Exam 1 Flashcards
True or False: The contractile vacuole of the paramecium is possibly an evolutionary precursor of the kidney.
True
True or False: A cancer cell will be anchorage-dependent for growth and immortal.
False
Comparing a single-celled eukaryotic organism with a multicellular organism such as yourself identify the major difference
DIVISION OF LABOR
True or False: A cell that is anchorage-dependent for growth will also exhibit contact inhibition.
True
Write a few sentences that explain what limits an individual cell from becoming more complex.
Limited number of biomolecular machines
Compared to bacteria which of the cell types below are not responsible for finding food.
LYMPHOCYTE, MACROPHAGE, FIBROBLAST
In Cell Biology, what can limit the progress of science?
Technology
The paramecium discussed in class contained an organelle called the contractile vacuole. This is the presumed precursor of the:
KIDNEY
True or False: A normal cell is anchorage-dependent for growth and mortal.
True
What limits the paramecium from acquiring more complex functions?
Limited number of biomolecular machines
A single celled eukaryotic organism:
Has a limited number of biomolecular machines; must find food, shelter, a mate, and reproduce, escape from predators
True or False: In your own multicellular body, different cells in the body have a division of labor between them
True
True or False: In your own multicellular body, cells with different functions have different DNA.
False
A cell that is itself an organism must have a minimum of four needs.
Find food, shelter, a mate, and the need to reproduce
True or False: The paramecium swims by way of using a flagella.
False
True or False: When cancer cells are crowded by surrounding cells, the cancer cells become spherical and they can still go through cell division.
True
True or False: In an extant prokaryotic cell, the outer boundary of life is the capsule.
False
True or False: Fluorescence microscopy is a form of light microscopy.
True
True or False: Loss of the cell wall was required for the endomembrane system theory.
True
Why is it important to know the limitations of technology?
You can’t advance without knowing what the limitations are
After a cell is pancake shaped in a cell culture dish, the order of events that occurs as a cell walks is:
Filapodia, liamellipodia, cell muscle, retraction fiber
True or False: The ancient earth did not contain much oxygen
True
The association of ribosomes with _ invaginations would support the _ theory
Membrane, endomembrane
True or False: Ribosomes bound to some of the membrane invaginations in the endomembrane theory.
True
True or False: It is presumed that the peroxisomes evolved in these primitive, proto-eukaryotes to remove oxygen, which was toxic to the primitive cells.
True
True or False: The presumed first step in the transition of the primitive, proto-prokaryotic cell into the primitive, proto-eukaryotic cell was the loss of the cell wall.
True
Motility improved the fitness of these early cells because:
It allowed them to move away from predators and towards food
True or False: Loss of the cell wall is required for the endosymbiotic theory.
True
A normal is _ and _ for growth.
Mortal, anchorage-dependent
What limits how big a cell can be.
The surface area to volume ration
True or False: The cytoskeleton enabled the primitive cell to become motile.
True
True or False: DNA in extant prokaryotic cells is circular.
True
True or False: The cytoskeleton enabled the primitive cell to become motile.
True
True or False: DNA in extant prokaryotic cells is circular.
True
List one limitation of the cell culture technique.
Not all cells can grow in a culture
Actin filaments are present in the cell’s _ and the microtubules are present in the cell’s _
Cell Cortex; Cell Interior
True or False: Heterochromatin does not exist in interphase nuclei
False
True or False: The diameter of intermediate filament is 25 nm
False
True or False: To get into the nucleus a component has to have the correct signal sequence and pass through a nuclear pore
True
True or False: Chromosomes are made out of Euchromatin
False
True or False: Molecular motors use ATP as the energy source to power the molecular motors
True
True or False: The actin filament system is present in the nucleus
False
Which cyto skeletal filament system lines the inside of the nucleus to protect it?
Intermediate filament system
Molecular motors run on which two cytoskeletal filament systems?
Actin and microtubular
What does the nucleosomoal core have in it?
8 histones (two H2A, two H2B, two H3, two H4)
Where is the histone H1 found
The nucleosomal core, acting like a staple
True or False: Naked DNA does not exist in Nature but scientists can make naked DNA in a test tube.
True
True or False: The actin filament system extends outside of the cell.
False
True or False: Naked DNA does not exist in Nature but scientists can make naked DNA in a test tube.
True
For a protein to enter the endoplasmic reticulum as part of the endoplasmic reticulum’s lumen or part of the endoplasmic reticulum’s membrane:
A ribosome binds to the mRNA and a short stretch of protein is synthesized that contains a signal sequence
Explain the evolutionary origin of mitochondria.
Anaerobic eukaryotic engulfed an aerobic alpha-proteobacterium which then became an endosymbiont providing ATP from respiration while receiving substrates and protection
Explain how the vesicles are carried from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane:
Proteins are synthesized by ribosomes and enter the rough ER; Vesicles bud off from the rER and carry proteins to the Golgi apparatus; The golgi apparatus modifies proteins; the vesicles bud off from the Golgi and carry modified proteins to the plasma membrane
The plasma membrane gets new lipids from:
a) the lumen of the ER b) the lumen of the golgi apparatus c) making new lipids at the plasma membrane d) the nucleus e) none of the above
None of the above
Active transport uses ATP to move components in parallel with their concentration gradient, that is: from a high concentration to a low concentration.
False
Explain how the vesicles are carried from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane:
The cells secreting the proteins on demand are stored in the secretory vesicles. These vesicles are formed in the trans Golgi apparatus, then released into the exterior by exocytosis in response to the extracellular signal.
What are the two functions of a membrane?
regulating which molecules go in and out of the cell; Separating incompatible processes occurring within organelles
True or False: Active transport uses ATP to move components in parallel with their concentration gradient, that is: from a high concentration to a low concentration.
False
What are the orphaned organelles orphaned from?
The endomembrane system.
The ER is contiguous with the Golgi apparatus.
False
True or False: The ER is contiguous with the nuclear envelope.
True
What is the difference between a triglyceride and a phospholipid?
Triglyceride has 3 fatty acids attached to the glycerol while phospholipids have two fatty acids
True or False: The ER is contiguous with the Golgi apparatus.
False
Cholosterol is _ to have in biological membranes
good
A single pass trans-membrane protein that is an alpha helix can make a channel.
False
Explain the evolutionary origin of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles.
ER consists of a network of membranous tubules and falttened sacs. The discs and tubules of the ER are hollow, and the space inside is called the lumen.
It is a simple matter (thermodynamically favorable) for a vesicle to form from the endoplasmic reticulum
False
What is the difference between a single-pass transmembrane protein and a 7-pass transmembrane protein?
A single-pass transmembrane protein does not contain a channel while a 7-pass transmembrane does.
True or False: A single pass trans-membrane protein that is an alpha helix can make a channel.
False
True or False: It is a simple matter (thermodynamically favorable) for a vesicle to form from the endoplasmic reticulum
False
There are two types of receptors. One type of receptor binds to polar (hydrophilic) ligands and this is the receptor located in the
PLASMA MEMBRANE
For a cell to respond to a ligand released from a cell and uses the circulatory system to get to the responding cell it is called _ communication
ENDOCRINE
Two types of second messengers discussed in lecture can exist downstream of a plasma membrane receptor. These are _ and _
Polar and Nonpolar
There are two basic forms of cytoplasmic signaling (i.e. signal transduction). One uses _ and the other uses _
Calcium signal; Protein Kinases
There is communication between cells and communication _ cells
Within
The other point where MAPK can become active is _ of the cell cycle
M Phase
When insulin binds to a receptor, this signal first uses
Kinases
When a cell “talks to itself” it is called _ communication
AUTOCRINE
For a cell to respond to a ligand released from a neighboring cell where the ligand diffuses directly from one cell to another is called _ communication
PARACRINE
There are two basic types of communication within cells. One type is called _ signaling and it takes days to weeks to occur. The other type is called _ communication and it take minutes to hours to act
NUCLEAR; CYTOPLASMIC
MAPK has two different functions depending on where this kinase acts in the _. If the kinase becomes active during interphase the cell is triggered to progress through the _
CELL CYCLE, CELL CYCLE
MAPK has two different functions depending on where this kinase acts in the _. If the kinase becomes active during interphase the cell is triggered to progress through the _
CELL CYCLE, CELL CYCLE
The _ begins to be destroyed at the metaphase of the cell cycle causing the chromosomes to begin to _
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE; MOVE TO THE EQUATOR OF THE CELL
Many chemotherapy drugs act by arresting the cell in M-phase of the cell cycle.
True
True or False: Many chemotherapy drugs act by arresting the cell in M-phase of the cell cycle.
True
True or False: In the time span of 10 years every cell in your adult body goes through the cell cycle.
False
Cancer can be described as a loss of cell cycle regulation.
True
True or False: Cancer can be described as a loss of cell cycle regulation.
True
True or False: After DNA synthesis (i.e., S-phase) an identical copy of the DNA has been made and this is present in the two chromatids when viewed as the chromosome.
True
True or False: Cytoplasmic signal transduction controls the checkpoints of the cell cycle.
True
Cytokinesis in plant and animal cells takes two forms. List them here.
CLEAVAGE FURROW, CELL PLATE
At these checkpoints, a cyclin works with a cyclin-dependent kinase (i.e., Cdk) to regulate the checkpoint.
True
True or False: At these checkpoints, a cyclin works with a cyclin-dependent kinase (i.e., Cdk) to regulate the checkpoint.
True
True or False: During mitosis, the cytoplasm of the cell is “settled down”.
True
True or False: The synthesis/presence of cyclin is what turns on the Cdk as the Cdk is always present but it is the cyclin that is synthesized and degraded in cycles.
True
True or False: In your body not all cells go through the cell cycle
True
True or False: Gap1 of the cell cycle represents the time when the cell is doing what it is supposed to do as part of its cell type. In other words, that is when a liver cell is doing its function as a liver cell.
True
