Exam 1 Flashcards
What are the main types of proteins and give an example.
Globular protein - myoglobin Fibrous protein - Collagen Catalytic - Any enzyme Transporter - hemoglobin Structural - Collagen Conjugated
What is the importance of the pancreas for digestion?
Produces enzymes responsible for
50% of carbohydrate digestion
50% of protein digestion
90% of lipid digestion
What are the main products of fermentation?
VFAs
Microbial Proteins
Gasses
Lactic Acids
Rumen microbes are in charge of:
Degradation
Transport
Synthesis
Name 4 bacteria that are important for Fiber degradation and briefly describe each:
- Fibrobacter succinogens - like fiber, Antibiotic resistant
- Ruminococcus spp. - need NH3 for optimum growth
- Butyrovibrio fibroslovens - produce butyrate
- Clostridium spp. - originate from silage, can survive on almost anything
Name 2 bacteria that are important for Protein degradation and briefly describe each:
- Prevotella spp - abundant, Doesn’t degrade cellulose
2. Ruminobacter amylophilus - like amylose, hydrolyzing starch (secrete amylase)
Name 2 bacteria that are important Lactate producers and briefly describe each:
- Megasphaera elsdinii - Concentrate diets; young ruminants
- Lactobacillus spp. - Young ruminants; milk, concentrate, Acid tolerant
Name 2 bacteria that are important for Starch degradation and briefly describe each:
- Selenomonas ruminantium - produce propionate, lactate
2. Streptococcus bovis - like starch but can survive on fiber diet, rapid growth, acid-tolerant
Name 1 bacteria that is important for Lipid degradation and briefly describe:
Anaerovibrio lipolytica - More predominant in rumen, lactate utilization
All rumen protozoa are _____.
anaerobic
Rumen protozoa are very effective in _____ degradation.
cellulose
What are the 2 major groups of Rumen protozoa?
Ciliates
Flagellates - younger animals
What are some advantages of Rumen protozoa?
Increase cellulose digestion
Greater VFA production
Increased transport on CLA
What are some disadvantages of Rumen protozoa?
Increase CH4 production
Reduced efficiency of protein use
What are some net effects of defaunation?
Increased daily gain
Improved feed efficiency
Decrease OM and cellulose digestion
Complete removal - reduced digestibility of fibers in the rumen
What are the main sources of Microbial population growth?
Environment
Solid feed
What is the most known ionophore and explain.
Monensin - kill gram negative, propionic producing microbes will take over, regulates feed intake
Feed ionophores to:
Change rumen pH
Shift rumen population
- kill particular groups of microbes and others become more numerous
Rumen fungi appear ___ to ___ days after birth.
8 to 10
What is the function of Rumen fungi?
Fiber digestion
What are Rumen Bacteriophages?
A much smaller group of microbes that kill bacteria
Feeding silage promotes them
What is extremely important to keep Rumen pH steady?
Saliva - self regulation
Fresh and clean water
Describe lipid digestion and transport across intestinal lining.
Large lipid droplet Action of Bile salts - Lipid emulsion Smaller lipid droplets Pancreatic lipase, Bile salts, and colipase Water soluble micelles
Describe how VFAs are produced and metabolized.
Produced from the fermentation of pyruvate
Acetate: mostly from cellulose
- Important for milk fat synthesis
Propionate: mostly from starch
- Important to produce glucose
Butyrate: mostly derived from acetate
- Important in ketones usage as an energy source
What VFA is NOT utilized by the liver?
Acetate
