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Plant and Fungal Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

a type of logical thinking that involves forming a generalized explanation or conclusion based on a set of observations or known facts – “bottom-up logic”

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2
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

a type of logical thinking that forms a prediction or conclusion based on accepted premises – “topdown logic”

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3
Q

Hypothesis

A

a candidate mechanism or explanation that

accounts for a set of observations or phenomena

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4
Q

Theory

A

a scientifically accepted general principle offered to

explain many predictable observations or phenomena

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5
Q

Predictions

A

Expectation from experiment or more detailed observations

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6
Q

Falsifiable

A

Experimental results can disprove it

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7
Q

Hierarchical levels in biology

A

The expanse of the living world can be “reduced” in a
hierarchical way from the biosphere to individual atoms. Organelles, cells, tissues, organs and organ systems, organisms, populations and communities, ecosystems, biosphere

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8
Q

Holism

A

Emergent properties and behaviors that cannot be fully understood from studying the lower level parts

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9
Q

Reductionism

A

A problem/ question at one level of organization is addressed by picking apart features at a lower level of organization

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10
Q

Emergent properties

A

With rising levels of biological organization, new properties and patterns will emerge
Properties possessed at one level are not apparent in members of the lower level, they emerge at the new higher level of organization

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11
Q

Biological organization is described as hierarchical in terms of

A

genetics, physical structures or phenotypes, behavioral interactions

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12
Q

Physical model

A

can see and touch, shows how parts relate to each other. ex. model of a cell

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13
Q

Conceptual model

A

ex. phylogenetic tree

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14
Q

Mathematical or computer model

A

equations and data

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15
Q

binomial species name

A

Genus species, italicized

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16
Q

systematics

A

Science involved with the determination of evolutionary relationships among organisms which establishes the foundation for modern natural classification

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17
Q

taxonomy

A

Science of classifying and naming organisms

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18
Q

nomenclature

A

the devising or choosing of names for things, especially in a science or other discipline.

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19
Q

phylogenetics

A

study of evolutionary relationships

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20
Q

cladistics

A

method of determining evolutionary relationships

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21
Q

clade

A

all of the descendants of a common ancestor

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22
Q

cladogram

A

branching diagrams

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23
Q

monophyletic group

A

ancestor and all of its descendants

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24
Q

polyphyletic group

A

two convergent descendants but not their common ancestor. A and C, but not B.

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25
Q

paraphyletic group

A

includes ancestor and some of its descendants. B and C, but not A.

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26
Q

synapomorphies

A

(homologous structures) structures are similar because they were inherited from common ancestor

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27
Q

homoplasies

A

(analogous features) structures that are similar between unrelated organisms

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28
Q

Natural Classification

A

based on natural evolutionary relationships. grouping organisms based on similarities first then identifying shared characteristics

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29
Q

Artificial Classification

A

Common for plants and fungi- field guides- color, shape, size, etc

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30
Q

Fossil Classification

A

Form genera- similar appearing fossils are organized together

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31
Q

Prokaryote

A

No true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, 1 billion years before eukaryotes

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32
Q

Eukaryote

A

true nuclei and membrane-bound organelles

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33
Q

stromatolite

A

3.7 billion year old prokaryotes, lime secreting cyanobacteria

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34
Q

endosymbiosis

A

one cell engulfing another such that the engulfed cell survives and both cells benefit

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35
Q

plastid

A

specialize in photosynthesis and food storage, photosynthetic chloroplasts, primary endosymbiosis

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36
Q

chloroplast

A

photosynthetic plastids

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37
Q

heterokont

A

endosymbiosis of red algae, secondary endosymbosis ER of heterokont that engulfed the red algae

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38
Q

Lignophytes

A

Woody plants, monophyletic group

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39
Q

Megasporophyll

A

contain megagametophytes are arranged in upright cone-like structures

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40
Q

Microsporophyll

A

spores that grow into male gametophyte.

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41
Q

Seed

A

a fertilized ovule with a dormant embryonic sporophyte retained within and protected and nourished by parent sporophyte tissue

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42
Q

Integument

A

protective tissue of the sporophyte

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43
Q

fertilization of seed plants

A
  1. megasporangium releases spores, land in moist location and germinate.
  2. Develop into a free living gametophyte.
  3. After fertilization of egg, an embryonic sporophyte develops.
  4. To develop ovule, sporangium makes single large megaspore, embryo is retained in megagametophyte (seed)
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44
Q

Pollen tube

A

a tubular structure produced by the male gametophyte of seed plants when it germinates. it arrives at ovary and is attracted to ovule that contains egg cell.

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45
Q

Integument

A

protective sterile tissue of the sporophyte

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46
Q

Vascular cambium

A

zone of regenerating cells that divide to produce secondary xylem and phloem

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47
Q

Megastrobilus

A

cone bearing megasporophylls (leaves with megasporangia)

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48
Q

Progymnosperms

A

extinct group of woody plants, unlimited potential for growth of wood with new type of vascular cambium, no seeds, spores

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49
Q

Spermatophytes

A

seed plants

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50
Q

Gymnosperms

A

naked ovules, not enclosed in carpal

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51
Q

Division Coniferophyta

A

woody trees or large shrubs, needle or scale-like simple leaves, male and female sporangia are born on separate pollen bearing and seed-bearing cones. pines, junipers, spruce, cedars

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52
Q

Division Cycadophyta

A

resemble ferns or palms, tropical areas, form separate male and female plants bearing pollen and seeds on dense cones, sperm cells still have flagella

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53
Q

Division Ginkgophyta

A

single species, dichotomously veined leaves, look like flowering plants, but are more closely related to cycads, Ginkgo biloba

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54
Q

Division Gnetophyta

A

3 groups: gnetum, ephedra, and welwitschia. leaves reduced to small dry scales, stems are photosynthetic, tube grows from egg to meet with pollen tubes for fertilization

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55
Q

Microstrobilus

A

male cone contains leaves called microsporophylls

56
Q

angiosperm

A

flowering plants, a seed plant with ovules and seeds enclosed in a carpel

57
Q

flower

A

a determinate compressed shoot with fertile spore-bearing leaves (and often sterile leaves) in the angiosperms

58
Q

fruit

A

a mature (with fertilized ovules) ovary or ovaries of one or more flowers.

59
Q

carpel

A

Structure surrounding angiosperm ovules, often considered to represent a folded megasporophyll

60
Q

sepal

A

outer protective structure of immature flower while flower is still in bud

61
Q

petal

A

leaf-like colorful part

62
Q

stamen

A

microsporophylls or fertile leaf-like structures that develop microsporangia

63
Q

anther

A

release microspores called pollen grains

64
Q

pistil

A

formed by single or group of fused carpels, leaf-like structures folded around ovules

65
Q

filament

A

supports anther, where pollen is developed

66
Q

style

A

long extension through which the pollen tubes must grow to get to ovules

67
Q

ovary (flowering plant)

A

ovules contained in ovary, bottom sole and part of pistil

68
Q

pericarp

A

part of a fruit formed from the wall of the ripened ovary

69
Q

polar nuclei

A

located in central cell in megagametophyte development

70
Q

double fertilization

A

growth of pollen tube one sperm fuses with and fertilizes the egg, forming diploid zygote. other sperm fuses with the two polar nuclei, forming triploid cell

71
Q

endosperm

A

nutritive triploid tissue, primary food source for germinating seed

72
Q

basal angiosperms

A

are the flowering plants which diverged from the lineage leading to most flowering plants. most primitive angiosperms

73
Q

cotyledons

A

leaf-like structure in embryo in seed plants

74
Q

parallel venation

A

all the veins of a leaf are parallel to each other. (monocots)

75
Q

reticulated venation

A

When veins (or the nerves) shows network or web-like arrangement all over the leaf blade or lamina (eudicots)

76
Q

basal angiosperms

A

the flowering plants which diverged from the lineage leading to most flowering plants

77
Q

eudicots

A

flowering plants mainly characterized by having two seed leaves upon germination. Reticulated venation in leaves, Flower parts often in groups of 4 or 5, Two cotyledons on seed embryo

78
Q

monocots

A

grass and grass-like flowering plants, the seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. Parallel veined leaves, Flower parts generally in groups of 3, Single large cotyledon on seed embryo, Most species are herbs

79
Q

photosynthetic autotrophs

A

make food using the energy in sunlight, include (a) plants, (b) algae, and (c) certain bacteria

80
Q

heterotrophs

A

obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on living prey or by decomposing dead organic matter

81
Q

saprotrophs

A

decomposed dead organic material as an energy and nutrient source

82
Q

mixotrophs

A

organism that can use a mix of different sources of energy and carbon, instead of having a single trophic mode on the continuum from complete autotrophy at one end to heterotrophy at the other

83
Q

phylogenomics

A

analysis that involves genome data and evolutionary reconstructions

84
Q

cilia

A

small projections around the organism, paramecium

85
Q

pseudopod

A

arm-like projection, amoeba

86
Q

flagellum

A

slender threadlike structure, euglena

87
Q

eukaryotic supergroups (6)

A

6 eukaryotic supergroups: archaeplastida, amoebozoa, opisthokonta, rhizaria, chromalveolata, excavata

88
Q

archaeplastida

A

share a common origin with an ancestor that obtained chloroplasts through primary endosymbiosis of a cyanobacterium. ex red algae, chlorophytes (green algae), charophytes (green algae), land plants
lack flagella

89
Q

amoebozoa

A

pseudopodia type of motility most are unicellular but some form large single cells with many nuclei or aggregate together during some parts of the life cycle into multicellular forms. ex. slime molds, gymnamoebas, entamoebas
has pseudopodia, no shell of fixed body

90
Q

opisthokonta

A

single posterior flagellum. ex. animals, fungi, choanoflagellates, nucleariids

91
Q

rhizaria

A

includes amoeboid type organisms with long needle-like pseudopodium, many make elaborate tests or hard outer bodies from precipitated salts such as calcium carbonate. ex. cercozoans, forams, radiolarians

92
Q

chromalveolata

A

taxa with chloroplast derived from secondary endosymbiosis of single-celled red algae the stramino piles or heteroconstants. ex. dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates, diatoms, golden algae, brown algae, oomycetes, “hairy” flagellum

93
Q

excavata

A

excavated feeding trough on the side of their single-celled bodies. ex. diplomonads, parabasalids, euglenozoans

94
Q

syngamy

A

the fusion of two cells

95
Q

diploid

A

containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

96
Q

haploid

A

having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

97
Q

monobiontic life cycle

A

(multicellular diploid stage) 1. meiosis 2. haploid gametes 3. syngamy 4. zygote 5. mitosis 6. each cell is diploid

98
Q

dibiontic life cycle

A

alternation of generations. 2 living and persistent phases of life - sporophyte and gametophyte

99
Q

isomorphic generations and heteromorphic generations life cycle

A

(dibiontic) 1. meiosis 2. spores, not gametes 3. haploid generation 4. mitosis 5. gametes 6. syngamy 7. zygote 8. mitosis 9. diploid generation

100
Q

isomorphic vs heteromorphic generations

A

isomorphic: the sporophyte and gametophyte generations look the same. heteromorphic: the sporophyte and gametophyte generations look different (true plants)

101
Q

spores

A

a haploid reproductive cell which gives rise to a gametophyte

102
Q

gametes

A

haploid reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms that fuse with one another during fertilization

103
Q

sporophyte

A

spore-bearing generation

- 2n plant produces spores by meiosis

104
Q

gametophyte

A

gamete-bearing generation

- 1n plant produces gametes by mitosis

105
Q

sporangia

A

the structure producing spores

106
Q

gametangia

A

the structure producing gametes

107
Q

cuticle

A

on the outside of the plant body that will be necessary for life on land to reduce water loss to dry air

108
Q

parenchyma

A

opportunities for evolution of tissue specialization, transport water

109
Q

embryophytes

A

true plants, develop drought resistant spores, large compact multicellular bodies of parenchyma, develop waxy cuticle, develop multicellular jacket over reproductive structures

110
Q

bryophytes, the 4 chararacteristics

A
  1. no vascular tissues 2. gametophyte is the dominant photosynthetic phase of the life cycle 3. sporophytes are never physically or functionally independent of the gametophyte 4. strictly terrestrial and have cuticle all over their bodies and in many cases stomata
111
Q

division bryophyta

A

mosses. at the bases of the gametophytes are root-like filaments, rhizoids, which serve to anchor the plant to the ground. have structures that look like leaves, roots and stems of flowering plants

112
Q

division hepatophyta

A

liverworts, have rhizoids, gemmae (flat) considered less
complex than mosses, have lobed, leaf-like bodies referred to as thalli, usually prostrate (lying down not upright) and smooth surface

113
Q

division anthocerotophyta

A

hornworts (spiky))Members of this group have a thalloid gametophyte and a green, photosynthetic sporophyte, mucus-filled cavities within the thallus with cyanobacteria

114
Q

stomata

A

pores that allow movements of gases in and out

115
Q

sphagnum

A

peat moss used for gardening. draining bogs causes oxidation of exposed organic material, adds to CO2 emissions

116
Q

tracheophyte

A

vascular plants

117
Q

interpolation theory

A
  1. Earliest land plants had no sporophyte generation (monobiontic)
  2. Later, zygote after fertilization would germinate mitotically, retained on gametophyte
    (dibiontic)
  3. With continued evolution, sporophyte became more elaborate and independent and
    gametophyte became simpler
118
Q

transformation theory

A
  1. Earliest land plants had upright, branched and vascularized gametophytes and
    sporophytes (dibiontic)
  2. Over time, sporophytes became larger and more complex, and gametophytes became
    simpler
    *This theory then predicts that “bryophytes” diverged early, and afterward lost vascular
    tissue and evolved dominant unbranched gametophytes and reduced, unbranched
    sporophytes
119
Q

xylem

A

water transportation

120
Q

phloem

A

sugar transportation

121
Q

epidermis

A

outer layer of tissue

122
Q

tracheid

A

water-conducting cell in xylem

123
Q

microphyll

A

small leaves, one single, unbranched leaf vein

124
Q

megaphyll

A

large leaves, branched leaf veins

125
Q

enations

A

small green photosynthetic flaps of tissue

126
Q

planation

A

process of small stems evolve to grow into flat two-dimensional planes

127
Q

strobili

A

cones

128
Q

fiddlehead

A

curled large compound leaves that unfurl

129
Q

petiole

A

leaf stalk

130
Q

sori

A

clusters of sporangia, sling spores into the air

131
Q

annulus

A

snaps forward to hurl spores into the wind

132
Q

rhyniophytes

A

1) Naked stems, no leaves
2) Epidermis with cuticle
3) Cortex with parenchyma and vascular bundle in middle
4) Ends of branches – sporangia with several layers of sterile outer cells

133
Q

lycophyta

A

club mosses. look like mosses, have prostrate stems and true roots. Sporangia of lycopods are associated with specialized microphylls called sporophylls, and are either single or multiple, forming a cone-like structure called a strobilius.

134
Q

arthrophyta/ sphenophyta

A

horsetails. prominent ribs with whorls of needle-like leaves. Horsetails also have underground rhizomes with advantageous roots. Horsetails bear cones (strobili) at the tips of some stems which contain sporangiophores with sporangia at their edges.

135
Q

pteridophyta

A

ferns. the stems and roots are simple with the stems composed mostly of rhizomes. The fronds (leaves) produce clusters of mature sporangia (called sori) that contain single-cell spores.

Plant and Fungal Biology (2 decks)

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