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ANTH 215 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

There is an inherent cultural bias in the definitions of ______ that we must consider for the scope of this class

A

civilization

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2
Q

civilization definition

A

the process of being civilized; The cultural characteristics of a particular time or place (def. by Franz Boas)

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3
Q

Paco says there aren’t any ____, and that’s the tea!!

A

laws that ‘force the hand of history’

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4
Q

Relative time

A

Time relative to stuff; stratigraphy, index fossils, dendrochronology (tree rings)

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5
Q

Absolute time

A

“exact” time; determined by processing organic compounds; radiocarbon & potassium argon dating

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6
Q

measurement of C14 isotope in organic compound; looks at half life; absolute dating
-Disadvantage: assumes that there is a constant ratio of c14 in the atmosphere ~ which is why the calibration curve is used

A

Radiocarbon dating

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7
Q
  • measures radioactive decay of K40 or Ar40 - gas in volcanic ash
  • Need super-heated rock (from volcano) to date ash
  • Dating volcanic ash layers above and below to get time range
A

Potassium-Argon dating

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8
Q

what concept assumes people are subject to forces like natural selection the same as all other organisms

A

the human niche

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9
Q
  • we actively/unknowingly change our ____ unlike other organisms
  • Activities and jobs are considered a ____ in human society
A

niche

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10
Q

human breeding strategy

A

raise as many babies as you can to survive

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11
Q

How did we survive in a hostile, competitive world (4)

A

altruism, kin selection, group selection, reciprocal altruism

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12
Q

any behavior benefits the group at the expense of the individual’s self interest

A

Altruism

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13
Q
  • is one answer to (apparently) altruistic behavior
  • Have altruistic behaviors because they have relatives in the group, thus more likely to have these behaviors if relatives are in group
A

kin selection

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14
Q
  • another explanation of altruistic behavior
  • Based off genes - altruistic genes; one in the species can have a traitor gene that allows them to not think altruistically (i.e.: scar from “The Lion King)
A

group selection

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15
Q
  • most likely explanation of altruism with in apes and people
  • “You scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours” - if one is exhibiting altruistic behaviors the others will
A

reciprocal altruism

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16
Q

DeWall said that reciprocal altruism comes from

A

empathy and food sharing

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17
Q

DeWall believes that the emotional satisfaction of ____ feels good

A

altruism

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18
Q

Last common ancestor of chimps and humans was

A

6-7 mya in the late Miocene

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19
Q

When did bipedal locomotion evolve in an essentially modern form

A

3.5 mya

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20
Q

Why is bipedal locomotion preferred

A

energy efficient for long distances, leaves our hands free

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21
Q

what was the sexual reproductive strategy model by Lovejoy

A

Asks the question of how did females get males to cooperate with them in raising children

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22
Q

Fundamental Selective Triad

A

different for males and females; energy for each differs in where energy is distributed between males and females

  1. Food
  2. Safety
  3. Reproduction
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23
Q

Lovejoy argues for ____ based on female assurance of paternity and male provisioning behavior

A

pair bonding

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24
Q

Pair bonding leads to (3)

A
  • males putting energy into raising children with females
  • assurance of paternity
  • food sharing ~ feeding females so they have more energy for raising children
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25
Q

Why did males evolve to have smaller canines

A

-because women and sexual selection (pair bonding); males want females to pick them

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26
Q

Females evolved _____ and ______

A

permanently enlarged breasts and ovulatory crypsis (hidden ovulation)

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27
Q

Hidden ovulation evolved after

A

humans became bipedal and sexual organs were hidden

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28
Q

Early humans lived in what kind of groups for protection

A

Males in the outer circle and men in the inner circle

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29
Q

Homo habilis was discovered by the Leakeys at

A

Olduvai Gorge in 1960 @ 1.6-1.9 mya

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30
Q

The first skull was found at

A

E. Turkana, Kenya 1.8 mya

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31
Q

Tool use (specifically stone) began at about

A

3 mya

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32
Q

The Leakeys referred to the early stone tool industry (3 mya)

A

Oldowan industry

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33
Q

What are the 3 different stages of Oldowan tools

A

cobble, chopper, discoid

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34
Q

what is the Type A Oldowan typology

A

Artifacts without bones: Specific possibly modified rocks

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35
Q

what is the Type B Oldowan typology

A

Artifacts with remains of a single animal (=butchery site)

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36
Q

what is the Type C Oldowan typology

A

Artifacts with remains of several animals (=living floors or camps)

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37
Q

Key Early locales for Type A

A
  1. Gona, Hadar, Ethiopia @3-2 mya

2. Shangura Formation, Ethiopia @2-1 mya

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38
Q

Key Early locales for Type B

A
  1. FLK N Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania @ 1.8-1.5 mya
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39
Q

Key Early locales for Type C

A
  1. FxJj5 at Koobi Fora

2. FLK “Zinj”

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40
Q

Human Behavior emerging through (3)

A

pair bonding, tools, larger brains

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41
Q

Food is the only ____ we have made _____

A

biological function; social

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42
Q

What were hand axes used for? (5)

A

a. Butchering animals
b. Digging for tubers (potato like roots)
c. Stripping bark from trees
d. Hunting- smaller animals
e. Flake dispensers

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43
Q

Time range for the Oldowan tool technology

A

1.5 mya to 300,000 ya

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44
Q

Bifacial technology is dated at approximately

A

1.4 mya

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45
Q

Acheulian refers to

A

hand axe variation

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46
Q

What is adaptive radiation

A

When people leave for scavenging, increase in cranial capacity (and critical thinking), also diversification of niches

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47
Q

Define reverse polarization

A

when the poles switched (north becomes south) which occurred approximately between 700,000-400,000 ya

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48
Q

What site produced evidence that people were becoming hunter gatherers?

A

Olorgesailie, Kenya @ 700,000-400,000 ya

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49
Q

What was found at the Olorgesailie, Kenya site?

A

Huge number of Gelada baboon bones (95) and 60 hand axes

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50
Q

The gelada baboons found at

Olorgesailie were mostly

A

young males that lived on the fringe that died one by one

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51
Q

The cut marks on the baboon bones show either

A

pre-humans were eating meat OR leopards killed the baboons and the humans scavenged the scraps

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52
Q

What site was a human tooth found where there were 100,000 stone tools and remains of 40-45 individuals

A

Zhoukoudian Cave, China @ 600,000 - 230,000 ya

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53
Q

After 400,000 ya people began to adapt to

A

diverse niches

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54
Q

People at about 400,000 ya are lumped into the group of

A

archaic homo sapiens

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55
Q

_____ begins at least 400,000 but is not ubiquitous after 300,000 ya

A

controlled fire use

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56
Q

Evidence of fire

A

fire pits and hearths (rings or rocks)

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57
Q

Fire makes the people able to _____ and _____

A

move into caves and can start to cook

58
Q

Where were fire hardened wooden spears at 400,000 ya are found at _____ and ______

A

Clacton, England and Shoningen, Germany

59
Q

What site shows evidence of big game hunting

A

Torralba-Ambrona, Spain @ 400,000-200,000

60
Q

Torralba-Ambrona, Spain had the remains of

A

a lot of big animals (40 elephants)

61
Q

What site of a cave that has hearths, room partitions, bed depressions, probably occupied here during the winter and fall

A

Lazaret Cave, France: @ 300,000 ya

62
Q

An open air shelter that was used for spring and summer housing, hut like structure, wall posts, hearth, bed depressions, bathroom type area, FOOTPRINT FOUND

A

Terra, Amata, France: @ 300,000 ya

63
Q

What was the hypothetical settlement pattern for

A

a. Torralba - Ambrona: migratory herds in mountain passes = fall
b. Lazaret Cave: protection for winter = winter/early spring
c. Terra, Amata, France hut: coastal resources = late spring/summer

64
Q

On the island of Jersey, the remains of a mammoth and wooly rhinos discovered at the base of a cliff suggest

A

organized game drives

  • easier way to kill things
  • would use fire to drive animals over
65
Q

_______ care for their old

A

neanderthals

66
Q

Sometime in 250,000 ya a morphologically distant group evolved in Europe and the Middle East called the

A

Neanderthals

67
Q

Facial features of neanderthals

A

i. Big brow ridges, big foreheads
ii. Bigger teeth
iii. Occipital bun present (on the back of the cranium)
iv. Less of a chin

68
Q

Body features of neanderthals

A

i. Broad body
ii. Limbs are a little shorter
iii. Unsure about hair growth

69
Q

Allometric growth, surface area and volume, bodies reacting to heat and cold in specific ways

A

neanderthals

70
Q

How do bodies react to hot and cold

A

hot, dry desert (E. Africa) will be tall and skinny; cold arctic will be short and stocky

71
Q

where is the geographic range for neanderthals

A

Europe and the Middle east; mostly concentrated in France

72
Q

Neanderthals produced symmetric, regular flakes using sophisticated methods such as the

A

Levallois technique

73
Q

_____ tool assemblages are more diverse than Acheulian assemblages

A

mousterian

74
Q

mousterian tool assemblages include

A

Hand axes, points, side scrapers, denticulates

75
Q

_____: multiple materials used to make tools - combination to make things (this is a huge innovation)

A

Composite

76
Q

Why were neanderthals clearly hunters

A

Their bodies were built for thrusting spears at animals, like elk

77
Q

Neanderthal rock area site, excavated by Bordes, where the tools were put in categories

A

Combre Grenal, France

78
Q

Bordes-Binford Debate (Mousterian Problem)

A
  • Bordes developed cumulative frequency method, analyzed stone tools into groups
  • Binford disagreed with him and put the tools into differnt groups
79
Q

Who disagreed with Bordes and Binford and what was their argument

A

Dibble who said that Bordes types are actually part of continuous reduction sequences

80
Q

Explain the Mousterian problem where the assumption that the typology has cultural meaning is flawed

A

a. Neanderthals would ‘whack’ tool if it was becoming dull and it would become type 2 and another Neanderthal would pick it up to sharpen it and ‘whack’ it again and it would become type 3 - tool reuse

81
Q

Neanderthal burial where

  • Had hyoid on skeleton
  • this allows people to talk
  • Hands are placed in a specific way
  • Single burial
A

Kebara Cave, Mt. Carmel Israel - @ 50,000 ya

82
Q

Neanderthal burial where

-Family burial

A

Le Ferrassie Rock Shelter, France

83
Q

Neanderthal burial where

  • Grave goods
  • One skeleton showed signs of being stabbed - oldest analysis of violence
  • Another young burial present - found flower pollen on skeleton suggesting burial with flowers
  • Bear heads found in cave
A

Shanidar, Iraq

84
Q

Two kinds of human beings’ meeting and the meeting brought forth the

A

Symbolic revolution, us vs them

85
Q

Years for the Chatelperronian sites

A

40,000 - 35,000 ya

86
Q

Explain the imitation model between humans and neanderthals

A
  • Evidence suggests that the two groups lived side by side for a long time (this is when acculturation occurs)
  • This model assumes that Neanderthals imitated humans rather than developing symbolic behavior on their own due to a lack in intellectual capabilities and speech skills
87
Q

What is the criticism of the imitation model

A
  • “acculturation” is a subjective concept

- There is no evidence to suggest that Neanderthals are inferior

88
Q

There are no grounds to suggest that the biological differences between humans and Neanderthals resulted in

A

intellectual differences

89
Q

Does Mellars agree with D’Errico?

A

To some extent but basically, he argues that D’errico’s emphasis on the radiocarbon dates is flawed because radiocarbon dating is a flawed process and that the stratigraphic record might suggest the opposite

90
Q

earliest modern human fossils out of Africa are in

A

the middle East @ Qafzeh @ 95,000 ya and Skhul @ 100,000 ya

91
Q

What are the two competing hypothesis for origins of h. sapiens sapiens

A
  1. Multiregional model: we left Africa and evolved
  2. The single origin model (also called out of Africa): we evolve in Africa and this is who all later people and h. s. sapiens conquer
92
Q

Humans are less genetically variable than most other species, but

A

highly polymorphic

93
Q

Modern human variation suggests we have undergone a population explosion, preceded by one or more

A

population bottlenecks

94
Q

A “bottleneck” was created when

A

human populations were reduced to 10,000 people

95
Q

A major second migration out of Africa beings at

A

65,000 - 50,000 ya - all non-Africa humans descend from this migration

96
Q

____ has the most genetic variation

A

Africa

97
Q

When did the Great leap Forward occur

A

Around 45,000

98
Q

Early symbolism is displayed in what and where

A

bone tools in Mousterian assemblages at Katana, Zaire dating to 90,000 ya

99
Q

Red ochre was symbolic of

A

blood (speculated to be menstrual blood)

100
Q

Explain sham menstruation

A
  • Women paint themselves to trick the men first into not having sex
  • Women use red ochre and actual menstrual blood to trick the males
  • Based on the lunar cycle (dark moon) = males continue to hunt and then get sex after they bring home meat
101
Q

Sham menstruation creates a “sex strike” which is

A

when the women are ‘menstruating’ so they cannot have sex so therefore the men need to go out and hunt

102
Q

What is the hallmark of upper Paleolithic technology is

A

blade technology

103
Q

When does the transition to the upper Paleolithic occur?

A

unevenly between 45,000 - 25,000 ya and occurred in waves

104
Q

Soultrean was mostly

A
  • elaborate tool carving; symmetrical
  • Had huts (kind of looked like teepees)
  • Cave painters
105
Q

Pauls fav quote from power and watts

A

“Symbolism emerged as a set of deceptive sexual signals aimed by kin-coalitions of females at their mates for the purpose of exploiting male muscle-power”

106
Q

Females manipulated males because

A

they needed a high quality diet both for herself and for the offspring

107
Q

A male should aim to reduce time spent searching for a fertilizable female and then reduce the time spent waiting for access to the female at her fertile moment

A

Optimal foraging theory

108
Q

idiosyncratic personal style, reflecting expression of personal identity (i.e. assertive style)

A

mobiliary

109
Q

cave murals were what type of upper Paleolithic art

A

parietal

110
Q

Widespread appearance of Upper Paleolithic art is most dramatic signal of the

A

The Great Leap foreward

111
Q
  • Out of carved rock or ivory
  • Always women
  • Distributed in Eastern regions, Siberian step and Dordon (Spain)
A

venus figurines

112
Q

Depicts clothing of women (a skirt)

A

Venus of Lespuge

113
Q
  • Depicts hairstyles or head coverings

- Gives a lot of style depictions

A

Venus of Willendorf

114
Q

There were huge paintings in what 2 caves

A

Lascaux Cave, France @ 20,000 - 17,000 ya and Altimira Cave, Spain @ 24,000

115
Q

personal style of art (i.e.: jewelry)

A

assertive style

116
Q

group style that represented the values of the group

A

emblemic style

117
Q

what are the 5 traditional interpretations of paleolithic art

A
  1. Art to tell a story
  2. female-male dichotomy
  3. hunting magic
  4. totemism/shamanism
  5. socialization rituals
118
Q

Symbolic attachment to nature through self

A

Totemism

119
Q

what was cave art usually made with

A

charcoal or pigments (like indigo, ochre) and was binded with spit

120
Q

Venus figurines by soffer explains

A

women and how the figurines gave insight to the psyche of women and clothing and how they saw themselves

121
Q

“Paleolithic Art: Explaining it” by: Barton was brought up in class because

A

the math was wrong, so do not believe everything you read

122
Q

At the time of the downturn of ice age there is an increase in

A

venus figurines

123
Q

sahul is

A

australia and new guinea

124
Q

Intentional migration occurred with _____ to get to new guinea/aust bc

A

BOATS (as early as 60,000ya) because they needed boats to get to island

125
Q

Came from indonesia to australia over

A

a land bridge

126
Q

_____ are the only people who can live in outback around the desert - they know where the water and food are

A

Aborigines

127
Q

The Bering land bridge to the new world was

A

exposed during glaciation and animals migrated across

128
Q

First widespread culture in north america is

A

Clovis

  • @ 12,900 - 13,500ya
  • Created flute like spear heads
  • Elephant hunters
129
Q

“The Colonization of Australia” by: Davidson shows

A

people migrated over there and indicates people have cognitive ability - does not believe cave art brought about human behavior

130
Q

You can track the climate with

A

pollen

131
Q

What is the Younger Dryas?

A
  • @ 12,900 - 11,600 ya
  • Could have been reason why Clovis culture ended
  • Return of the ice age
132
Q

What are the debated causes of the Younger Dryas

A

Causes debated: timed to draining of Lake Agassiz, also timed to asteroid striking N American ice sheet - both of these events may have help to upset the Atlantic Conveyor belt and thus causing the ice age.

133
Q

once people came to New Zealand they started going extinct (large flightless bird)

A

Moa

134
Q

What major extinctions occurred in Europe and Asia (3)

A

Wooly mammoth, wooly rhino, Irish elk

135
Q

What major extinctions occurred in Australia (1)

A 
Giant Kangaroos (in Sahul)
(A lot of Kangaroo species)
136
Q

What major extinctions occurred in New World (7)

A

Mastodon, GIANT SLOTH, glyptodon, tigers, horses, bison, camels

137
Q

The ____ the animal, the more likely it is to go extinct

A

larger

138
Q

Explain the Blitzkrieg model

A

people came in and wiped out the animals

139
Q

What is Donald Grayson’s counter argument to the Blitzkrieg model

A
  1. Bird fauna went extinct at same rate
  2. Few kill sites
  3. Climate change is real culprit
140
Q

Why does Paul think the mass extinctions occured

A

perfect storm: climate change + people = extinctions

141
Q

“Late Pleistocene and extinction” by: Barnosky

A

how ecological effect (climate change) and human technology allowed for the large extinction of bigger animals

ANTH 215 (1 decks)

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