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BioMed > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Glucose is a

A

carbohydrate

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2
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Electron leaves a shell to go to another atom.

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3
Q

It is possible to lose more than 1 electron in an ionic bond. T/F

A

True

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4
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

2 atoms share electrons. Atoms are close/identical in electronegativity.

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5
Q

It is possible for covalent bonds to share more than 1 electron. T/F

A

True

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6
Q

Covalent bonds do not have to share equally. T/F

A

True

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7
Q

What does electronegativity result in?

A

Oxygen keeping the electron

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8
Q

What are phospholipids apart of?

A

The cell membrane

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9
Q

Saturated fatty acids have double or single bonds?

A

Single bonds

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10
Q

Does double bonds or single bonds have more energy?

A

Single bonds

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11
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids have single or double bonds?

A

Double bonds

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12
Q

Last carbon in a fatty acid is called what?

A

Omega carbon

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13
Q

The carboxyl group at the end of the fatty acid is considered polar or nonpolar?

A

Polar

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14
Q

What lipid is the most energy storage efficient?

A

Triacylglycerol

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15
Q

Triacylgylcerol’s are more reduced than

A

carbohydrates and proteins

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16
Q

A polypeptide is how many amino acids in a row?

A

1-15

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17
Q

A protein is how many amino acids in a row?

A

15 or more

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18
Q

What kind of reaction would you use ATP in?

A

Endergonic

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19
Q

In lipids, more double bonds mean

A

more liquid the lipid is

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20
Q

Fatty acids are high/low energy dense?

A

highly energy dense

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21
Q

Fatty acids are for energy storage or structure?

A

Energy storage

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22
Q

Cholesterols are for energy store or structure?

A

Structure sometimes hormones

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23
Q

Elcosanoids are for energy storage, structure, or hormones?

A

Hormones

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24
Q

First shell has how many electrons? Second shell? Third shell?

A

1st shell=2 electrons
2nd shell= 8 electrons
3rd shell= 18 electrons

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25
Q

What element is the most abundant in your body?

A

Oxygen

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26
Q

The atomic # =

A

of protons

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27
Q

The mass # =

A

of protons + # of neutrons

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28
Q

What is an ion?

A

an atom that has lost or gained an electron

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29
Q

What is a molecule?

A

2 or more atoms sharing electrons

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30
Q

What is a compound?

A

Substance that can be broken down into 2 or more different elements

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31
Q

Valence electrons are in what shell?

A

Last shell AKA valence shell

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32
Q

What do valence electrons participate in?

A

Chemical reactions

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33
Q

What is a solution?

A

small solutes evenly dispersed. They are transparent

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34
Q

What is a colloid?

A

larger molecules soluble, but scatter light. It looks cloudy.

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35
Q

What is suspension?

A

suspended material settles out with time. (solute particles do not dissolve, but get suspended throughout the bulk of the solvent, left floating around freely in the medium)

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36
Q

What is an example of suspension?

A

Blood

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37
Q

What do buffer systems regulate?

A

pH

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38
Q

What is an oxidation-reduction reaction? (OIL RIG)

A

One atom loses the electron (oxidized) that the other gains (reduced)

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39
Q

When you oxidize, do you gain or lose energy?

A

lose energy

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40
Q

What do inorganic compounds lack?

A

Carbon

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41
Q

What do organic compounds contain?

A

hydrogen and carbon

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42
Q

Organic compounds are in living or nonliving organisms?

A

Living

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43
Q

What is the most abundant inorganic compound?

A

Water

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44
Q

An ion in solution is called what?

A

electrolytes

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45
Q

In hydrolysis, water is added to do what?

A

break bonds

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46
Q

In dehydration synthesis, what is removed?

A

water

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47
Q

In dehydration synthesis and water is removed, does it make the compound bigger or smaller?

A

bigger

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48
Q

Does water have a high or low heat capacity?

A

High. You can add a lot of energy before temperature changes

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49
Q

Do exergonic reactions release or consume energy?

A

Release energy

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50
Q

Is exergonic or endergonic favorable?

A

Exergonic

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51
Q

Is exergonic or endergonic unfavorable?

A

Endergonic

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52
Q

An endergonic reaction consumes or releases energy?

A

Consumes energy

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53
Q

In an exergonic reaction, do electrons go to a lower energy state or high energy state?

A

Low energy state

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54
Q

In an endergonic reaction, do electrons go to a lower energy state or high energy state?

A

High energy state

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55
Q

Potential energy is stored/moving?

A

stored

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56
Q

Kinetic energy is stored/moving?

A

actively occurring/moving

57
Q

In an endergonic/exergonic reaction, where do you get the electrons from?

A

valence shell

58
Q

What does a catalyst do?

A

Lowers activation energy. It speeds up the reaction.

59
Q

Reversible is what?

A

difference between reactants/products is small

60
Q

Irreversible is what?

A

difference between reactants/products is large

61
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

An enzyme

62
Q

Is a catalyst changed or unchanged?

A

Unchanged

63
Q

Would a synthesis occur in an anabolic or catabolic reaction?

A

Anabolic

64
Q

Catabolic is

A

fasting (breaking down)

65
Q

Synthesis formula

A

A+B -> AB

66
Q

Decomp formula

A

AB -> A+B

67
Q

An ion surrounded in water is considered

A

hydrated

68
Q

Dexan is synthesized from what disaccharide?

A

Sucrose

69
Q

Dexan is found in what?

A

Dental plaque

70
Q

What is glycogen composed of?

A

Glucose

71
Q

Glycogen function

A

storage

72
Q

There are specific enzymes that catalyze the synthesis or digestion of each type of what

A

glycosidic bond

73
Q

Acid is a proton..?

A

donor

74
Q

Base is a proton…?

A

acceptor

75
Q

What is the major storage of glucose in animals?

A

Glycogen

76
Q

What is the major storage of glucose in plants?

A

Starch

77
Q

Atoms become more ________ as valence electrons become progressively filled

A

electronegative

78
Q

DNA is double or single stranded?

A

double

79
Q

DNA sugar is

A

deoxyribose

80
Q

DNA’s base is

A

thymine

81
Q

RNA is double or single stranded?

A

single

82
Q

RNA sugar is

A

ribose

83
Q

RNA’s base is

A

uracile

84
Q

DNA is the code for what?

A

proteins in your body

85
Q

DNA and RNA is a

A

pentose sugar (5)

86
Q

What is the major energy carrier in the body?

A

ATP

87
Q

ATP is a

A

Base

88
Q

ATP uses what type of reaction?

A

Endergonic

89
Q

Collagen is main structural protein for

A

skin, bones, tendons, teeth

90
Q

Collagen holds what together?

A

Cells

91
Q

What is Amphipathic?

A

part of molecule is hydrophobic, part hydrophilic.

92
Q

Hydrophobic is

A

nonpolar

93
Q

Hydrophilic is

A

polar

94
Q

Cholesterol has how many rings?

A

4

95
Q

Carbon atoms in lipids are more oxidized or reduced? In relation to sugars.

A

Reduced

96
Q

A peptide bond is a bond that combines

A

amino acids

97
Q

G to C is how many hydrogen bonds?

A

3

98
Q

A to T is how many hydrogen bonds?

A

2

99
Q

What structure is Hemoglobin in?

A

quaternary

100
Q

What structure are polypeptides in?

A

Primary

101
Q

Secondary structure is folding of

A

primary into either alpha (a) or beta (b)

102
Q

Tertiary is folding of

A

secondary elements into a 3-D protein

103
Q

Why does water have a high heat capacity?

A

Due to the large # of hydrogen bonds

104
Q

Example of water evaporation

A

sweating.

105
Q

When water evaporation occurs, heat is removed. This is what type of important mechanism

A

cooling mechanism

106
Q

Fully disassociated is strong or weak?

A

strong

107
Q

Partially disassociated is strong or weak?

A

Weak

108
Q

Is a catabolic state more oxidized?

A

yes

109
Q

What is occurring metabolically in the body to create energy?

A

Taking electrons from complex molecules, adding oxygen to them & stripping these electrons for energy for the body. (ATP)

110
Q

How does Dextran polarize light?

A

to the right

111
Q

What is rich in dental plaque?

A

Dextran

112
Q

Cellulose is found where?

A

Cell wall of plants

113
Q

Is a molecule reduced when it loses electrons?

A

No, it is oxidized

114
Q

Less double bonding for lipids means

A

more solid @ room temp

115
Q

Cis double bond is the least solid/liquid in relation to lipids

A

solid

116
Q

Unsaturated fats in relation to lipids comes in what 2 forms?

A

cis and trans

117
Q

Lipid melting point decreases when

A

more double bonds are added

118
Q

Fat has a higher energy density than

A

sugar, carbohydrates, or proteins

119
Q

Triacyglycerol are

A

fats

120
Q

Endergonic reactions can coupling with exergonic reactions such as

A

ATP hydrolysis

121
Q

Coupling reactions

A

using the energy of an exergonic reactions to drive an endergonic one.

122
Q

Energy =

A

electrons

123
Q

Less electrons =

A

more oxidized

124
Q

Organic compounds always have what type of bond?

A

covalent bonds

125
Q

Polarity

A

the uneven ​sharing​ of valence electrons that confer a partial negative charge near
the one oxygen atom and two partial positive charges near the two hydrogens.

126
Q

Acids gives up or take H+

A

gives up

127
Q

Base gives up or takes up H+

A

takes up

128
Q

buffers are weak or strong?

A

Weak because they partially disassociate

129
Q

Glycogen

A

made up of glucose, energy storage in ANIMALS (liver, muscles, skeletal). alpha 1-4
linkage, branching every 10 nomoner

130
Q

Dextran is storage for what

A

bacteria

131
Q

Levan

A

found in dental plaque, formed from fructose. It rotates polarized light to the left

132
Q

Cellulose

A

made up of glucose, found in cell walls of plants. INGESTIBLE by humans. Have
BETA 1,4 linkage. Chain is unbranched

133
Q

Essential Fatty acids

A

Fatty acids that your body needs but cannot make on its own. Must get it from food/diet
- Ex: Omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids, Cis- fatty acids

134
Q

**Hydrogen bonding:

A

share electrons UNEQUALLY. often occurs w/ H2O​. 2 other atoms share a
hydrogen atom, one as a donor​, the other as an acceptor​.

135
Q

Triacylglycerols structure ( how its made)

A

Three fatty acid chains connected to glycerol by ester linkages

136
Q

Where are triacylgylcerols stored?

A

adipose tissue

137
Q

What binds 2 DNA strands together?

A

hydrogen bonding

138
Q

Catalyst do not change what?

A

overall ultimate energy yield of the reaction

BioMed (2 decks)

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