Exam 1

Question 1

What are the main types of proteins and give an example.

Answer 1

Globular protein - myoglobin 
Fibrous protein - Collagen 
Catalytic - Any enzyme 
Transporter - hemoglobin 
Structural - Collagen 
Conjugated

Question 2

What is the importance of the pancreas for digestion?

Answer 2

Produces enzymes responsible for
50% of carbohydrate digestion
50% of protein digestion
90% of lipid digestion

Question 3

What are the main products of fermentation?

Answer 3

VFAs
Microbial Proteins
Gasses
Lactic Acids

Question 4

Rumen microbes are in charge of:

Answer 4

Degradation
Transport
Synthesis

Question 5

Name 4 bacteria that are important for Fiber degradation and briefly describe each:

Answer 5

1. Fibrobacter succinogens - like fiber, Antibiotic resistant
2. Ruminococcus spp. - need NH3 for optimum growth
3. Butyrovibrio fibroslovens - produce butyrate
4. Clostridium spp. - originate from silage, can survive on almost anything

Question 6

Name 2 bacteria that are important for Protein degradation and briefly describe each:

Answer 6

1. Prevotella spp - abundant, Doesn’t degrade cellulose

2. Ruminobacter amylophilus - like amylose, hydrolyzing starch (secrete amylase)

Question 7

Name 2 bacteria that are important Lactate producers and briefly describe each:

Answer 7

1. Megasphaera elsdinii - Concentrate diets; young ruminants
2. Lactobacillus spp. - Young ruminants; milk, concentrate, Acid tolerant

Question 8

Name 2 bacteria that are important for Starch degradation and briefly describe each:

Answer 8

1. Selenomonas ruminantium - produce propionate, lactate

2. Streptococcus bovis - like starch but can survive on fiber diet, rapid growth, acid-tolerant

Question 9

Name 1 bacteria that is important for Lipid degradation and briefly describe:

Answer 9

Anaerovibrio lipolytica - More predominant in rumen, lactate utilization

Question 10

All rumen protozoa are _____.

Answer 10

anaerobic

Question 11

Rumen protozoa are very effective in _____ degradation.

Answer 11

cellulose

Question 12

What are the 2 major groups of Rumen protozoa?

Answer 12

Ciliates

Flagellates - younger animals

Question 13

What are some advantages of Rumen protozoa?

Answer 13

Increase cellulose digestion
Greater VFA production
Increased transport on CLA

Question 14

What are some disadvantages of Rumen protozoa?

Answer 14

Increase CH4 production

Reduced efficiency of protein use

Question 15

What are some net effects of defaunation?

Answer 15

Increased daily gain
Improved feed efficiency
Decrease OM and cellulose digestion
Complete removal - reduced digestibility of fibers in the rumen

Question 16

What are the main sources of Microbial population growth?

Answer 16

Environment

Solid feed

Question 17

What is the most known ionophore and explain.

Answer 17

Monensin - kill gram negative, propionic producing microbes will take over, regulates feed intake

Question 18

Feed ionophores to:

Answer 18

Change rumen pH
Shift rumen population
- kill particular groups of microbes and others become more numerous

Question 19

Rumen fungi appear ___ to ___ days after birth.

Answer 19

8 to 10

Question 20

What is the function of Rumen fungi?

Answer 20

Fiber digestion

Question 21

What are Rumen Bacteriophages?

Answer 21

A much smaller group of microbes that kill bacteria

Feeding silage promotes them

Question 22

What is extremely important to keep Rumen pH steady?

Answer 22

Saliva - self regulation

Fresh and clean water

Question 23

Describe lipid digestion and transport across intestinal lining.

Answer 23

Large lipid droplet 
Action of Bile salts - Lipid emulsion 
Smaller lipid droplets
Pancreatic lipase, Bile salts, and colipase
Water soluble micelles

Question 24

Describe how VFAs are produced and metabolized.

Answer 24

Produced from the fermentation of pyruvate
Acetate: mostly from cellulose
- Important for milk fat synthesis
Propionate: mostly from starch
- Important to produce glucose
Butyrate: mostly derived from acetate
- Important in ketones usage as an energy source

Question 25

What VFA is NOT utilized by the liver?

Answer 25

Acetate