exam 1 Flashcards
Vertical plane dividing the body into front and back parts
Coronal plane
Horizontal plane dividing the body into top and bottom parts
Transverse plane
Vertical plane dividing the body into equal left and right halves
Midsagittal plane
]Parallel to midsagittal, but left or right of center, dividing the body into two unequal halves
Sagittal plane
Passes through the body at an angle
Oblique plane
Completely encased in bone
Posterior cavity
Formed by the bones of the cranium, houses the brain
Cranial cavity
Formed by the bones of the vertebral column, houses the spinal cord
Vertebral cavity
Not completely encased in bone
Ventral cavity
Two-layered serous membrane associated with the lungs
Pleural
Space between the parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid
Pleural cavity
Outer layer lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall
Parietal pleura
Inner layer covers the external surface of the lungs
Visceral pleura
Median space in the thoracic cavity containing the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart
Mediastinum
Two-layered membrane enclosing the heart
Pericardium
Outer layer, which forms the layer around the heart
Parietal Pericardium
Forms the heart’s external surface
Visceral Pericardium
Space between the parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluids around the heart
Pericardial Cavity
Superior area, contains most of the digestive system organs, kidneys, and most of the ureters
Abdominal Cavity
Inferior area, near the hip bones; contains the distal part of the large intestine, remainder of ureters and urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs
Pelvic Cavity
Two-layered serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity
Peritoneum
Outer layer, which lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity
Parietal peritoneum
Inner layer, which covers the external surface of most abdominal and pelvic organs
Visceral peritoneum
Potential space between the parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid
Peritoneal cavity
Abdomen
abdominal
Shoulder
Acromial
Forearm
Antebrachial
Anterior of the elbow
Antecubital
Armpit
Axillary
arm (between shoulder and elbow)
Brachial
cheek
Buccal
wrist
Carpal
Head
Cephalic
neck
Cervical
skull
Cranial
leg
Crural
fingers and toes
Digitals
thigh
Femoral
groin
Inguinal
Breast
mammary
nose
Nasal
mouth
Oral
eye
Orbital
kneecap
Patellar
foot
Pedal
Pelvis
pelvic
sole of the foot
Plantar
anterior region of the anus
Pubic
anterior middle region of the throax
Sternal
Proximal part of the foot and ankle
Tarsal
part of the torso region superior to the thoracic diaphragm
Thoracic
navel
Umbilical
spinal column
Vertebral
front
Anterior
back
Posterior
toward the back side
Dorsal
toward the belly side
Ventral
closer to the head
Superior
closer to the feet
Inferior
Closer to the point of attachment
Proximal
Farther from the point of attachment
Distal
Toward the midline of the body
Medial
Away from the midline of the body
Lateral
Closer to the outside/external to another structure
Superficial
Closer to the inside/internal to another structure
Deep
Middle region, named for the umbilicus that lines in the center
Umbilical region
Superior to the umbilical region
Epigastric region
Inferior to the umbilical region
Hypogastric region
Inferior to costal cartialges and lateral to the epigastric region
Right and left hypochondriac regions
Lateral to the umbilical region
Right and left lumbar regions
Lateral to the hypogastric region
Right and left iliac regions
Provides protection, regulates body temperature, site of cutaneous receptors and some glands, synthesizes vitamin D, prevents water loss
Integumentary System
Provides support and protection, site of hemopoiesis, stores calcium and phosphorous, provides sites for ligament and muscle attachments
Skeletal System
Produces body movement, generates heat when muscles contract
Muscular System
A regulatory system that controls muscles and some glands, responds to sensory stimuli, and helps control all other systems of the body, responsible for consciousness, intelligence, and memory
Nervous System
Consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones; maintains homeostasis of blood composition and volume, controls digestive processes, and control reproductive functions
Endocrine System
Consists of heart and blood vessels; the heart moves blood through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, gases, and pick up waste products
Cardiovascular System
Transports and filters lymph fluid and may participate in an immune response
Lymphatic System
Responsible for exchange of gases between blood and the air in the lungs
Respiratory System
Filters the blood to remove waste products and biologically active molecules, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body
Urinary System
Mechanically and chemically digests food, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products
Digestive System
Produces male sex cells (sperm) and male hormones (such as testosterone), transports sperm to female
Male Reproductive System
Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and female hormones (estrogen, progesterone…), receives sperm from males, site of fertilization of oocyte, site of growth and development of embryo and fetus, produces and secretes breastmilk for nourishment of newborn
Female Reproductive System
A measure of H+ in a solution; ranges from 0-14
pH
Dissociates in water to produce H+ and an anion; proton donor
Acid
Accepts H+ in solution; proton acceptor
Base
Has equal concentrations of H+ and OH-; pH=7
Neutral
Acts as a catalyst
Enzyme
The substance on which a catalyst acts
Substrate
The part of the enzyme where the catalyst binds
Active Site
The synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simple ones together with the storage of energy
Anabolism
The breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy; destructive metabolism
Catabolism
Eyepiece
Ocular Lens
Gathers light and enhances magnification
Objective Lens
Spins to select different objectives lenses
Nosepiece
Where the specimen is is placed for observation
Stage
Connects the eyepiece tube to the piece
Arm
Moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen to focus
Coarse Adjustment Knob
Bring specimen into sharp focus
Fine Adjustment Knob
The light source of a microscope
Lamp
Controls the amount of light reaching the specimen
Iris Diaphragm
Forms outer, limiting barrier separating internal contents from external environment
Plasma Membrane
Cellular contents between the plasma membrane and nucleus
Cytoplasm
Largest structure in the cell, enclosed by a nuclear envelope; contains the genetic material
Nucleus
A small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase
Nucleolus
Responsible for cellular respiration and production of ATP in the cell
Mitochondrion
Make cellular products like hormones and lipids
Smooth ER
Produces proteins
Rough ER
Bind mRNA and tRNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins
Ribosomes
A complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm, involved in secretion and intracellular transport
Golgi Apparatus
Helps cells move around
Cilia
Enables many protozoa, bacteria, sperm… to swim
Flagella
Transport materials within the plasma membrane
Vesicle
Solution has a higher concentration of solutes
Hypertonic Solution
Solution has a lower concentration of solutes
Hypotonic Solution
Solvent and solute have equal concentrations
Isotonic Solution
