough to interfere with activities of daily living An acquired disorder of behavior and cognition that affects customary activities of daily living Acquired and progressive but progresses at different rates
38
What are the characteristics of mild dementia?
Mild: forgetfulness, reduced vocabulary, word retrieval difficulty (anomia), comprehension intact, repetitive or verbose conversation, pragmatics are generally ok
39
What are the characteristics of moderate dementia?
Moderate: increasingly disoriented to person, place, time, impaired attention, poor memory, anomia, impaired comprehension of humor, empty conversation, may wander or be agitated
40
What are the characteristics of severe dementia?
Severe: poor cognitive skills across all domains, minimal or no verbal output, incontinent, wheelchair bound dependent for all ADL’s
41
What are the goals of treatment for people with dementia?
Research to develop more effective pharmacological treatments In early stages, can benefit from direct treatment to learn compensatory memory and cognitive strategies, education of clients and caregivers, establishment of environmental aids to help maintain function

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