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World Civilizations II > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Rising Great Powers 16th to 18th Centuries

A

Rising Great Powers: PBARF

Prussia - Absolute Mon - Army - +Bureaucracy

Britain - Cons Mon - Comm and Finanical Resources, navy, trade, freedom, industry, relations toleration

Austria - Abs Mon -Army, Imperial Prestige, loyalty

Russia - Abs Mon - Army, popu, Natural Resources, Imperial Control of Church and State

France - Abs Mon - Army, Popu, Colon Emp, Intellect

_Declining Great Power_s: SONS

Spain - Ab Mon - Stag Eco, Ineff Govt, weak mil, religious and intellectual Conformity

Ottoman Empire - Ab Mon, Backw Eco, Unsta Govt, resist change, old military

Netherlands - Republic, Divide Govt, low pop and decline Econ

Sweden- Const Mon - Low Popula, Weak Econo

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2
Q

Charles V

A
  • Holy Roman Emperor 1519
    • Inherited Lands Ruled 1/4 of Europe
      • Austria
      • Netherlands
      • East France
      • East Spain West Spin
      • Sardina/Naples/Sicily
      • Also Hungary/Bohemia
    • East Lands to Ferdinand I
    • West Lands to Phillip III
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3
Q

Eastern and Western Hemisphere Differences Pre-1450

A

Eastern Hemisphere: Europe—>

1492-1519 Belief world 1/2 water/ 1/2 Land (Cartographers)

Large Pool of Disease becuase of Animals

Growing Population

Trade Networks

Large Civi. -Islam, Christendom, China, India, N. Africa, SE Asia Dyn. Come and go Linear and Quantified Time - Days, Months Years

Leads to Spirituality Hindu, Budd, Daoism all common treat others as you would like treated

Less Parochial View of world - W/O blinders

Ocean Gap 3K miles

Breeds Innovation/Travel/Trade Networks/ Large Rel. Following/ Large Civil.

Western Hemisphere— Nomadic early

Recent Human Arrival last 15K years/Large Mammal Extinction from Human Hunting and Planet Warming.

Small Animals Domesticated,

North and South Axle Land Prevents travel- Cold weather N and S

Limited land for Agriculture/ Geography Not friendly to Diffusion of ideas

Small pool of disease

Small Civilizations Meso america and Ande Mnts with no where to go

Time is Cyclical 4 seasons rinse and repeat

Isolated from eachother and world

Was tropical then Hotter/ Dryer–> Plants and Animals Dissapear

Ocean Gap to Eastern Eurasia 6K Miles

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4
Q

India Religion

A
  • Monothesism and Polytheism
    • Hindu Trinity: All seen as one divine reality
    • Brahman - Creator
    • Vishnu - Preserver
    • Shiva - Destroyer
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5
Q

Reincarntaion

A
  • Based on a Caste system Humans Not Equal Created By Aryians :
    • Your soul transmigrates to another body when you die.
      • Good Karma brings you up Caste and Bad Karma Down
        • Barhman (Priests) Head of God (One with the Cosmos)
        • Kshatriyas (Warriors)
        • Vaishyas (Farmer/Merchants)
        • Shudras (Laborers) Foot of God
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6
Q

Dar al-Islam

A
  • God:Allah - (Muhammad - Creator/Final Phrophet/ Military
    • Monotheism- Tinitarian Monotheism - Father son Holy Spirit/ JudgementDay Ancient Persian Concept -Heaven or Hell
      • Personal Jahad - Struggle to defeat internal demeons
      • Political Jahad - Conquer world in name of Allah w/ military
    • House of God - Where Muslims Rule (GLUE) Beleivers
    • House of War - (Dar al-Harab) Islam Non-Believers state of Jahad War
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7
Q

Dar al-Habab

A
  • House of Disbelief
    • Islam Non-Believers and Continuous state of Jahad War
      • Sultan -Government Leader
      • Calif - Religios Leader
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8
Q

Italian Renaissance

A
  • An Attitude 14-16th century
    • Inpires 3 Values Humanism Individualism and Secularism -
      • Humanism -New Learning, Man is rational, cultivating talents, belief abilities are unlimited
      • Individualism - Emphasize Competition and Personal sucess and Display of Personal Wealth
      • Secularism- Emphasize Worldly Views(Spiritual)
    • Rebirth of Antiquity - Learn from Greece and Rome
  • Urban and Commercial Growth
    • Italian Thinkers look back to pre-christian pagan science and Philoso
      • Machiavelli inspired Political thoughts with movement
    • Areas rewarded - Genoa, Florenece, Milan, Naples, Rome and venice who are ruled by elite merchants
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9
Q

Machiavelli

A
  • Author : The Prince
    • Argued (Ruler to Imitate both Sly Fox and Scary Lion)
    • Social order reflecting gods will IMPOSSIBLE
    • Politics and Religion Seperate Laws
    • Rulers should ignore Good and Bad/Moral and Immoral
    • Rulers use anything to maintain authority “End Justifies the Means”
  • Primary Goal is Survival
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10
Q

Janissaries

A
  • Devshimre Law - Ottoman Empire
    • Christian Boys captured and became slave infantry
      • Some rose to power of Turkish Govt
      • Sultan 2nd army (Nontrusting of his own)
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11
Q

Divine Right of Kings

A
  • French Absolutism (Bishop Bossuet)
    • King was Chosen by God
      • (Religious Doctrine of Royal and Political Legigitmacy)
        • This Benefits the Monarch of France
          • point to note - old kings would fight in battles
      • new system- nobility weaker and king extracts tax revenue for military and estate
  • Uses Versailles Palace to:
    • Symbol of Power
    • incentivise loyalty( must live there 1/2 year)
    • Eliminate Scheming
      • Hire Pro Musketeers
    • Monarchy and Nobility now far apart With MON on top
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12
Q

Spanish/Portuguese Racial Hierarchy

A
  • Peninsulares - Europeans from Europe Pure
  • Creoles - Europeans born in America Pure
  • Mestizos - European Natives
  • Mulato - European Africans
  • Zambos - Native Africans
  • Slaves -Pure Native or African
  • Mostly Men Early on/Men marry local tribe leader daughters=Power
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13
Q

Mandate of Heaven

A
  • Chinese belief that:
    • Divinely Granted Right for Monarchs to Govern and endorsed Confuscianism
      • Named the Son Of Heaven
  • This allowed Yuan (mongols) to fall
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14
Q

Middle Kingdom

A
  • Deontes that China is superior to all surrouding kingdoms and occured after the Ming dynasty defeated Mongols.
    • Emperor now Son of Heaven
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15
Q

Trinitarian Monotheism

A
  • Christian Belief
    • Father is God
    • Son is God
    • Holy Spirit is God
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16
Q

Martin Luther

A
  • Protestant Reformation N and W Europe
    • German Critic of
      • Sale of Indulgences
      • Secularization of Church (loss of spiritual belief)
      • Clergy state Immortality
      • Pope High Authority
      • Veneration of Mary and Saints(Great Respect)
      • Roman Catholic Ceremony
  • Split from Roman Catholic(Excommunicated)
    • Started Lutheranism (Faith In God)
      • Political Exploitation - Seperated Europe
        • Catholic Europe
        • Protestant Europe
17
Q

John Calvin

A

Protestant Reformation N and W Europe

French Critic of

  • Sale of Indulgences
  • Secularization of Church (loss of spiritual belief)
  • Clergy state Immortality
  • Pope High Authority
  • Veneration of Mary and Saints(Great Respect)
  • Roman Catholic Ceremony

Split from Roman Catholic(Excommunicated)

  • Started Calvinism (PREDESTINATION)
    • ​Presbyterians, Puritans, Anababist, Anglicans
  • Political Exploitation - Seperated Europe
  1. Catholic Europe
  2. Protestant Europe
18
Q

Indulgences

A

Roman Catholicism

  • Church Paper sold reducing pergatory sentence
  • Using this money to rebuild St Peter Church
  • Led to Luther Excommunication
19
Q

China World View 1450

A
  • Richest On Planet -Middle Kingdom- Great wall, Superior,
  • All foreigners BARBARIANS
  • Cyclical History
  • Worship Ancestors
  • Mandate of Heaven
  • Endorse Confucianism
    • RESPECT and LOYALTY for
      • Scholar and Rule
      • Social Hierarchy
      • Loyalty to State
  • Language: Mandarin Cantonese…
  • Low statud of Merchants
  • Popular support for Daoism (Listen to nature) (JEDI)
  • Popular support for Buddahism (Philosophy + Relig)
    • Spiritual World
    • Seek enlightenment through suffering
    • Achieve Nirvana (Destroy Inner Cravings)
  • Trajectory( ISOLANTIONISTS)
    • Wont trade,
    • Withdrew Seafaring Expeditions(Internal Focus Priority)
    • Great Wall (Culture Isolation)
    • 18th century no longer the richest
20
Q

Hindu India World View 1450

A

Mono and Polythesistic

  • 3 seperate incarnations seen as ONE divine reality(KARMA)Achieve salvation through active participation
  • Intense Internal Rivalries( Unity only through Hindu System)
  • Caste System
    • Brahmans - priests
    • Kshatriyas - warriors
    • Vaishyas- farm and merchants
    • Shudras - laborers
      • All must work up to Brahman to become 1 w/ Universe
  • Lack of exploration beyond Indian Ocean
  • Politically divided and Partly Occupied by Mughal Empire
21
Q

Dar al-Islam World View 1450

A
  • God: Allah
  • Monotheism JudgementDay Ancient Persian -Heaven or Hell
    • (Muhammad - Creator/Final Phrophet/ Military
  • Sultan leads Gov’t
  • Caliph leads Religion
  • Tollerated Christ and Jew - all others destroyed
  • Merchant respect
  • 1 language Arabic
  • Never recovered from Mongol 13th invasion
    • Ottoman replaced Byzantane Empire + Abbadid Caliphate
  • Religious Push = Islamic world lost intelec and tech edge
22
Q

Christendom World View 1450

A
  • Trinitarian Monothesim
    • Jesus Savior of humanity
    • Day of judgement
      • Fear of islamic spread through europe
  • CLASHES nobility, clergy and merchants
    • seration of religion(Rom Cath) and government(city states)
      • Intense City state rival
  • Universal language LATIN -Multi ethnic
    • Brotherhood of Christians
      • Jews tollerated
        • Some prechristian pagan tolerant
  • Steal China and Islamic tech and enhancing them
    • Need to have LARGER role in Eurasia Trade
      • Emerging Curiosity….Italian Renaisance
23
Q

Peace of Westphalia

A
  • An end to total Hapsburg Supremecy( No more money after wars)
  • Treaties ending
    • 80 Years war
      • Spain and Dutch
    • 30 Years War
      • Many European States
  • New set of Powers Emerged PBARF
    1. Prussian
    2. Britain (England)
    3. Austria(Hapsburg)
    4. Russia
    5. France
  • Britain and Russia kept France in check
  • Spain and Portugal no longer Major Powers
24
Q

Akbar

A
  • Ruled Mughal Empire (INDIA) Mid 16th to 17th
  • Defeat Hindus then hired as soilders
  • Experimental Religion: Himself Prophet
  • Many uncomfortable with his Hindu Embracing
25
Q

Kangxi, Youngzheng, Qianlong

A
  • 3 Leaders of the 130 year Qing(Pure) Empire Dynasty
  • Imjihn war led Ming to seek Qing asisstance(Manchu/Korea)
    • led to 40 conquest
      • Ming terr
      • taiwan
      • mongolia
  • Starts when Manchus attaked Beijing Cap(Emperor Suicide)
    • B/C of Chaotic imperial Ming Govt
  • Manchu Led -NEastern of Great Wall
    • Nomadic Ancestors
    • Ming Style Governance
      • Kangxi 1662-1722(50 Year)
        • CHILD emperor (execute regent)
        • Treaty of Nerchinsk w/ Russia
        • Refused Macartney trade proposal doesnt need:
          • no export needed
          • no europe tech and innova
          • No diplomacy
      • Youngzheng 1723-1735(12 Year)
      • Qianlong 1736-1795(60 Years)
  • All maintained Stable Govt
    • Imported american food
      • Sever Population increase
  • Forbid intermarriage of Chinese and Manchus
    • Manchus
      • Buddism
      • Refuse foot binding
  • Western Europeans = SEA Barbarians
26
Q

Ming and Qing Dynasty

A
  • MING (BRIGHT)
    • Replaced Yuan Dynasty(Mongols) Mid 14th
    • Brought back China to Concept MIDDLE KINGDOM
      • Ideal Empire and Superior
        • SON OF HEAVEN
          • Sacred Imperial title for Mandate of Heaven
  • Zhu Yuanzhang led following Mongol collapse
  • Younger brothers to Son of Heaven
    • Europeans
      • Exotic, Innovation and their interest in their own god
  • Outter Barbarian
    • Foreiners
  • Inner Barbarians
    • Japanese and Central Asians​
      • Government corruption
        • Labor protests
      • Rapid Urban growth led to:
        • Price inflation
        • Flooding of silver deflation
      • Climate change
        • Little ice age Result:
          • low temps
          • long winters
          • epidemics
  • Galdan restores mongolia
    • Manchus - Korean
      • Frequent looting
  • Wanli Emeror 2nd Son of Heaven
    • Poor emperor/ more corruption
    • Imjin War
      • Led to Manchus claiming china
        • start of 40 year conquest
          • Ming territories
          • Taiwain
          • Mongolia
      • Led the MING to seek assistance from:
        • Machus/Korea
  • Qing Empire. (PURE) late 17th to late 18th
    • First Kangxi (16 years old)
      • Feared Galdan(Mongol) russian alliance
        • Leads to Treaty of Nerchinsk
    • ONE European trade point CANTON
      • TEA, CHA, TE!
        • wouldnt loosen export restrictions
        • Refusal of Macartney Mission (trade Proposal)
      • China becoming obsolete
    • 3X population increase
      • Social issues
        • job market bad
      • Enviromental issues
        • Severe flooding
        • Land erossion
      • Gov’t Corruption increasing
      • Gov’t revenue decreasing
  • All of this shows Europe:
    • China is Vulnerable!
27
Q

Protestant Reformation

A
  • Theological Rebellion against Roman Papacy(pope in Charge)
    • Renaissance reoriented Man
      • Move toward more secular life(Non religious)
    • Critisicm of Chirstian commenwealth led by papacy
  • Criticized by two men
    • German Martin Luther(Lutheran) - Criticized
      • Sale of Indulgences
      • Secularization among clergy
      • authority of Roman Pope
      • Veneration of Mary and Saints
    • French John Calvin(Calvinism)
      • ​Presbyterians, Puritans, Anababist, Anglicans
  • All led to political exploitation and war across Europe
    • Division of Christendom
      • Catholic Europe
      • Protestant Europe
    • Wars Ensued ove rdenominations and King Powers
      • Netherlands 80 Years’ War/Dutch Revolt
      • France: War of 3 Henrys
      • Germanic States: 30 Years’ War
        • Habsburgs Land Holdings
          • Austria
          • Netherlands
          • E. France
          • E. Spain, Sardinia, Naples, Sicily
          • W. Spain
          • Hungary
        • Peace of Westphalia
        • Gives powers to state over Church
          • Ended Hapsburg rule(No Money)
          • Can now rule within borders
          • German States Of HolyRomanEmpire Soverin
        • Creation of 5 Major Powers (PBARF)
          • Prussia
          • Britain
          • Austria
          • Russia
          • France
        • Dissolving Powers(SONS)
          • Spain
          • Ottoman Empire
          • Netherlands
          • Sweden
28
Q

Iroquois/Algonquian VS French Catholic

A
  • NATIVES
    • Numerous Spirits-Impersonal Cosmic Force
      • Iroquois-ORENDA
      • Algonquian-MANITOU
    • Relataions with anything dead
      • Spirits contnrolled cosmic forces
    • SHAMANS
      • Knowledge based on
        • Ceremonies and abilities
        • Manipulate spirits gave them prestige
    • Inclusive Mentality
      • People Could Be FORGIVEN
    • ACCEPTED European Christianity
  • FRENCH ROMAN CATHOLIC
    • Trinitarianism - Father son and Holy Spirit
    • GOD is all powerful
    • God Created Humans
      • Humans superior to other living things
    • Indirect Relations w/ God
      • Faith
      • Prayer
      • Sacraments
      • Bilble
    • Emphacize Bible Mastery
    • PRIESTS
      • Status
        • KNowledge
        • Literacy/Education
        • Ability to Convert NON CATHOLICS
    • Pursuit of Salvation
    • Shunning Evil and SIN
    • Exclusive Mentaliy
      • Bilble is SINGLE and ONLY truth
    • People can be Forgiven
    • Shunned NATIVE Ceremony
  • SIMILARITIES
    • Prayers and Hymns
    • Veneration of Artifacts
    • Feasts
    • Symbolic Baths(Babtisms)
    • Self infllicted pains
    • Ritual Purity
29
Q

Spanish, Portugese, Dutch, French and English Empires

16th, 17th, 18th century Patterns

A
  • 16th Spain seized most of: (Both Amerindian Slavery)
    • Central America (AZTECS)
    • W. South America (INCAN)
      • Mining Gold and Silver
      • Agriculture
        • wheat rice indigo cotton coffee sugar
      • Livestock
        • cattle
        • horse
        • sheep
  • 16th Portugal developed:
    • Colonial Brazil
      • Sugar
      • Coffee
      • Livestock
    • Outpost of SW Africa Coast and E. Africa
      • Control Traffic to INDIA
  • 16th Century English Empires of Americas
    • Seen as source of plunder
    • Atlantic Ocean Seen as barrier to colonies
  • 17th Century
    • Spain
      • Joint stock companies of ​Holland + France $
        • Privateering
        • Exploration
        • Commercial Venture
      • Holland Seize Sea trade lanes
        • ATLANTIC from SPAIN
        • INDIAN FROM PORTUGAL
    • France Overseas Expansion Delayed
      • 30 Years war
        • Following areas of interest
          • Canada
          • West indies
          • W. Africa
    • England Overseas Expansion Delayed
      • North America Civil Wars
        • Areas of interst
          • East Coast America
          • West Indies
  • 18th Century
    • England and France
      • Primary Contenders of East North America
    • Spain and Portugal
      • Keep Control of empires in:
        • Central and South America
    • Transatlantic Economy (trade)
      • Links peoples from
        • W. Europe
        • W. Africa
        • American Colonies
          • All Areas are both:
            • Suppliers
            • Consumers
30
Q

1 of 3 Major Muslim Empires (Ottoman)

Sunni

Suleyman

A

See attached Image

31
Q

2 of 3 Major Muslim Empires (Safavid)

Shi’a

Ismail

A

See attached Image

32
Q

3 of 3 Major Muslim Empires (Mughal)

Sunni (Hindu)

Akbar—–>Aurangzeb

A

See attached Image

33
Q

Middle Passage

A
  • 1 of 3 legs for Triangualr Trade Route
    • Transatlantic Slave Trade Route for Europeans
      • Europeans brought goods to africa
        • Purchased Slaves with goods(Must have is Weapons)
    • The route to americans/ Bringing Slaves
      • Deadly/ Many died during the voyage
34
Q

Colombian Exchange

A
  • Disease from Europe to New World, Central and South America
    • Small pox
    • Flu
    • Malaria
    • Typhus
    • Measels/Mumps
      • Leaders of Central and South Amer. Died
    • STD moves to Europe (Syphilis)
  • Tobacco moves from New World
  • Animal Imports to America
    • Pigs
      • Eat everything
      • Multiplying fast
    • Oxen
      • Agriculture and Travel made easier
    • Horses
      • Made hunting easier for Natives
  • Crop Imports
    • Wheat/Tomato
    • Corn/Beans/sugar/spices
    • Potatoes
  • People Movement all over
35
Q

Wanli

A
  • Late 16th and Early 17th Century Ruler Ming Dynasty
    • Son of Heaven
      • Poorly ran court and officials beneath him
      • Corruption common within Imperial Govt
        • Bribes
        • Famine
        • Irrigation disrepair
      • Little Ice Age
    • Revolt started by Li Zicheng
  • Losing Mandate of Heaven
36
Q

Great Wall (China)

A
  • Series of Walls Contructed Heart of China
    • Keep out Nomads
      • Watch towers and army barracks
    • Started contruction 8th Century BC
      • Not unified until 3rd BC
    • Han and Sui Major Additions and Repairs
      • 2nd BC to 7th AD
    • Tang and Song Made little Contributions to wall
      • 7th to 13th century
  • China defeated by mongols Yuan Dynasty
    • late 13th to late 14th
  • Ming Dynasty
    • Revitalized and Extended Wall
      • new name BORDER BARRIERS
  • Manchus conquered Ming
    • ​Great Wall Importance FELL
      • Now tourist location

World Civilizations II (2 decks)

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