Exam 1 Flashcards
What are the geochemical layers in increasing depth
crust, mantle, core
What are the physical layers in increasing depth
lithosphere, asthenosphere, lower mantle, outter core, inner core
What is the lithosphere
crust + upper mantle = Plate
rigid layer 100 km thick
What is the asthenosphere
with in the mantle, mushy, can flow
Continental crust bs oceanic crust
continental crust: 30 -35 lm thick , grainte, lower density
oceanic crust: 7km thick, basalt, higher density
What are the three types of plate boundaries
convergent, divergent, transform
Why do plates move
convection cells
hot material rises and cold material sinks
Which crust is younger ocean or continental?
ocean crust is younger
ocean crust is zero at active spreading centers
ocean crust is younger because it is being destroyed at subduction zones and continental is not being destroyed
what happens with convergent plate boundaries?
One plate is being pulled underneath another
ocean plate weighs more that continental plate is being pulled underneath
*destroys ocean crust
* trench
What happens with divergent plate boundaries?
Ocean crust is being created plates are moving apart (away).
- spreading center
- ridge/ rift
What happens at transform plate boundaries
Plates are sliding by
Example: San Andreas
What are hot spots?
areas of convection and hot magma
rising heat in mantle cause convection in the mantle
the bottom of the plate melts and the the magma rises to form islands
Examples of hotspots
Yellowstone, Hawaii, Galapagos
Ocean/ Continent subduction zone
create continental crust and destroys ocean crust
creates andesite and leads to strato volcanoes
Examples: Aleutian trench, middle american, peru chilie trench, sundra trench and java trench
Ocean/Ocean subduction zone
destroys ocean and creates ocean crust, creates basalt, and leads to shield volcanoes
Pacific has the fastest spreading zone because of the ring of fire
Examples: mid Atlantic ridge and Riff valley
What are the three types of volcanoes
strato, shield, and caldera
What are characteristics of shield volcanoes
Oceanic crust basalt = hot and liquidy not steep sides lava flows not hazardous not explosive continuous eruptions settings: ocean crust, ocean/ocean subduction zones, spreading centers, hotspots under the ocean
what are characteristics of strato volcanoes
continental crust andesite = hot and sticky steep sides rare eruptions hazardous explosive lava flows, ash/ cinders settings: ocean/ continent subduction zone, continental riffs, hot spots under continents
Caldera
don’t see the mountain because it was blown away because the the eruption was so large
Examples: Yellowstone, crater lake Oregon
How long ago was Pangea/
200 million years ago
List the continent periods from most recent to oldest
Cenozoic (50 million)
Cretaceous (100 million)
Jurassoc (150 millison)
Pangea (200 million)
What cause sea level to change
Ice on land
ocean temperature
shape of ocean basin
Does not depend on Ice already floating in the ocean
What three factors changes together
sea level, global temperature, CO2 in atmosphere
What are three parts of a river
Head water, flood plain, delta
Characteristics of headwater
moves fast, steep slope, lifts big heavy things
Characteristics of floodplains
big, wide, muddy, weathering factory of the planet, boulders get broken to gravel gravel gets broken to sand sand gets broken to mud mud chemically weathers
Characteristics of the delta
slows down, drops heaviest particle first where river meets the ocean, no slope therefore no motion
Rivers in North America
Missouri/ Mississippi
drains into gulf of Mexico
San Diego on what plate
Pacific
Tucson is on what plate
North American
Iron and Mg come from
mica
potassium, sodium and calcium come from
feldspar
sea water has less oxygen near the equator because it is
warm
if water is cooler it holds more gas (fizzier when cold)
true
Application formed by
colliding continents
Alps formed by
colliding continents
Andes mountains formed by
subduction zone
Himalayan mountains formed from
colliding continents
What does not affect sea level
Melting of artic sea ice - already sitting in ocean
Rain makes water
fresher
Water depth in a trench?
8km
4km is average
100 is shelf
India collided with Asia
50 million years ago
Seattle is on a
subduction zone
Salt makes up what % of sea water
3.5%
Colorado rivers drains
south west into gulf of California
what are the five ways for making mountains
1 pulling continents apart 2 subduction 3 colliding continents 4 Transform Faults 5 Hot Spots
location of turbaries
near the coast
Congo River
In Africa
Iceland is found at
spreading center
Ganges River
drains in India
Examples of physical weathering
sun damage
salt weathering
Examples of Chemical weather
rust - oxidation
calcium carbonate
What is the main agent of weathering
water
sediment is headwater
boulders and gravel
sediment in floodplain
sand and mud
sediment in delta
sand and mud
Where is the fastest spreding center
East Pacific
new Basalt forming
mid Atlantic ridge - spreading center
mostly diatom sediments
near Antarctic or equator
in direct heating from sun
Antarctic
where is the photic zone
anywhere on the surface of the ocean
Is low concentration a short or long residence time
short
Is high concentration a short or long residence time
long
Rock = Granite
what are the three minerals
quarts, mica, feldspar
mica weathers into
clay, iron, and Mg
feldspar weathers into
clay, sodium, calcium, and potassium
what minerals are found in headwater
quarts, mica, and feldspar
what minerals are found in floodplain
quarts and clay
A star’s habitable zone occurs where:
A) there is water in the solar system
B) the temperature is right for liquid water (between 0° and 100°C)
C) on the surface where you can walk around
D) the people live
the temperature is right for liquid water (between 0° and 100°C)
What percentage of the Earth’s surface is covered by water?
70
All life on Earth requires what to survive?
liquid water
On average, the ocean is how deep?
4000 meters
Which is NOT true about the lithosphere?
A) The lithosphere is best decribed as “mushy”
B) It consists of the crust plus part of the mantle
C) Tectonic plates are chunks of lithospere
D) It comes in two varieties: oceanic and continental
A) The lithosphere is best described as “mushy”
The youngest ocean crust between South America and Africa is what age?
A) 50 million years old
B) 140 million years old
C) 0 (zero) million years old
D) 1 billion years (1000 million years) old
0
Spreading Centers are NOT: A) a divergent plate boundary B) factories of new ocean crust C) usually located on land D) also called Mid-Ocean ridges
C) usually located on land
One difference between oceanic crust and continental crust is:
A) Ocean crust is made of granite, while continental crust is made of basalt
B) Ocean crust is much thicker than continental crust
C) Ocean crust is denser than continental crust
D) All of these are true
C) Ocean crust is denser than continental crust
Which of the following is true about shield volcanoes? A) The have "liquidy" magma B) They have steep sides C) They have rare eruptions D) They form on continental crust
A) The have “liquidy” magma
Which if the following is NOT true about Ocean/Continent Subduction zones? A) They destroy old ocean crust B) They create new ocean crust C) They create new continental crust D) They are convergent margins
B) They create new ocean crust
During the creation of a chain of hot spot volcanoes:
A) Some times the plate moves and sometimes the hot spot moves
B) The plate moves and the hot spot stays still
C)The hot spot moves and the plate stays still
B) The plate moves and the hot spot stays still
Most volcanoes on earth are found A) Under the ocean B) Along transform faults C) On land D) At subduction zones
A) Under the ocean
Caldera eruptions are:
a) Very rare (last one was 75,000 years ago)
b) Very large (>1000x bigger than Mt. St. Helens)
c) How Yellowstone volcanoes erupt
d) All of the above
D all of the above
Which of these does NOT affect global sea level?
A) The amount of ice on land
B) The temperature of the ocean water
C) The salinity of the ocean
D) The shape of the ocean basin
C) Salinity of the ocean
During the last ice age, sea level was:
lower
The sediment cycle:
destroys continental crust
Freeze/Thaw can break apart rocks because:
D) Water expands as it freezes into ice
Which is the correct order:
- Make mountains
- Weather rocks
- Transport sediment
- Deposit sediment
Which is NOT a reason for thin sediment over a Mid-Ocean Ridge? Question options: A) Spreading Center B) Far from land C) Subduction
C) Subduction
Which of these processes carries the most sediment?
rivers, glaciers winds,
Rivers
The thickest sediments are found: A) In the middle of the ocean B) On the shelf C) In rivers D) On the deep ocean floor, just over the edge of the shelf
D) On the deep ocean floor, just over the edge of the shelf
The main kind of sediment carried by wind is:
dust
Which of the following chemically weathers into clay?
Feldspar and mica
Sand is composed of what mineral?
feldspar, mica, clay, granite
quartz
Which of the following is true about accumulated elements?
The are in high concetration in the ocean
Which of the following is NOT a recycled element?
chlorine
Solubility increases with:
decreasing temp
Respiration Question options A)Requires warm water B) Takes in O2 and gives off CO2 C) Is done by plants D) Takes in CO2 and gives off O2
B) Takes in O2 and gives off CO2
Which gas is “breathed” in by diatoms?
Co2
Remineralization is: Question options: A) Done by bacteria B) The same process as respiration C) Takes in O2 and gives off CO2 D) All of the above
All
When did South America and Africa separate?
a) About 100 million years ago
b) About 1 billion years ago
c) About 10 million years ago
d) About 1 million years ago
a) About 100 million years ago
Spreading centers are:
a) Convergent boundaries where ocean crust is destroyed
b) Divergent boundaries where ocean crust is formed
c) Transform boundaries where crust is neither created or destroyed
d) Generally found in the middle of tectonic plates
b) Divergent boundaries where ocean crust is formed
Plate Tectonics is driven by:
a) Convection currents caused by heat within the earth
b) The Earth’s magnetic field
c) Strong winds
d) Heat from the sun
a) Convection currents caused by heat within the earth
Ocean trenches are about how deep?
a) 4000m (40 football fields)
b) 8000m or more (> 80 football fields)
c) 2000m (20 football fields)
d) 100m (1 football field)
b) 8000m or more (> 80 football fields)
Pyroclastic flows are: Question options: A) Not very dangerous B) Made of magma and lava C) Associated with Shield Volcanoes D) Made of gas, ash and rock
D) Made of gas, ash and rock
What is the name of the part of a river where it flows fast over steep terrain?
a) Headwaters
b) Delta
c) Flood plain
a) Headwaters
Which of these is NOT true about the Hawaiian Islands?
a) They are formed over a hot spot
b) Their ages indicate that the Pacific Plate is moving
c) They are stratovolcanoes
d) They are made of basalt
c) They are stratovolcanoes
Which of the following occurs at mid-ocean ridges?
a) Subduction
b) New ocean crust is created
c) Stratovolcanoes
d) New continental crust is created
b) New ocean crust is created
Which river on earth has the biggest flow (most water)?
a) Amazon
b) Congo
c) Yangtze
d) Mississippi
a) Amazon
In Antarctica and Greenland, most sediment is transported by:
Rivers, wind, glaciers
glaciers
The thickest sediments on the ocean floor are made of:
a) Boulders
b) Sand
c) Gravel
d) Turbidites
d)Turbidites
Which of these mountain ranges was formed by subduction?
a) Hawaiian Islands (in the Pacific Ocean)
b) Cascades (in the Pacific Northwest)
c) Himalayas (in Asia)
d) Catalinas (near Tucson)
b) Cascades (in the Pacific Northwest)
How were the Catalina mountains formed subduction, pulling continents apart hotspots transform faults colliding continents
pulling continents apart
How were the application mountains formed subduction, pulling continents apart hotspots transform faults colliding continents
colliding continents
How were the san Gabriel mountains formed subduction, pulling continents apart hotspots transform faults colliding continents
transform faults
Why isn’t the ocean filled with sediment?
two processes
subduction: melted underneath continents
subsidence: Lithosphere sinks into mushy asthenosphere
Sediment Cycle: Physical Changes
Where is sand and mud found
on the shelf and the low flat area (flood plain)
Sediment Cycle: Physical Changes
where are skeletons found
on shelf or deep sea floor
Accumulated profile looks like:
straight line
curves down to the left (4 quadrant neg parabola)
curves down to the right (3 quadrant neg parabola)
straight line
Recycled biology profile looks like:
straight line
curves down to the left (4 quadrant neg parabola)
curves down to the right (3 quadrant neg parabola)
curves down to the left (4 quadrant neg parabola)
removed at the surface and accumulates with increasing depth
Scavenged profile looks like:
straight line
curves down to the left (4 quadrant neg parabola)
curves down to the right (3 quadrant neg parabola
curves down to the right (3 quadrant neg parabola
added at surface and removed during sinking
How does light change with depth? negative exponential (3rd quadrant upside down J) x^3 -x^3 linear and negative question mark looking curve
negative exponential (3rd quadrant upside down J)
How does temp change with depth? negative exponential (3rd quadrant upside down J) x^3 -x^3 linear and negative question mark looking curve
question mark looking curve
How does pressure change with depth? negative exponential (3rd quadrant upside down J) x^3 -x^3 linear and negative question mark looking curve
linear and negative
How does O2 change with depth? negative exponential (3rd quadrant upside down J) x^3 (curved up to the left) -x^3 (curved down towards the right) linear and negative question mark looking curve
x^3 (curved up to the left)
How does CO2 change with depth? negative exponential (3rd quadrant upside down J) x^3 (curved up to the left) -x^3 (curved down towards the right) linear and negative question mark looking curve
-x^3 (curved down towards the right)
Characteristics of photic zone? how deep, is light present, are plants present?
0 - 100 m, lots of light and lots of plants
Characteristics of twilight zone? how deep, is light present, are plants present?
100 - 1000 meters, some light, no plants
Characteristics of dark zone? how deep, is light present, are plants present?
1000m or more, no light, no plants
Which is the correct equation for photosynthesis? A) CO2 + Organic Matter --> O2 + H2O B) CO2 + H2O --> Organic Matter + O2 C) CO2 + O2 --> H2O + Organic Matter D) Organic Matter + O2 --> CO2 + H2O
B) CO2 + H2O –> Organic Matter + O2
Scavenged elements:
a) are deposited on the ocean surface from wind-blown dust
b) removed from ocean water by sticking to falling particles (poop & dead bodies)
c) are mostly metals
d) All of the above
All
The profile for recycled elements (important to biology) is:
A) Uniform with depth
B) Increasing with depth (low at surface)
C) Each recycled element is different
D) Decreasing with depth (high at surface)
B) Increasing with depth (low at surface)
Diatoms make their skeletons out of: A) salt B) quartz (Si) C) clay D) calcite (Ca)
B) quartz (Si)
