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Oceanography > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the geochemical layers in increasing depth

A

crust, mantle, core

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2
Q

What are the physical layers in increasing depth

A

lithosphere, asthenosphere, lower mantle, outter core, inner core

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3
Q

What is the lithosphere

A

crust + upper mantle = Plate

rigid layer 100 km thick

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4
Q

What is the asthenosphere

A

with in the mantle, mushy, can flow

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5
Q

Continental crust bs oceanic crust

A

continental crust: 30 -35 lm thick , grainte, lower density

oceanic crust: 7km thick, basalt, higher density

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6
Q

What are the three types of plate boundaries

A

convergent, divergent, transform

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7
Q

Why do plates move

A

convection cells

hot material rises and cold material sinks

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8
Q

Which crust is younger ocean or continental?

A

ocean crust is younger
ocean crust is zero at active spreading centers
ocean crust is younger because it is being destroyed at subduction zones and continental is not being destroyed

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9
Q

what happens with convergent plate boundaries?

A

One plate is being pulled underneath another
ocean plate weighs more that continental plate is being pulled underneath
*destroys ocean crust
* trench

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10
Q

What happens with divergent plate boundaries?

A

Ocean crust is being created plates are moving apart (away).

  • spreading center
  • ridge/ rift
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11
Q

What happens at transform plate boundaries

A

Plates are sliding by

Example: San Andreas

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12
Q

What are hot spots?

A

areas of convection and hot magma
rising heat in mantle cause convection in the mantle
the bottom of the plate melts and the the magma rises to form islands

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13
Q

Examples of hotspots

A

Yellowstone, Hawaii, Galapagos

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14
Q

Ocean/ Continent subduction zone

A

create continental crust and destroys ocean crust
creates andesite and leads to strato volcanoes

Examples: Aleutian trench, middle american, peru chilie trench, sundra trench and java trench

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15
Q

Ocean/Ocean subduction zone

A

destroys ocean and creates ocean crust, creates basalt, and leads to shield volcanoes
Pacific has the fastest spreading zone because of the ring of fire
Examples: mid Atlantic ridge and Riff valley

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16
Q

What are the three types of volcanoes

A

strato, shield, and caldera

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17
Q

What are characteristics of shield volcanoes

A 
Oceanic crust 
basalt = hot and liquidy
not steep sides 
lava flows 
not hazardous 
not explosive
continuous eruptions 
settings: ocean crust, ocean/ocean subduction zones, spreading centers, hotspots under the ocean
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18
Q

what are characteristics of strato volcanoes

A 
continental crust 
andesite = hot and sticky 
steep sides
rare eruptions 
hazardous 
explosive 
lava flows, ash/ cinders 
settings: ocean/ continent subduction zone, continental riffs, hot spots under continents
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19
Q

Caldera

A

don’t see the mountain because it was blown away because the the eruption was so large
Examples: Yellowstone, crater lake Oregon

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20
Q

How long ago was Pangea/

A

200 million years ago

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21
Q

List the continent periods from most recent to oldest

A

Cenozoic (50 million)
Cretaceous (100 million)
Jurassoc (150 millison)
Pangea (200 million)

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22
Q

What cause sea level to change

A

Ice on land
ocean temperature
shape of ocean basin
Does not depend on Ice already floating in the ocean

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23
Q

What three factors changes together

A

sea level, global temperature, CO2 in atmosphere

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24
Q

What are three parts of a river

A

Head water, flood plain, delta

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25
Q

Characteristics of headwater

A

moves fast, steep slope, lifts big heavy things

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26
Q

Characteristics of floodplains

A 
big, wide, muddy, weathering factory of the planet, 
boulders get broken to gravel
gravel gets broken to sand
sand gets broken to mud
mud chemically weathers
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27
Q

Characteristics of the delta

A

slows down, drops heaviest particle first where river meets the ocean, no slope therefore no motion

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28
Q

Rivers in North America

A

Missouri/ Mississippi

drains into gulf of Mexico

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29
Q

San Diego on what plate

A

Pacific

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30
Q

Tucson is on what plate

A

North American

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31
Q

Iron and Mg come from

A

mica

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32
Q

potassium, sodium and calcium come from

A

feldspar

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33
Q

sea water has less oxygen near the equator because it is

A

warm

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34
Q

if water is cooler it holds more gas (fizzier when cold)

A

true

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35
Q

Application formed by

A

colliding continents

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36
Q

Alps formed by

A

colliding continents

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37
Q

Andes mountains formed by

A

subduction zone

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38
Q

Himalayan mountains formed from

A

colliding continents

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39
Q

What does not affect sea level

A

Melting of artic sea ice - already sitting in ocean

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40
Q

Rain makes water

A

fresher

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41
Q

Water depth in a trench?

A

8km
4km is average
100 is shelf

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42
Q

India collided with Asia

A

50 million years ago

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43
Q

Seattle is on a

A

subduction zone

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44
Q

Salt makes up what % of sea water

A

3.5%

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45
Q

Colorado rivers drains

A

south west into gulf of California

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46
Q

what are the five ways for making mountains

A 
1 pulling continents apart 
2 subduction 
3 colliding continents 
4 Transform Faults 
5 Hot Spots
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47
Q

location of turbaries

A

near the coast

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48
Q

Congo River

A

In Africa

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49
Q

Iceland is found at

A

spreading center

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50
Q

Ganges River

A

drains in India

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51
Q

Examples of physical weathering

A

sun damage

salt weathering

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52
Q

Examples of Chemical weather

A

rust - oxidation

calcium carbonate

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53
Q

What is the main agent of weathering

A

water

54
Q

sediment is headwater

A

boulders and gravel

55
Q

sediment in floodplain

A

sand and mud

56
Q

sediment in delta

A

sand and mud

57
Q

Where is the fastest spreding center

A

East Pacific

58
Q

new Basalt forming

A

mid Atlantic ridge - spreading center

59
Q

mostly diatom sediments

A

near Antarctic or equator

60
Q

in direct heating from sun

A

Antarctic

61
Q

where is the photic zone

A

anywhere on the surface of the ocean

62
Q

Is low concentration a short or long residence time

A

short

63
Q

Is high concentration a short or long residence time

A

long

64
Q

Rock = Granite

what are the three minerals

A

quarts, mica, feldspar

65
Q

mica weathers into

A

clay, iron, and Mg

66
Q

feldspar weathers into

A

clay, sodium, calcium, and potassium

67
Q

what minerals are found in headwater

A

quarts, mica, and feldspar

68
Q

what minerals are found in floodplain

A

quarts and clay

69
Q

A star’s habitable zone occurs where:
A) there is water in the solar system
B) the temperature is right for liquid water (between 0° and 100°C)
C) on the surface where you can walk around
D) the people live

A

the temperature is right for liquid water (between 0° and 100°C)

70
Q

What percentage of the Earth’s surface is covered by water?

A

70

71
Q

All life on Earth requires what to survive?

A

liquid water

72
Q

On average, the ocean is how deep?

A

4000 meters

73
Q

Which is NOT true about the lithosphere?
A) The lithosphere is best decribed as “mushy”
B) It consists of the crust plus part of the mantle
C) Tectonic plates are chunks of lithospere
D) It comes in two varieties: oceanic and continental

A

A) The lithosphere is best described as “mushy”

74
Q

The youngest ocean crust between South America and Africa is what age?
A) 50 million years old
B) 140 million years old
C) 0 (zero) million years old
D) 1 billion years (1000 million years) old

A

0

75
Q 
Spreading Centers are NOT:
A) a divergent plate boundary
B) factories of new ocean crust
C) usually located on land
D) also called Mid-Ocean ridges
A

C) usually located on land

76
Q

One difference between oceanic crust and continental crust is:
A) Ocean crust is made of granite, while continental crust is made of basalt
B) Ocean crust is much thicker than continental crust
C) Ocean crust is denser than continental crust
D) All of these are true

A

C) Ocean crust is denser than continental crust

77
Q 
Which of the following is true about shield volcanoes?
A) The have "liquidy" magma
B) They have steep sides
C) They have rare eruptions
D) They form on continental crust
A

A) The have “liquidy” magma

78
Q 
Which if the following is NOT true about Ocean/Continent Subduction zones?
A) They destroy old ocean crust
B) They create new ocean crust
C) They create new continental crust
D) They are convergent margins
A

B) They create new ocean crust

79
Q

During the creation of a chain of hot spot volcanoes:
A) Some times the plate moves and sometimes the hot spot moves
B) The plate moves and the hot spot stays still
C)The hot spot moves and the plate stays still

A

B) The plate moves and the hot spot stays still

80
Q 
Most volcanoes on earth are found
A) Under the ocean
B) Along transform faults
C) On land
D) At subduction zones
A

A) Under the ocean

81
Q

Caldera eruptions are:

a) Very rare (last one was 75,000 years ago)
b) Very large (>1000x bigger than Mt. St. Helens)
c) How Yellowstone volcanoes erupt
d) All of the above

A

D all of the above

82
Q

Which of these does NOT affect global sea level?

A) The amount of ice on land
B) The temperature of the ocean water
C) The salinity of the ocean
D) The shape of the ocean basin

A

C) Salinity of the ocean

83
Q

During the last ice age, sea level was:

A

lower

84
Q

The sediment cycle:

A

destroys continental crust

85
Q

Freeze/Thaw can break apart rocks because:

A

D) Water expands as it freezes into ice

86
Q

Which is the correct order:

A
  1. Make mountains
  2. Weather rocks
  3. Transport sediment
  4. Deposit sediment
87
Q 
Which is NOT a reason for thin sediment over a Mid-Ocean Ridge?
Question options:
A) Spreading Center
B) Far from land
C) Subduction
A

C) Subduction

88
Q

Which of these processes carries the most sediment?

rivers, glaciers winds,

A

Rivers

89
Q 
The thickest sediments are found:
A) In the middle of the ocean
B) On the shelf
C) In rivers
D) On the deep ocean floor, just over the edge of the shelf
A

D) On the deep ocean floor, just over the edge of the shelf

90
Q

The main kind of sediment carried by wind is:

A

dust

91
Q

Which of the following chemically weathers into clay?

A

Feldspar and mica

92
Q

Sand is composed of what mineral?

feldspar, mica, clay, granite

A

quartz

93
Q

Which of the following is true about accumulated elements?

A

The are in high concetration in the ocean

94
Q

Which of the following is NOT a recycled element?

A

chlorine

95
Q

Solubility increases with:

A

decreasing temp

96
Q 
Respiration
Question options
A)Requires warm water
B) Takes in O2 and gives off CO2
C) Is done by plants
D) Takes in CO2 and gives off O2
A

B) Takes in O2 and gives off CO2

97
Q

Which gas is “breathed” in by diatoms?

A

Co2

98
Q 
Remineralization is:
Question options:
A) Done by bacteria
B) The same process as respiration
C) Takes in O2 and gives off CO2
D) All of the above
A

All

99
Q

When did South America and Africa separate?

a) About 100 million years ago
b) About 1 billion years ago
c) About 10 million years ago
d) About 1 million years ago

A

a) About 100 million years ago

100
Q

Spreading centers are:

a) Convergent boundaries where ocean crust is destroyed
b) Divergent boundaries where ocean crust is formed
c) Transform boundaries where crust is neither created or destroyed
d) Generally found in the middle of tectonic plates

A

b) Divergent boundaries where ocean crust is formed

101
Q

Plate Tectonics is driven by:

a) Convection currents caused by heat within the earth
b) The Earth’s magnetic field
c) Strong winds
d) Heat from the sun

A

a) Convection currents caused by heat within the earth

102
Q

Ocean trenches are about how deep?

a) 4000m (40 football fields)
b) 8000m or more (> 80 football fields)
c) 2000m (20 football fields)
d) 100m (1 football field)

A

b) 8000m or more (> 80 football fields)

103
Q 
Pyroclastic flows are:
Question options:
A) Not very dangerous
B) Made of magma and lava
C) Associated with Shield Volcanoes
D) Made of gas, ash and rock
A

D) Made of gas, ash and rock

104
Q

What is the name of the part of a river where it flows fast over steep terrain?

a) Headwaters
b) Delta
c) Flood plain

A

a) Headwaters

105
Q

Which of these is NOT true about the Hawaiian Islands?

a) They are formed over a hot spot
b) Their ages indicate that the Pacific Plate is moving
c) They are stratovolcanoes
d) They are made of basalt

A

c) They are stratovolcanoes

106
Q

Which of the following occurs at mid-ocean ridges?

a) Subduction
b) New ocean crust is created
c) Stratovolcanoes
d) New continental crust is created

A

b) New ocean crust is created

107
Q

Which river on earth has the biggest flow (most water)?

a) Amazon
b) Congo
c) Yangtze
d) Mississippi

A

a) Amazon

108
Q

In Antarctica and Greenland, most sediment is transported by:
Rivers, wind, glaciers

A

glaciers

109
Q

The thickest sediments on the ocean floor are made of:

a) Boulders
b) Sand
c) Gravel
d) Turbidites

A

d)Turbidites

110
Q

Which of these mountain ranges was formed by subduction?

a) Hawaiian Islands (in the Pacific Ocean)
b) Cascades (in the Pacific Northwest)
c) Himalayas (in Asia)
d) Catalinas (near Tucson)

A

b) Cascades (in the Pacific Northwest)

111
Q 
How were the Catalina mountains formed
subduction,
pulling continents apart 
hotspots
transform faults 
 colliding continents
A

pulling continents apart

112
Q 
How were the application mountains formed
subduction,
pulling continents apart 
hotspots
transform faults 
 colliding continents
A

colliding continents

113
Q 
How were the san Gabriel mountains formed
subduction,
pulling continents apart 
hotspots
transform faults 
 colliding continents
A

transform faults

114
Q

Why isn’t the ocean filled with sediment?

two processes

A

subduction: melted underneath continents
subsidence: Lithosphere sinks into mushy asthenosphere

115
Q

Sediment Cycle: Physical Changes

Where is sand and mud found

A

on the shelf and the low flat area (flood plain)

116
Q

Sediment Cycle: Physical Changes

where are skeletons found

A

on shelf or deep sea floor

117
Q

Accumulated profile looks like:
straight line
curves down to the left (4 quadrant neg parabola)
curves down to the right (3 quadrant neg parabola)

A

straight line

118
Q

Recycled biology profile looks like:
straight line
curves down to the left (4 quadrant neg parabola)
curves down to the right (3 quadrant neg parabola)

A

curves down to the left (4 quadrant neg parabola)

removed at the surface and accumulates with increasing depth

119
Q

Scavenged profile looks like:
straight line
curves down to the left (4 quadrant neg parabola)
curves down to the right (3 quadrant neg parabola

A

curves down to the right (3 quadrant neg parabola

added at surface and removed during sinking

120
Q 
How does light change with depth? 
negative exponential (3rd quadrant upside down J)  
x^3 
-x^3
linear and negative 
question mark looking curve
A

negative exponential (3rd quadrant upside down J)

121
Q 
How does temp change with depth? 
negative exponential (3rd quadrant upside down J)  
x^3 
-x^3
linear and negative 
question mark looking curve
A

question mark looking curve

122
Q 
How does pressure change with depth? 
negative exponential (3rd quadrant upside down J)  
x^3 
-x^3
linear and negative 
question mark looking curve
A

linear and negative

123
Q 
How does O2 change with depth? 
negative exponential (3rd quadrant upside down J)  
x^3 (curved up to the left) 
-x^3 (curved down towards the right)
linear and negative 
question mark looking curve
A

x^3 (curved up to the left)

124
Q 
How does CO2 change with depth? 
negative exponential (3rd quadrant upside down J)  
x^3 (curved up to the left) 
-x^3 (curved down towards the right)
linear and negative 
question mark looking curve
A

-x^3 (curved down towards the right)

125
Q

Characteristics of photic zone? how deep, is light present, are plants present?

A

0 - 100 m, lots of light and lots of plants

126
Q

Characteristics of twilight zone? how deep, is light present, are plants present?

A

100 - 1000 meters, some light, no plants

127
Q

Characteristics of dark zone? how deep, is light present, are plants present?

A

1000m or more, no light, no plants

128
Q 
Which is the correct equation for photosynthesis?
A) CO2 + Organic Matter --> O2 + H2O
B) CO2 + H2O --> Organic Matter + O2
C) CO2 + O2 --> H2O + Organic Matter
D) Organic Matter + O2 --> CO2 + H2O
A

B) CO2 + H2O –> Organic Matter + O2

129
Q

Scavenged elements:

a) are deposited on the ocean surface from wind-blown dust
b) removed from ocean water by sticking to falling particles (poop & dead bodies)
c) are mostly metals
d) All of the above

A

All

130
Q

The profile for recycled elements (important to biology) is:
A) Uniform with depth
B) Increasing with depth (low at surface)
C) Each recycled element is different
D) Decreasing with depth (high at surface)

A

B) Increasing with depth (low at surface)

131
Q 
Diatoms make their skeletons out of:
A) salt
B) quartz (Si)
C) clay
D) calcite (Ca)
A

B) quartz (Si)

Oceanography (2 decks)

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