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Psychology of Learning > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of Learning

A

A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience

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2
Q

Not all behavior change results from learning:

A

motivational change, maturation, illness, fatigue

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3
Q

Functionalism

A

Early school of thought in psychology that emphasized instinctive origins and adaptive function of behavior

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4
Q

John Dewey

A

Father of functionalism- compared humans to animals

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5
Q

John Dewey suggested that

A

reflective behaviors of lower animals had been replaced in humans by the mind.

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6
Q

In humans, the mind had evolved as the

A

primary mechanism for survival

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7
Q

William James

A

Argued that the major difference between human and lower animals is that: humans possess greater range, including social instincts that enhance our interaction with the environment and our survival

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8
Q

Behaviorism

A

The school of thought that emphasizes the role of experience in governing behavior

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9
Q

Behaviorists believed that

A

the important processing governing behavior are learned

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10
Q

Major goal of behaviorism

A

to determine the laws governing learning

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11
Q

Aristotle

A

The earliest advocate of associationism

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12
Q

Aristotle proposed that

A

associations develop from 2 events that are continuous and either similar or opposite of eachother

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13
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

Was a scientist; worked with cats in the puzzle box which led to the law of effect

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14
Q

Law of Effect

A

If you like something, you’re more likely to do it again, if you don’t you wont be as motivated to do it again

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15
Q

Law of Readiness

A

Organisms must be motivated to develop an association or to exhibit a previously established habit

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16
Q

Counter conditioning

A

the elimination of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is paired with an opponent or antagonistic unconditioned stimulus

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17
Q

systematic desensitization

A

getting used to feared object to counter-condition

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18
Q

Pavlov believed that rules of associationism

A

determine which behavior occurs in the learning situation

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19
Q

Pavlov was trained as

A

a psychologist studying digestion

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20
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

An environmental event that can elicit an instinctive reaction without experience (food)

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21
Q

Unconditioned response

A

an innate reaction to an unconditioned stimulus (salivation)

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22
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

stimulus that becomes learned (bell)

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23
Q

conditioned response

A

learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus (salivation to bell)

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24
Q

generalization

A

responding in the same manner to a similar stimuli

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25
Q

Extinction

A

The elimination of response caused by removal of conditioned stimulus (bell with no food present at all; drool)

26
Q

John B Watson

A

Behaviorism

27
Q

IACUC

A

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

28
Q

Lorenz and Tinbergen developed

A

instinctive theory from years of observing animal behavior

29
Q

action specific energy

A

triggering responses and depleting energy supply

30
Q

Appetitive behavior

A

(searching for food because you’re hungry)

31
Q

sign stimulus

A

“releaser” or determining feature of a stimulus, producing a response

32
Q

fixed action pattern

A

Causes animals to act in a specific behavior pattern unique to their species

33
Q

innate releasing mechanism

A

Triggers appropriate behavior responses

34
Q

Habituation

A

A decrease in responsiveness to a specific stimulus as a result of repeated experience with it (war veteran and loud sounds, not reacting to it)

35
Q

sensitization

A

an increased reactivity to all environmental events following exposure to an intense stimulus (you’ve had something very intense happen to you, increased reactivity to something, etc.)

36
Q

Homeostasis

A

considered responsible for either increased or decreased effectiveness of a reward

37
Q

decreased effectiveness is due to

A

satiation

38
Q

increased effectiveness is due to

A

deprivation

39
Q

rate of habituation and sensitization is determined by

A

stimulus intensity

40
Q

more intense stimuli produce

A

stronger sensitization than weaker ones

41
Q

weaker stimuli produce

A

rapid habituation

42
Q

state system

A

the process responsible for the sensitization effect

43
Q

evolutionary theory

A

survival of an animal depends on its ability to recognize biologically significant stimuli

44
Q

A state

A

the initial effective reaction to environmental stimulus in opponent process theory

45
Q

Opponent process theory

A

offers explanations for the development of addictions

46
Q

Addictive behavior is a

A

coping response to adverse B state

47
Q

Cognitive theorists VS S-R theorists

A

cognitive: propose that without thought processes, we could have no emotions and no behavior therefore no function
S-R: propose an inflexible view of behavior

48
Q

two types of S-R theories

A
  1. proposes that reward is necessary to learn S-R connections
  2. proposes that the only necessity is for the response to occur in the stimulus context
49
Q

HULL DRIVE THEORY

A

proposed that primary drives (e.g. hunger, thirst) are produced by states of deprivation

50
Q

incentive motivation

A

the idea that the level of motivation is affected by magnitude of reward such that the greater the reward magnitude, the higher the motivation to obtain the reward

51
Q

Value of reward influences

A

motivational level

52
Q

Environmental stimuli can develop

A

the ability to produce arousal, thereby motivating behavior

53
Q

Skinner argued that the goal of behaviorism

A

should be to identify and isolate the environmental factor that govern behavior

54
Q

Apraxia

A

inability to perform a movement or task when asked

55
Q

GUTHERIE CONTIGUITY VIEW

A

Contiguity, not reward is sufficient enough to establish S-R connection, learning is a simple process governed entirely by contiguity

56
Q

contiguity

A

behaviorist approach that states, for learning to occur, the response must occur in the presence of or very soon after a stimulus is presented, or an association won’t occur

57
Q

Hull VS Gutherie

A

hull: drives
gutherie: contiguity

58
Q

Tolmans purposive behavior

A

behavior has both direction and purpose, is goal oriented, and we are motivated to either achieve a desired condition or to avoid an aversive situation

59
Q

motivation process

A
  1. Deprivation

2. Environmental Events

60
Q

Cathexis:

A

the transference process that occurs when “a thirsty child sees a soda and the ability of the thirst to motivate behavior transfers to the soda”

61
Q

positive cathexis:

A

leads organism to approach stimulus

62
Q

negative cethexis

A

leads organism to avoid a place

Psychology of Learning (1 decks)

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