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Self and Self Esteem > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Aristotle

A
  • essence of a person=soul=form (abstract)

- it’s not just your physical self that makes you who you are, also something intangible (soul)

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2
Q

John Locke

A

-physical body=man
-personal identity=person
-identity=memory
as far back as you can remember (beginning of memory of self) is the beginning of your self identity/sense of self
-language may facilitate memory (which is why you don’t remember when you were 1-2 yrs old)

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3
Q

cognitive revolution

A

people actively construct their realities

-20th/21st centuries=self-actualization, interest in self-related topics

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4
Q

David Hume

A
  • identity is a fiction

- rapid thoughts give illusion of identity

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5
Q

William James

A
  • identity=continuous memory/feelings about the self

- feelings associated with perceptions join them together (feelings tie thoughts together)

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6
Q

Material self

A
  • bodily self

- extracorporeal (extended) self

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7
Q

Social self

A
  • social roles, identities

ex: sister, daughter, friend, psych major

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8
Q

Spiritual self

A

“hidden self”

  • inner, psychological self
  • traits, abilities
  • emotional states
  • attitudes, values
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9
Q

self-feeling

A

emotions with self as a reference point
ex: humiliation, embarrassment, shame, guilt
-depend on subjective perceptions NOT objective outcomes
(one outcome may cause one person to laugh but another person to become embarrassed)

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10
Q

Individualism and economy

A

increased individualism during times of economic prosperity

  • give newborns uncommon names
  • favor music with self vs. other focused language
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11
Q

Red dye and mirror recognition studies

A
  • is self-awareness unique to humans?

- chimps and orangutans show self-recognition

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12
Q

early childhood

A
  • 2 to 6 years
  • observable, specific characteristics
  • material self
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13
Q

middle childhood

A
  • 7 to 11 years
  • general self descriptions
  • social comparisons
  • perspective taking
  • social self
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14
Q

adolescence

A
  • 12 to 18 years
  • psychological qualities
  • self feelings
  • spiritual self
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15
Q

Cooley: Looking Glass Self

A

self feelings develop by imagining how we appear in the eyes of others

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16
Q

Mead: Symbolic Interactionism

A

develop a sense of self when we:

  • adopt others’ perspectives
  • imagine how we appear to others
  • symbolic communication (gestures)
  • *social interaction is essential to the emergence of self
  • central element of self=cognition NOT emotion
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17
Q

“Generalized other”

A

adopt perspective of broader society

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18
Q

2 stages of children’s play

A

-asocial (alone)
-game stage (involves others)
play helps to develop a sense of self

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19
Q

Theories of self-development

A
  • looking glass self

- symbolic interactionism

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20
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial development model

A 
-specific needs arise at a specific life stage
trust/mistrust
autonomy/shame
initiative/guilt
industry/inferiority
identity/role confusion
intimacy/isolation
generativity/stagnation
integrity/despair
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21
Q

Harlow’s monkeys

A
  • showed importance of attachment

- isolation experiment, monkey preferred to cling to terry cloth monkey rather than wire monkey, monkey wanted comfort

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22
Q

Ainsworth’s Strange Situation

A

-measure security of child’s attachment with caregiver when they return

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23
Q

Bowlby’s attachment theory

A
  • mental models of self and others
  • attachment style=way of dealing with attachment, separation, and loss in close relationships
  • you can have different attachment styles for different people in your life
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24
Q

I

A

aspect of self that is actively perceiving, thinking, seeing, etc.
-awareness that we are thinking or perceiving rather than the actual physical process itself

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25
Q

Me

A

aspect of self that is an object of our attention, thought or perception
-people’s ideas of who they are and what they are like

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26
Q

self-referent thoughts

A

thoughts that refer to oneself

-people’s ideas about what they are like

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27
Q

self-concept vs self-esteem

A

self-concept=the way people think about themselves

self-esteem=the way people feel about themselves

28
Q

phenomenology

A

-what we perceive is not necessarily the same as what exists in external world
-our behavior depends more on world as it appears than the world as it actually exists
EX: optical illusion in which the lines are the same length but the arrows are pointing in different directions making the second line look longer than the other
-we perceive the second line to be longer even though they are the same
-if you said the lines were chocolate bars, a child would pick the one that appeared longer, if you said they were broccoli the child would pick the one that appeared shorter

29
Q

Assumptions of behaviorist movement

A
  • positivism

- mechanism

30
Q

positivism

A

concrete, observable measurement

31
Q

mechanism

A

stimulus-response bonds -> behavior

-conditioning, automatic

32
Q

Difference between play and game

A

play=child adopts attitudes of one other person

game=child adopts attitudes of many other people

33
Q

Self-Determination theory

A

-humans have an innate tendency toward positive growth

34
Q

Fundamental psychological needs

A
  • competence=feeling effective in doing an activity (not comparing self to others)
  • autonomy=making your own decisions (acting out of one’s own will)
  • relatedness=having close, caring relationships (not about quantity, but quality of relationships)
35
Q

Introspection

A

look inward to know our attitudes, feelings and motives

36
Q

Self perception theory

A

gain self-knowledge by observing own behavior

37
Q

self-enhancement

A

motive to maximize feelings of self worth

38
Q

accuracy motive

A

to know what one is really like

39
Q

consistency motive

A

protect self-concept against change

40
Q

self-verification theory

A

desire to verify existing self views

41
Q

self-handicapping

A

engaging in behaviors to handicap performance to have an excuse for failure
-ex: staying up all night studying the night before a test

42
Q

bask in reflected glory (BIRG)

A

associating with others who are successful (in your same group->sports team, college, race, country)
-increases self esteem

43
Q

Self-evaluation Maintenance Model (Tesser)

A

Domain matters

  • low self relevance=BIRG
  • high self relevance=threat
44
Q

Interdependent self

A

your sense of self is interwoven with others, not clearly defined
-depends on who you’re with and what the situation is

45
Q

Independent vs Interdependent self

A
  • independent self=individual, unique, free
  • *Western cultures
  • interdependent self=rational, similar, adjusting, filial piety (respect for elders), tradition
  • *Collectivistic cultures
46
Q

“WEIRD” samples

A 
W=western
E=educated
I=industrialized
R=rich
D=democratic
47
Q

gender role

A

expectations for gendered behavior

48
Q

gender identity

A

self perception as male/female

49
Q

Social learning theory

A

socialization -> gender differences

-rewards vs punishments for gendered behavior

50
Q

Kohlberg’s cognitive development theory

A

-gender identity (ages 2-3): self label as male/female
-gender stability (ages 3-7): believe gender is constant over time
-gender consistency (ages 7-12): believe gender is stable across situations
Ex: can identify that a female with very short hair, wearing mens clothes, is still female

51
Q

Bem’s gender-schema theory

A
  • social learning + cognitive development theories

- gender schemas: based on interactions/observations of others, guide behavior based on gender norms

52
Q

Eagly’s social role theory

A

gender stereotypes

  • men=independent, dominant, assertive
  • women=relationship-oriented, sensitive, emotional
53
Q

Effects of media on women

A

-women who watched TV ads of gender stereotypic women -> worse test performance (math), fewer career goals

54
Q

Effects of media on men

A

-men who watched more sexist ad were more likely to display those sexist characteristics (looked at confederate’s body, interrupted her, spoke over her, moved chair closer to her)

55
Q

objectification theory

A
  • women internalize observer’s perspective of her body

- objectified more during reproductive years

56
Q

objectification theory

A

-women internalize observer’s perspective of her body
-objectified more during reproductive years
RESEARCH:
-women had more body shame in swimsuit condition than sweater condition and showed restrained eating
-women asked to take math test while wearing swimsuit performed the worst

57
Q

self complexity

A

how much overlap there is among self aspects

  • low complexity=a lot of overlap between qualities
  • high complexity=little to no overlap between qualities
58
Q

self schemas

A

affect how we process info and behave

59
Q

contrast vs assimilation effects

A

contrast effects=when people feel disconnected from others
assimilation effects=when people feel connected to others
RESEARCH: showed assimilation effect when participants had something in common with photo they were shown (attractive/unattractive photo, shared bday)

60
Q

Borderline personality disorder

A
  • extreme fears of abandonment
  • unstable self image
  • impulsive behaviors
61
Q

Temporal self comparisons

A

-people view positive events as occurring more recently and negative events as occurring far in the past

62
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

unpleasant state of arousal that occurs when people say or do things that are inconsistent with their attitudes or behaviors
RESEARCH:
weight task vs eating worm, asked if participant wanted to switch to other task, said no b/c once you have committed to a condition your attitudes change to support your behavior

63
Q

Ways to reduce dissonance

A
  • change behavior (very difficult)
  • change conflicting cognition (beliefs)
  • add new cognitions (add new info/beliefs that support your actions/behavior)
64
Q

Self-affirmation

A
  • people want to view themselves positively

- violation of standards->dissonance

65
Q

Self concept stability

A

Self views usually do not dramatically shift from one moment to the next

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