Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Glucose is a
A
carbohydrate
2
Q
What is an ionic bond?
A
Electron leaves a shell to go to another atom.
3
Q
It is possible to lose more than 1 electron in an ionic bond. T/F
A
True
4
Q
What is a covalent bond?
A
2 atoms share electrons. Atoms are close/identical in electronegativity.
5
Q
It is possible for covalent bonds to share more than 1 electron. T/F
A
True
6
Q
Covalent bonds do not have to share equally. T/F
A
True
7
Q
What does electronegativity result in?
A
Oxygen keeping the electron
8
Q
What are phospholipids apart of?
A
The cell membrane
9
Q
Saturated fatty acids have double or single bonds?
A
Single bonds
10
Q
Does double bonds or single bonds have more energy?
A
Single bonds
11
Q
Unsaturated fatty acids have single or double bonds?
A
Double bonds
12
Q
Last carbon in a fatty acid is called what?
A
Omega carbon
13
Q
The carboxyl group at the end of the fatty acid is considered polar or nonpolar?
A
Polar
14
Q
What lipid is the most energy storage efficient?
A
Triacylglycerol
15
Q
Triacylgylcerol’s are more reduced than
A
carbohydrates and proteins
16
Q
A polypeptide is how many amino acids in a row?
A
1-15
17
Q
A protein is how many amino acids in a row?
A
15 or more
18
Q
What kind of reaction would you use ATP in?
A
Endergonic
19
Q
In lipids, more double bonds mean
A
more liquid the lipid is
20
Q
Fatty acids are high/low energy dense?
A
highly energy dense
21
Q
Fatty acids are for energy storage or structure?
A
Energy storage
22
Q
Cholesterols are for energy store or structure?
A
Structure sometimes hormones
23
Q
Elcosanoids are for energy storage, structure, or hormones?
A
Hormones
24
Q
First shell has how many electrons? Second shell? Third shell?
A
1st shell=2 electrons
2nd shell= 8 electrons
3rd shell= 18 electrons
25
What element is the most abundant in your body?
Oxygen
26
The atomic # =
of protons
27
The mass # =
of protons + # of neutrons
28
What is an ion?
an atom that has lost or gained an electron
29
What is a molecule?
2 or more atoms sharing electrons
30
What is a compound?
Substance that can be broken down into 2 or more different elements
31
Valence electrons are in what shell?
Last shell AKA valence shell
32
What do valence electrons participate in?
Chemical reactions
33
What is a solution?
small solutes evenly dispersed. They are transparent
34
What is a colloid?
larger molecules soluble, but scatter light. It looks cloudy.
35
What is suspension?
suspended material settles out with time. (solute particles do not dissolve, but get suspended throughout the bulk of the solvent, left floating around freely in the medium)
36
What is an example of suspension?
Blood
37
What do buffer systems regulate?
pH
38
What is an oxidation-reduction reaction? (OIL RIG)
One atom loses the electron (oxidized) that the other gains (reduced)
39
When you oxidize, do you gain or lose energy?
lose energy
40
What do inorganic compounds lack?
Carbon
41
What do organic compounds contain?
hydrogen and carbon
42
Organic compounds are in living or nonliving organisms?
Living
43
What is the most abundant inorganic compound?
Water
44
An ion in solution is called what?
electrolytes
45
In hydrolysis, water is added to do what?
break bonds
46
In dehydration synthesis, what is removed?
water
47
In dehydration synthesis and water is removed, does it make the compound bigger or smaller?
bigger
48
Does water have a high or low heat capacity?
High. You can add a lot of energy before temperature changes
49
Do exergonic reactions release or consume energy?
Release energy
50
Is exergonic or endergonic favorable?
Exergonic
51
Is exergonic or endergonic unfavorable?
Endergonic
52
An endergonic reaction consumes or releases energy?
Consumes energy
53
In an exergonic reaction, do electrons go to a lower energy state or high energy state?
Low energy state
54
In an endergonic reaction, do electrons go to a lower energy state or high energy state?
High energy state
55
Potential energy is stored/moving?
stored
56
Kinetic energy is stored/moving?
actively occurring/moving
57
In an endergonic/exergonic reaction, where do you get the electrons from?
valence shell
58
What does a catalyst do?
Lowers activation energy. It speeds up the reaction.
59
Reversible is what?
difference between reactants/products is small
60
Irreversible is what?
difference between reactants/products is large
61
What is a catalyst?
An enzyme
62
Is a catalyst changed or unchanged?
Unchanged
63
Would a synthesis occur in an anabolic or catabolic reaction?
Anabolic
64
Catabolic is
fasting (breaking down)
65
Synthesis formula
A+B -> AB
66
Decomp formula
AB -> A+B
67
An ion surrounded in water is considered
hydrated
68
Dexan is synthesized from what disaccharide?
Sucrose
69
Dexan is found in what?
Dental plaque
70
What is glycogen composed of?
Glucose
71
Glycogen function
storage
72
There are specific enzymes that catalyze the synthesis or digestion of each type of what
glycosidic bond
73
Acid is a proton..?
donor
74
Base is a proton...?
acceptor
75
What is the major storage of glucose in animals?
Glycogen
76
What is the major storage of glucose in plants?
Starch
77
Atoms become more ________ as valence electrons become progressively filled
electronegative
78
DNA is double or single stranded?
double
79
DNA sugar is
deoxyribose
80
DNA's base is
thymine
81
RNA is double or single stranded?
single
82
RNA sugar is
ribose
83
RNA's base is
uracile
84
DNA is the code for what?
proteins in your body
85
DNA and RNA is a
pentose sugar (5)
86
What is the major energy carrier in the body?
ATP
87
ATP is a
Base
88
ATP uses what type of reaction?
Endergonic
89
Collagen is main structural protein for
skin, bones, tendons, teeth
90
Collagen holds what together?
Cells
91
What is Amphipathic?
part of molecule is hydrophobic, part hydrophilic.
92
Hydrophobic is
nonpolar
93
Hydrophilic is
polar
94
Cholesterol has how many rings?
4
95
Carbon atoms in lipids are more oxidized or reduced? In relation to sugars.
Reduced
96
A peptide bond is a bond that combines
amino acids
97
G to C is how many hydrogen bonds?
3
98
A to T is how many hydrogen bonds?
2
99
What structure is Hemoglobin in?
quaternary
100
What structure are polypeptides in?
Primary
101
Secondary structure is folding of
primary into either alpha (a) or beta (b)
102
Tertiary is folding of
secondary elements into a 3-D protein
103
Why does water have a high heat capacity?
Due to the large # of hydrogen bonds
104
Example of water evaporation
sweating.
105
When water evaporation occurs, heat is removed. This is what type of important mechanism
cooling mechanism
106
Fully disassociated is strong or weak?
strong
107
Partially disassociated is strong or weak?
Weak
108
Is a catabolic state more oxidized?
yes
109
What is occurring metabolically in the body to create energy?
Taking electrons from complex molecules, adding oxygen to them & stripping these electrons for energy for the body. (ATP)
110
How does Dextran polarize light?
to the right
111
What is rich in dental plaque?
Dextran
112
Cellulose is found where?
Cell wall of plants
113
Is a molecule reduced when it loses electrons?
No, it is oxidized
114
Less double bonding for lipids means
more solid @ room temp
115
Cis double bond is the least solid/liquid in relation to lipids
solid
116
Unsaturated fats in relation to lipids comes in what 2 forms?
cis and trans
117
Lipid melting point decreases when
more double bonds are added
118
Fat has a higher energy density than
sugar, carbohydrates, or proteins
119
Triacyglycerol are
fats
120
Endergonic reactions can coupling with exergonic reactions such as
ATP hydrolysis
121
Coupling reactions
using the energy of an exergonic reactions to drive an endergonic one.
122
Energy =
electrons
123
Less electrons =
more oxidized
124
Organic compounds always have what type of bond?
covalent bonds
125
Polarity
the uneven sharing of valence electrons that confer a partial negative charge near
the one oxygen atom and two partial positive charges near the two hydrogens.
126
Acids gives up or take H+
gives up
127
Base gives up or takes up H+
takes up
128
buffers are weak or strong?
Weak because they partially disassociate
129
Glycogen
made up of glucose, energy storage in ANIMALS (liver, muscles, skeletal). alpha 1-4
linkage, branching every 10 nomoner
130
Dextran is storage for what
bacteria
131
Levan
found in dental plaque, formed from fructose. It rotates polarized light to the left
132
Cellulose
made up of glucose, found in cell walls of plants. INGESTIBLE by humans. Have
BETA 1,4 linkage. Chain is unbranched
133
Essential Fatty acids
Fatty acids that your body needs but cannot make on its own. Must get it from food/diet
- Ex: Omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids, Cis- fatty acids
134
**Hydrogen bonding:
share electrons UNEQUALLY. often occurs w/ H2O. 2 other atoms share a
hydrogen atom, one as a donor, the other as an acceptor.
135
Triacylglycerols structure ( how its made)
Three fatty acid chains connected to glycerol by ester linkages
136
Where are triacylgylcerols stored?
adipose tissue
137
What binds 2 DNA strands together?
hydrogen bonding
138
Catalyst do not change what?
overall ultimate energy yield of the reaction
