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Neuropsychology 459 > Exam 1! > Flashcards

Exam 1! Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacology

A

study of the actions of drugs and effects on living organisms

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2
Q

neuropharmacology

A

study of drug-induced changes in the nervous system

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3
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

emphasizes drug-induced changes in mood, thinking, and behavior

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4
Q

drug action

A

physical changes producedby a drug when it binds to a target site (e.g. enzyme) or neurotransmitter

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5
Q

drug effect

A

drug action alters physiological or psychological functions

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6
Q

specific drug effect

A

based on physical and biochemical interactions of a drug with a target site in living tissue

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7
Q

nonspecific drug effect ( kinda like side effects)

A

based on certain unique characterisitics of the individual (e.g. mood,expectations, perceptions, attitudes) may also be related to the drugs biological action

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8
Q

placebo

A
  • can produce physiolgical change
  • can produce both therapeutic and side effects
  • belief in a drug may produce real physiological effects despite the lack of chemical activity
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9
Q

pharmokinetic

A

what the body does to a drug? (how does your body handle drugs over time)
- the dynamic factors that contribute to bioavailability

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10
Q

Bioavailability

A

amount of the drug in the blood that is free to bind at target sites

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11
Q

What organ metabolises (dreaks down) drugs?

A

liver!!

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12
Q

Pharmokinetic factors:

A
  1. routes of administration !!
  2. absorption and distribution !!
  3. binding
  4. inactivation
  5. excretion
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13
Q

Routes of administration

A

how quickly drug reaches target tissue

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14
Q

Routes of administration

A
  1. oral/rectal
  2. intravenous
  3. intraperitonal
  4. subcutaneous
  5. Intramuscular
  6. inhalation
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15
Q

Blood circulation

A
  1. deoxgenated = blue color flowing to lungs to absorb oxygen
  2. from lungs to heart
  3. oxygen- heme/iron = red color flowing to organs
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16
Q

first pass effect (first past metabolism)

A

is a phenomenon of drug metabolism whereby concentration of a drug specifically when administered orally is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation

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17
Q

Oral administration

A
  1. benefits: safe, self-administered, economical
  2. considerations: degradation by stomach acids and enzymes
    - many factors can influence plasma concentrations (example: absorption and first pass metabolism)
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18
Q

absorption

A

movement of drug from site of administration to the blood circulation

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19
Q

Factors that CAN influence absorption:

A
  1. food in stomach
  2. type of food
  3. physical activity
  4. metabolism
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20
Q

First pass metabolism (his definition)

A

chemical alteration of a drug by the liver prior to reaching brain, heart
- other methods by-pass liver

21
Q

rectal administration

A
  • the drug aviods first pass metabolism depending on placement
  • used in infants, those incapable of taking drugs
22
Q

Intravenous injection (IV)

A
  1. pros: most RAPID and accurate method
  2. cons: rapid onset offers little time to correct on overdose or allergic reaction
    - drug cannot be removed from body
23
Q

Inhalation

A
  1. drug is absorbed very rapidly from the lungs

2. psychoactive drug effect is rapid (nicotine, THC in marijuana, crack cocaine)

24
Q

intranasal administration

A
  1. local effects: such as reliving nasal congestion
  2. systemic effects - allergy relief
  3. by passes blood brain barrier: produces high brain concentrations
  4. full absorption can occur in 15 mins!
25
Q

important factor in determining plasma drug:

A

the rate of passage through cell membrane

26
Q

passive diffusion

A
  • means by which lipid soluble drugs can pass through the cell membrane
  • movement is in direction from high to low concentration
  • the larger the concentration gradient, the faster the diffusion
27
Q

Other factors that affect absorption and distrubution:

A
  • rate stomach empties
  • size and sex of individual
  • frequency and history of prior drug use
  • blood brain barrier
28
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

barrier around blood supply that prevents potential toxins from getting out of blood stream into central nervous system

29
Q

teratogens

A

is any agent that causes an abnormality following fetal exposure during pregnancy.

30
Q

drug depot

A

a drug can get absorbed where we do not want it to get absorbed

31
Q

Drug depots

A
  • binding can occur at inactive sites
  • can include proteins in blood supply, muscle, and HAIR AND LIPIDS
  • depot binding prevents drug from reaching its target
32
Q

half life

A

time it takes for 50% of the drug in blood supply to be metabolize (broken down by liver)

33
Q

99% of drugs are metabolized by liver

A

first order kinetics

34
Q

drugs are eliminated vis biotransformation (metabolism) and metabolizes are excreted

A

excertion

35
Q

biotransformation

A

the alteration of a substance within the body

36
Q

zero order kinetics

A

molecules are cleared at a constant rate regardless of concentration

37
Q

enzyme induction

A

repeated use of drugs increases # of enzymes and speeds metabolism

38
Q

drug tolerance and cross tolerance

A

drugs lose effectiveness with repeated use

39
Q

pharmodynamics

A

physiological and biochemical interaction of drug molecules with cell receptors in target tissue
- how drugs alter the body

40
Q

receptors

A

proteins in the bi-lipid plasma membrane

41
Q

ligand

A

molecule that binds to a receptor with some selectivity

42
Q

molecular docking

A

a computational elimination of 3 dimensional interactions and receptor

43
Q

efficacy

A

desired effect that a drug can produce regardless of dose

44
Q

potentcy

A

amount of a drug that is needed to produce the desired effect

45
Q

agonist

A

binds to receptor and activates it to produce biological response

46
Q

antagonist

A

blocks the activity of any receptor

47
Q

partial agonist

A

binds to sit, activates it, but produces an effect that is lessen then endogenous ligand or a full agonist
- chantix

48
Q

competitive antagonist

A

bind to same site on receptor as agonist, but blocks agonist
-inhibition can be overcame by increasing agonist

49
Q

noncompetitive antagonist

A

bind to a different site on a neuron than an agonist (any where but the receptor site)
- inhibition cannot be overcome by increasing concentration of agonist

Neuropsychology 459 (1 decks)

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