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Theories of Personality > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

organization of enduring behavior patterns that distinguish us from one another

  • emphasis on distinctiveness and uniqueness
  • assumed to be consistent and predictable
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2
Q

What does the word personality come from

A

the word “Persona” which means mask.

- implies personality is a cover, what we show to others

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3
Q

Who thought personality came from biological factors such as blood

A

hippocrates

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4
Q

Why a need for personality theories?

A
  1. Self-understanding
  2. Understand others
  3. Human intrigue
  4. Prediction
  5. Help people
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5
Q
  1. self-understanding
A

can be useful for career choice, change your behavior

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6
Q
  1. Prediction
A

predict how ppl will act/behave, when your basic needs aren’t met, you may do things you otherwise never would

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7
Q

Personality theories

A
  1. developmental
  2. learning
  3. perception
  4. abnormal
  5. social
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8
Q

Issues addressed by good personality theories

A
  1. personality structure
  2. what motivates human behavior
  3. how does personality develop
  4. what determines personality disturbance
  5. how can personality change
  6. what are characteristics of a healthy personality
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9
Q

personality structure

A

how stable is the personality, stable character, simple v. complex

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10
Q

what motivates human behavior

A

“I hung out with a friend because I felt bad for ghosting him”

  • internal v. external motivation
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11
Q

How does personality develop

A

stages, continuous, milestones

nature v. nurture

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12
Q

stages

A

psychosexual -> need to achieve 1 stage before you move to the next

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13
Q

continuous

A

occurs gradually

ex. memory, “adulting”

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14
Q

milestones

A

dont need to master one stone before moving to the next, don’t need to be in order

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15
Q

Nature v. nurture

A
  • “reaction range”

- environment determines where you fall, heredity sets all standards/perameters (ex. height)

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16
Q

what determines personality disturbance

A

childhood conflict, society, punishment v. reward

anger can be a learned behavior

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17
Q

how can personality change

A

insight v. unlearn behavior

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18
Q

Personality Stability and Change

A
  • personality psych addresses change (development) and stability (ppl change over time and stay the same)
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19
Q

Causes of Personality Stability

A
  1. temperament
  2. environment
  3. early experiences (that affect personality)
  4. P x E (person/environment interactions)
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20
Q
  1. temperament
A

has to do with positive/negative feelings

ex. peaceful babies = peaceful adults

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21
Q
  1. environment
A

out of our control

ex. economic status grown up in, urban v. rural

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22
Q
  1. early experiences
A

many emergefrom situations with strong personalities

ex. parents divorcing, bullied

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23
Q
  1. PxE (person/environment interactions)
A

situations you seek out v. avoid

ex. why are you drawn to your major

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24
Q

Personality Change

A
  1. Maturity Principle
  2. Social Investment Change
  3. Personality change is possible
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25
Q

maturity principle

A

personality changes in response to responsibilities

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26
Q

social investment change

A

the roles you take on

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27
Q

personality change is possible

A

ex. you can work on responsibility by not waiting until last minute to do assignment

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28
Q

Continuity of Aging

A

personality now is what it was, but even stronger

- become what we already are

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29
Q

Personality Assessment

A

objective tests

projective tests

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30
Q

objective tests

A

multiple choice, true/false (forced choice)

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31
Q

projective tests

A

hidden drives, dreams, fears, thoughts

- unconscious proccess, ambiguous stimulus

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32
Q

Basic Assumptions of Human Nature

A
  1. freedom v. determinism

2. rationality v. irrationality

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33
Q

freedom v. determinism

A
  • who is in charge of our behavior? are we controlled by something else?
  • ex. gambling, addiction
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34
Q

rationality v. irrationality

A

extent taht rational thought influences behavior

ex. wearing mask bc science or bc fear

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35
Q

Freud’s creation of dynamic psychology

A

went to paris, witnessed charcot hypnotize women with hysteria
- called it “catharsis”

Personality fueled by “Psychic Energy”

36
Q

catharsis

A

relief of symptoms through expression of emotions

- most are unconscious (release unconscious emotions through conscious activities)

37
Q

Personality fueled by “Psychic Energy”

A

instinct -> arousal -> tension

38
Q

instinct

A

fuel psychic energy, causes physical arousal, leads to tension, causes psychic energy

  • obey instincts and release tension
  • implies personality is biologically based
39
Q

Levels of consciousness

A
  1. conscious
  2. preconscious
  3. unconscious
40
Q

conscious

A

present awareness

41
Q

preconscious

A

available memory

ex. what you did last weekend

42
Q

unconscious

A

thoughts, feelings, wishes, memories we’re unaware of

43
Q

Personality Structures

A
  • are hypothetical
  • fueled by instincts and psychic energy
    1. ID
    2. Ego
    3. Superego
44
Q

ID

A
  • inborn, houses instincts, creates tension, raw, primitive
  • opperates according to “pleasure principle”
  • “it” in latin (objectifies)
45
Q

pleasure principle

A

find pleasure, avoid pain

pleasure = decreased tension

46
Q

2 ID processes

A
  1. reflex action

2. wish fulfilment

47
Q

reflex action

A

reflex we have to relieve tension

48
Q

wish fulfilment

A

when we can’t fulfil needs, we daydream about it

49
Q

Ego

A
  • gratify ID desires in conjunction w/ reality (takes reality into consideration
  • “reality principle”
  • “secondary process”
50
Q

reality principle

A

postpones ID desires until appropriate time and place

- ex. party v. study

51
Q

secondary process

A

problem solving, thinking, battle btn ID and Ego

52
Q

Superego

A

morals and conscience (guilty)

  • comes from our parents, child integrates parents’ standards of right/wrong
  • starts by wanting to avoid punishment and then develops
  • battle between ID and SE even stronger
53
Q

2 subsystems of superego

A
  1. ego-ideal

2. conscience

54
Q

ego-ideal

A

concepts of moral goodness, instilled thru rewards

ex. rewarded for helping teacher

55
Q

conscience (superego subsystem)

A

concepts of moral wrong/bad, instilled thru punishment

56
Q

what do we want ego to do

A

moderate between id and superego

57
Q

large id, small ego and small se

A

person is reckless

58
Q

large se, small ego and small id

A

person constantly appologetic, always feels guilty

59
Q

large ego, small se and small id

A

person is realistic and dry, doesn’t enjoy life

60
Q

what are the instincts

A
  1. death instincts

2. life instincts

61
Q

death instincts

A

unconscious instinct, expressed consciously through things we do (any kind of risky behavior) ex. aggression

  • thanatos (death wish), desire to return to earth/organic matter
  • motivated to avoid pain -> death is ultimate pain reliever
62
Q

Life instincts

A

libido

63
Q

libido

A

energy used by life instincts
- libidmal energy invested in an object that will satisfy a need (cathexis)
|_ anticathexis

64
Q

anticathexis

A

formed by ego and se to restarain cathexis

ex. dad hits kid, kid fantasizes hitting dad back (cathexis). anticathexis prevents him from hitting dad back
- original cathexis “displaced” onto safer object (kid hits toys instead of dad, feels anger but also anxiety)

65
Q

Anxiety

A
  • sign of a threat, our personality is being threatened to some extent (“anxiety thermostat”)
  • feeling of anxiety is conscious, yet cause is often unconscious
66
Q

Primary Anxiety

A

child’s inability to master internal and external excitations
- baby goes from womb to having to use functions in new environment

67
Q

3 types of anxiety

A
  1. reality
  2. moral anxiety
  3. neurotic anxiety
68
Q

reality anxiety

A

source in external world

ex. pop quiz

69
Q

moral anxiety

A

superego; guilt/shame

- when we’ve done something wrong or think of doing something wrong

70
Q

neurotic anxiety

A
  • don’t know why we feel anxious

- fear Ego and SE will lose control of ID

71
Q

dont know why we feel anxious

A

according to freud, id wants to do something but ego and se hold it back

72
Q

how is neurotic anxiety manifested

A
  1. phobia
  2. free-floating anxiety
  3. panic
73
Q

phobia

A

manifestation of death instinct

  • we unconsciously want what the phobia represents
  • ego and se develop phobia to prevent death instinct (anticathexis)
74
Q

panic

A

if ego and se fail, id bursts forth

75
Q

how do we deal with anxiety

A

defense mechanisms

76
Q

defense mechanisms

A
  • problem solving strategies to defend against open ID
77
Q

how do defense mechanisms work

A
  1. blocking impulse
  2. distorting impulse
    - ex. disliking someone but killing them with kindness
78
Q

types of defense mechanisms

A
  1. repression
  2. projection
  3. sublimation
  4. reaction formation
  5. displacement
  6. rationalization
  7. regression
79
Q

repression

A
  • obstruct expression of unconscious instinct
    ex. repressed memory activation
  • what happens to repressed material?
80
Q

what happens to repressed material?

A
  • exist unchanged
  • force its way thru anticathexis of ego and se
  • expressed thru displacement
  • repression may lift
81
Q

projection

A

unacceptable impulses attributed to others

  • taking quality u have and project onto other ppl
  • unconscious way of expressing anger over our own qualities by projecting onto others
82
Q

sublimation

A

unacceptable impulses channeled in a form that is socially acceptable

83
Q

reaction formation

A

repress an unacceptable impulse and express its opposite

84
Q

displacement

A

unwanted thought/feeling is redirected onto a safer substitute

85
Q

rationalization

A

give a rational but incorrect excuse for behavior/thoughts that cause anxiety

86
Q

regression

A

retreat from anxious conflict to an earlier developmental stage
- do something that made u feel comfort at an earlier state (ex. moving back with parents after graduating)

87
Q

criticisms of freuds theory

A
  1. reliance upon case studies
  2. concepts were vaguely defined
  3. didn’t distinguish b/n observation and inference
  4. lack of testability
  5. difficulty w/ use of symbols
  6. influence and zeitgeist
  7. pessimistic
  8. “post-dictive”

Theories of Personality (1 decks)

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