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PSYC 342 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

2 kinds of cells in nervous system

A
  1. Neurons: receive and transmit info

2. Glia: don’t transmit info, perform tasks such as support and guidance

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2
Q

neural doctrine

A

Neurons are independent, specialized functional units separated by a synaptic gap, across which information is transmitted

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3
Q

dendrites

A

branching fibers responsible for bringing info into the neuron
- Receive information and send to cell body

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4
Q

soma/ cell body

A

contains nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and other structures found in other cells

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5
Q

axon

A

thin fiber that sends information from cell body to presynaptic terminal

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6
Q

myelin sheath

A

insulating material covering axons in many neurons; speeds up communication along the axon

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7
Q

presynaptic terminal

A

the end point on the axon that releases chemicals

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8
Q

4 zones of a neuron

A
  1. input (receives info through dendrites
  2. integration (cell body region where inputs are integrated)
  3. conduction (single axon conducts output info away from cell body as impulse)
  4. output (axon terminals at end communicate to other cells)
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9
Q

types of glia

A
  • astrocytes
  • microglia
  • radial glia
  • myelination:
  • oligodendrocytes
  • schwann cells
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10
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

located in CNS and produce myelin sheaths for axons

  • One oligodendrocyte myelinates many axons
  • When axon is damaged oligodendrocytes produce scar tissue and prevent healing of the axon
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11
Q

schwann cells

A

located in PNS and produce and repair myelin sheaths for axons

  • One Schwann cell myelinates one axon
  • When axon is damaged Schwann cell creates a tube that allows the axon to heal
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12
Q

electrical signals are for communication _____ a neuron

A

within

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13
Q

chemical signals are for communication ____ neuron

A

between

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14
Q

electricity

A

moving charged particles

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15
Q

ions

A

charged molecules
Cations +
Anions -

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16
Q

ions associated with a neuron

A

Potassium(K+) **
Sodium (Na+) **
Calcium (Ca2+)
Chloride (Cl-)

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17
Q

nerve impulse

A

the electrical message that is transmitted down the axon of a neuron

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18
Q

resting potential

A

state of the neuron prior to sending a nerve impulse

  • -70 millivolts, inside of neuron is slightly more negative than fluid outside of the neuron
  • There is more Na+ outside of the cell and more K+ inside of the cell
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19
Q

electrical gradient

A

a difference in the electrical charge inside and outside of the neuron

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20
Q

2 forces that cause ions to move

A

diffusion

electrostatic pressure

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21
Q

diffusion

A

ions move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
- Diffusion “down” the concentration gradient

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22
Q

electrostatic pressure

A

like charges repel and opposites attract

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23
Q

equilibrium potential

A

when net movement through channels is 0

  • When the chemical and electrical forces are in balance
  • Electrostatic pressure draws K+ in b/c the intracellular environment is negative
  • Diffusion pushes K+ out of the cell
  • forces act against each other
  • The equilibrium potential for K+ is –60mV
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24
Q

Na+

A

mostly extracellular; diffusion pushes it in cell; since inside of cell is negative, EP attracts Na into cell

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25
Q

K+

A

mostly intracellular; diffusion push it out of the cell, outside of the cell is positively charged so electrostatic pressure tends to force K+ inside; opposing forces balance

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26
Q

Cl-

A

mostly extracellular; diffusion pushes it in; inside of cell is negatively charged, EP pushes it out; opposing forces balance

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27
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

continually pumps three sodium ions out of the cells while drawing two potassium ions into the cell
Helps maintain electrical gradient

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28
Q

hyperpolarization

A

increasing the polarization (difference) between the electrical charge inside and outside of cell

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29
Q

depolarization

A

decreasing the polarization towards zero

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30
Q

Threshold of excitement

A

any stimulation beyond a certain level and results in a massive depolarization

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31
Q

action potential

A

stimulation beyond a certain level crosses the threshold of excitation and produces a massive depolarization of the membrane
Rapid depolarization continues to about +30 mV and then returns rapidly to its resting potential

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32
Q

sodium channels

A
  • slight depolarization, sodium channels open slightly
  • Once threshold is reached, sodium channels open wide (voltage dependent) and Na + ions rush into cell
  • At peak of action potential, sodium channels close and cannot be opened again for the next millisecond or so
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33
Q

potassium channels

A

Open wide as action potential approaches its peak allowing K+ ions to flow out of the cell
- Cell becomes hyperpolarized and overshoots resting membrane potential, and then returns to - 70 mV

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34
Q

stages of action potential

A
  1. Na+ channels open, Na+ begins to enter cell
  2. K+ channels open, K+ begins to leave cell
  3. Na+ channels become refractory, no more Na+ enters cell
  4. K+ continues to leave cell, causes membrane potential to return to resting level
  5. K+ channels close, Na+ channels reset
  6. Extra K+ outside diffuses away
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35
Q

the refractory period

A

Immediately after an action potential, the neuron enters a refractory period and resists producing more action potentials

  • absolute
  • relative
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36
Q

absolute refractory

A

(~1ms)
The sodium gates are firmly closed
The membrane cannot produce an action potential, regardless of the stimulation

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37
Q

relative refractory

A

(another 2-4 ms)
The sodium gates are reverting to their usual state, but the potassium gates remain open
A stronger than normal stimulus can result in an action potential

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38
Q

all or none law

A

the size, amplitude, and velocity are independent of the intensity of the stimulus that initiated it

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39
Q

saltatory conduction

A

word used to describe this “jumping” of the action potential from node to node.

  • Provides rapid conduction of impulses
  • Conserves energy for the cell
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40
Q

synapse

A

space between axon of one neuron and the dendrite (or axon or soma) of another

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41
Q

synaptic transmission

A

the way neurons communicate with each other

  1. message carried by NT
  2. When electrical signal reaches axon, the synaptic vessicles release NT into synapse
  3. NT cross the synapse and bind with receptors
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42
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that affect electrical signal of receiving neuron

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43
Q

excitatory NT

A

increases chance neuron will fire

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44
Q

inhibitory NT

A

decreases chance neuron will fire

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45
Q

Steps of NT release

A
  1. Action potentials reach presynaptic terminal
  2. Ca2+ channels open and Ca2+ rushes in
  3. Vesicles release NT into synapse
  4. NT binds to receptors on postsynaptic membrane
  5. Receptors open channels and admit ions
  6. Receptor deactivation and desensitization shuts down postsynaptic response
  7. Clearance of NT from synaptic cleft: degradation or reuptake
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46
Q

reuptake

A

NT taken back up by presynaptic cell

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47
Q

enzymatic deactivation

A

enzyme breaks apart NT inactivating it

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48
Q

EPSP

A

Na+ influx depolarizes dendrite

- Increased probability of action potential firing

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49
Q

IPSP

A

Cl- influx locally hyperpolarizes dendrite

- Less probability of action potential firing

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50
Q

temporal summation

A

occurs when 2 EPSP are produced in rapid succession

- Potentials sum if close enough in time

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51
Q

spatial summation

A

occurs when different synapses produce EPSPs on the same postsynaptic neuron simultaneously
- Potentials sum if close enough inspace

52
Q

endogenous substances

A

internal substances that are released by the presynaptic cell and bind to the receptors on the postsynaptic cell

53
Q

exdogenous substances

A

external substances that are mimic neurotransmitters

Drugs

54
Q

2 types of NT receptors

A

ionotropic and metabotropic

55
Q

ionotropic

A

quickly change shape and open or close an ion channel when the transmitter molecule binds

56
Q

metabotropic

A

Do not contain ion channels
- Usually activate G- proteins (affect ion channels directly through enzymes and second messengers)

  • When activated, they activate second messengers that change excitability of postsynaptic cell or make other slower, large-scale changes to cell
  • Receptor and ion channel functions are NOT a single protein
  • “Metabotropic” = (delayed) movement of ions through the channel requires metabolic steps
57
Q

criteria for NT classification

A
  • Synthesized in presynaptic neurons and stored in axon terminals
  • Released when action potentials reach axon terminals
  • Recognized by receptors on postsynaptic membrane
  • Causes changes in postsynaptic cell
  • Blocking its release interferes with a cell’s ability to affect a postsynaptic cell
58
Q

amino acid NT

A

most common in brain

  • glutamate: most widespread excitatory NT
  • GABA: most widespread inhibitory NT
59
Q

amine NT

A

basic nitrogen compounds

  • Acetylcholine: plays a major role in transmission in the forebrain
  • dopamine: important for many aspects of behavior
  • norepinephrine: is important in control of many behaviors ranging from alertness to mood to sexual behavior, Fight or flight response
  • serotonin: participates in the control of many aspects of behavior (mood, vision, anxiety, sleep,etc)
60
Q

peptide NT

A

compound made of two or more amino acids

  • Opioid peptides: mimic opiate drugs such as morphine and reduces the perception of pain
  • Substance P: a peptide NT important in perception of pain
61
Q

gas NT and how it differs

A

nitric oxide, carbon monoxide

  • Differs from other transmitters in 3 ways:
    1. Produced outside of axon terminals and diffuses out of neuron as soon as it is produced
    2. No receptors are involved; diffuses into the target cell and activates second messengers
    3. It can function as a retrograde transmitter by diffusing from postsynaptic neuron back to presynaptic neuron
62
Q

ventral

A

toward stomach

63
Q

dorsal

A

toward back

64
Q

lateral

A

toward side

65
Q

medial

A

toward midline

66
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

67
Q

PNS

A

all other parts besides brain and spinal cord

  • consists of nerves
  • somatic
  • autonomic
  • —- sympathetic
  • —- parasympathetic
68
Q

motor nerves

A

transmit info from the spinal cord and brain to muscles and glands

69
Q

sensory nerves

A

convey info from the body to the CNS

70
Q

somatic sys

A

part of PNS
nerves that convey messages from sense organs to the CNS and from the CNS to the muscles and glands
- has cranial and spinal nerves

71
Q

cranial nerves

A

innervate the head, neck, and visceral organs directly from the brain
- 12 pairs that control much of the motor and sensory functions of the head and neck

72
Q

spinal nerves

A 
connect to spinal cord
- 31 pairs, each nerve consists of a group of motor fibers that project from spinal cord and a group of sensory fibers that enter the spinal cord
Cervical (neck)
Thoracic (trunk)
Lumbar (lower back)
Sacral (pelvic)
Coccygeal (bottom)
73
Q

autonomic sys

A

set of neurons that control the heart, the intestines, and other internal organs (visceral)
sympathetic
parasympathetic

74
Q

sympathetic

A

arousal, “fight or flight”, emergency

- Increased breathing, heart rate, decreased digestive activity

75
Q

parasympathetic

A

“relax and digest”, nonemergency

- Increases digestive activity, activates opposing sympathetic system

76
Q

Bell-magendie law

A

The entering dorsal roots carry sensory information to the brain and
The existing ventral roots carry motor info to the muscles and glands

77
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outermost, convoluted layer of brain

78
Q

gyri

A

ridged or raised portions of brain

79
Q

sulci

A

furrows or divots in brain

80
Q

grey matter

A

outer surface of cerebral hemispheres

81
Q

white matter

A

formed by axons extending inward from cortex

82
Q

corpus callosum

A

how neurons from each hemisphere communicate

- bundle of axons

83
Q

4 lobes of each hemisphere

A
  1. frontal
  2. parietal
  3. occipital
  4. temporal
84
Q

frontal lobe

A 
most anterior (front) region
- Motor functions, executive functions, attention, aspects of personality
85
Q

parietal lobe

A

lies between frontal and occipital lobes (top middle)

- Touch and spatial information

86
Q

occipital lobe

A

posterior (back of cortex) region

- visual processing

87
Q

temporal lobe

A

lateral (sides) region

- auditory processing

88
Q

sylvian fissure

A

boundary of the temporal lobe

89
Q

central sulcus

A

divides frontal lobe from parietal lobe

90
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

a strip of cortex behind the central cortex, important for touch

91
Q

precentral gyrus

A

in the frontal lobe, important for motor control

92
Q

hindbrain

A

our “old” brain; certain vital body functions are controlled by brainstem

  • cerebellum
  • pons
  • medulla
93
Q

cerebellum

A

controls movement, balance and coordination; participates in some types of learning

94
Q

pons

A

integrates movement between right and left side of the body, regulates sleep

95
Q

medulla

A

marks transition from brain to spinal cord; controls vital reflexes, e.g., breathing, heart beat

96
Q

midbrain

A 
systems of tectum: (Sensory)
- superior colliculi
- inferior colliculi
Motor sys:
- substancia nigra
other:
- reticular formation
- periaqueductal gray
97
Q

superior colliculi

A

visual processing

98
Q

inferior colliculi

A

auditory processing

99
Q

substancia nigra

A

part of basal ganglia (important in motor control)

100
Q

reticular formation

A

wakes you up; can immediately activate other parts of the brain to produce arousal, allows you to filter important information while you are sleeping
Damage can cause irreversible coma

101
Q

periaqueductal gray

A

pain perception and reduction

102
Q

limbic sys

A 
important for emotions, pleasure, anxiety, and aggression
amygdala
hippocampus
cingulate gyrus
olfactory bulb
thalamus
hypothalamus
103
Q

amygdala

A

emotional regulation

104
Q

hippocampus

A

critical for formation of new memory

105
Q

thalamus

A

sensory relay station information to/from cerebral cortex (except olfactory)

106
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates vital, survival behavior

Feeding, fighting, reproducing

107
Q

meninges

A

three protective membranes that surround brain and spinal cord
dura mater
pia mater
arachnoid membrane

108
Q

dura mater

A

tough outermost layer of meninges

109
Q

pia mater

A

delicate innermost layer of meninges

110
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

between dura and pia

filled with CNS

111
Q

ventricular sys

A

a series of chambers filled with CSF

  • Lateral ventricle: in each hemisphere extends into all four lobes and is lined with the choroid plexus (a membrane that produces CSF)
  • Hydrocephalus: blockage of flow of CSF (Increases pressure on brain)
112
Q

cerebral arteries

A

supply oxygenated blood to brain

- Stroke: caused by rupture or blockage of blood vessels, leading to insufficient oxygen supply

113
Q

CNS prenatal development

A
  • begins to form at 2 weeks

- neurolation

114
Q

neurolation

A

formation of neural tube
Dorsal surface thickens → neural tube and fluid filled cavity.
Forward end → brain
Rest of neural tube → spinal cord

115
Q

what does the neural tube develop into?

A

the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

116
Q

what does the forebrain develop into?

A

telencephalon and diencephalon.

117
Q

telencephalon

A

the anterior part of the forebrain mostly consisting of the cerebral hemispheres

118
Q

diencephalon

A

the posterior part of the forebrain including thalamus and hypothalamus

119
Q

brainstem

A

refers to the midbrain, pons, and medulla combined.

120
Q

prenatal development stages

A
  1. Proliferation: production of new cells
  2. Migration: neurons move towards their destination in the brain
  3. Differentiation: begin to form distinctive neuron shape
121
Q

postnatal development stages

A
  1. Synaptogenesis: (creation of synapses) increase of synaptic and dendritic density
  2. Synaptic retraction: pruning synapses
    “Use it or lose it”
  3. Cell death (the ones you don’t lose)
122
Q

determinants of neuronal survival

A
  • nerve growth factor (NGF)
  • neuronal darwinism
  • experience (enriched vs. deprived environment)
123
Q

NGF

A

a neurotrophin that is produced when a neuron forms a synapse on a muscle

  • If neuron does not get enough NGF it dies (apoptosis)
  • Activity independent survival: without contacting an appropriate cell, a neuron will die
124
Q

plasticity

A

he brain is constantly changing throughout the lifetime.

  • Experience and physical maturation → brain development
  • After childhood, brain is less plastic
  • Damage early on: brain is able to compensate
125
Q

spilkins research

A

Challenged belief that brain was “hardwired”
Behavioral resiliency seen following early focal brain injury (stroke)
Children acquire functioning following brain injury that might leave adults permanently impaired

PSYC 342 (3 decks)

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