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Psychology of Learning > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Learning

A

A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience

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2
Q

Not all behavior change results from learning:

A

motivational change, maturation, illness, fatigue

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3
Q

Functionalism

A

Early school of thought in psychology that emphasized instinctive origins and adaptive function of behavior

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4
Q

John Dewey

A

Father of functionalism- compared humans to animals

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5
Q

John Dewey suggested that

A

reflective behaviors of lower animals had been replaced in humans by the mind.

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6
Q

In humans, the mind had evolved as the

A

primary mechanism for survival

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7
Q

William James

A

Argued that the major difference between human and lower animals is that: humans possess greater range, including social instincts that enhance our interaction with the environment and our survival

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8
Q

Behaviorism

A

The school of thought that emphasizes the role of experience in governing behavior

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9
Q

Behaviorists believed that

A

the important processing governing behavior are learned

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10
Q

Major goal of behaviorism

A

to determine the laws governing learning

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11
Q

Aristotle

A

The earliest advocate of associationism

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12
Q

Aristotle proposed that

A

associations develop from 2 events that are continuous and either similar or opposite of eachother

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13
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

Was a scientist; worked with cats in the puzzle box which led to the law of effect

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14
Q

Law of Effect

A

If you like something, you’re more likely to do it again, if you don’t you wont be as motivated to do it again

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15
Q

Law of Readiness

A

Organisms must be motivated to develop an association or to exhibit a previously established habit

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16
Q

Counter conditioning

A

the elimination of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is paired with an opponent or antagonistic unconditioned stimulus

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17
Q

systematic desensitization

A

getting used to feared object to counter-condition

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18
Q

Pavlov believed that rules of associationism

A

determine which behavior occurs in the learning situation

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19
Q

Pavlov was trained as

A

a psychologist studying digestion

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20
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

An environmental event that can elicit an instinctive reaction without experience (food)

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21
Q

Unconditioned response

A

an innate reaction to an unconditioned stimulus (salivation)

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22
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

stimulus that becomes learned (bell)

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23
Q

conditioned response

A

learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus (salivation to bell)

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24
Q

generalization

A

responding in the same manner to a similar stimuli

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25
Extinction
The elimination of response caused by removal of conditioned stimulus (bell with no food present at all; drool)
26
John B Watson
Behaviorism
27
IACUC
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
28
Lorenz and Tinbergen developed
instinctive theory from years of observing animal behavior
29
action specific energy
triggering responses and depleting energy supply
30
Appetitive behavior
(searching for food because you're hungry)
31
sign stimulus
"releaser" or determining feature of a stimulus, producing a response
32
fixed action pattern
Causes animals to act in a specific behavior pattern unique to their species
33
innate releasing mechanism
Triggers appropriate behavior responses
34
Habituation
A decrease in responsiveness to a specific stimulus as a result of repeated experience with it (war veteran and loud sounds, not reacting to it)
35
sensitization
an increased reactivity to all environmental events following exposure to an intense stimulus (you've had something very intense happen to you, increased reactivity to something, etc.)
36
Homeostasis
considered responsible for either increased or decreased effectiveness of a reward
37
decreased effectiveness is due to
satiation
38
increased effectiveness is due to
deprivation
39
rate of habituation and sensitization is determined by
stimulus intensity
40
more intense stimuli produce
stronger sensitization than weaker ones
41
weaker stimuli produce
rapid habituation
42
state system
the process responsible for the sensitization effect
43
evolutionary theory
survival of an animal depends on its ability to recognize biologically significant stimuli
44
A state
the initial effective reaction to environmental stimulus in opponent process theory
45
Opponent process theory
offers explanations for the development of addictions
46
Addictive behavior is a
coping response to adverse B state
47
Cognitive theorists VS S-R theorists
cognitive: propose that without thought processes, we could have no emotions and no behavior therefore no function S-R: propose an inflexible view of behavior
48
two types of S-R theories
1. proposes that reward is necessary to learn S-R connections 2. proposes that the only necessity is for the response to occur in the stimulus context
49
HULL DRIVE THEORY
proposed that primary drives (e.g. hunger, thirst) are produced by states of deprivation
50
incentive motivation
the idea that the level of motivation is affected by magnitude of reward such that the greater the reward magnitude, the higher the motivation to obtain the reward
51
Value of reward influences
motivational level
52
Environmental stimuli can develop
the ability to produce arousal, thereby motivating behavior
53
Skinner argued that the goal of behaviorism
should be to identify and isolate the environmental factor that govern behavior
54
Apraxia
inability to perform a movement or task when asked
55
GUTHERIE CONTIGUITY VIEW
Contiguity, not reward is sufficient enough to establish S-R connection, learning is a simple process governed entirely by contiguity
56
contiguity
behaviorist approach that states, for learning to occur, the response must occur in the presence of or very soon after a stimulus is presented, or an association won't occur
57
Hull VS Gutherie
hull: drives gutherie: contiguity
58
Tolmans purposive behavior
behavior has both direction and purpose, is goal oriented, and we are motivated to either achieve a desired condition or to avoid an aversive situation
59
motivation process
1. Deprivation | 2. Environmental Events
60
Cathexis:
the transference process that occurs when "a thirsty child sees a soda and the ability of the thirst to motivate behavior transfers to the soda"
61
positive cathexis:
leads organism to approach stimulus
62
negative cethexis
leads organism to avoid a place

Psychology of Learning (1 decks)

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