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Dosage Forms 2 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is benzoic acid

A

preservative

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2
Q

what is citric acid

A

buffering agent or antioxidant

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3
Q

what is magnesium aluminum silicate

A

structured vehicle system

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4
Q

what is methylparaben

A

preservative

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5
Q

what is polysorbate 80

A

wetting agent

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6
Q

what is propylparaben

A

preservative

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7
Q

what is sodium dihydrogen citrate

A

buffering agent or antioxidant

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8
Q

what is sorbitol

A

sweetener

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9
Q

what is water

A

vehicle

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10
Q

what is xanthan

A

structured vehicle system

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11
Q

what is carboxymethylcellulose sodium

A

structured vehicle system

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12
Q

what is disodium EDTA

A

chelating agent

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13
Q

what is potassium sorbate

A

buffering agent or preservative

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14
Q

what is cetyl alcohol

A

emulsifier and thickening agent

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15
Q

what is glycerin

A

humectant

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16
Q

what is mineral oil

A

oil phase

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17
Q

what is polysorbate 60

A

emulsifier

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18
Q

what is propylene glycol

A

humectant

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19
Q

what is sodium lauryl sulfate

A

emulsifier

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20
Q

what is stearyl alcohol

A

emulsifier or thickening agent

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21
Q

what is Butylated hydroxytoluene

A

Free radical stabilizer

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22
Q

what is Ethylenediaminetetraacetic

acid (EDTA)

A

Chelates divalent metal

cations

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23
Q

what is Sodium bisulfite

A

Antioxidant acting by

preferential oxidation

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24
Q

what is • Methyl paraben

A

Preservative acting by

lipophilic adsorption

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25
Q

what is Benzalkonium chloride

A

Preservative acting by

electrostatic adsorption

26
Q

what is ascorbic acid

A

antioxidant and buffering agen

27
Q

what is citric acid

A

Antioxidant
Buffering agent
Chelating agent

28
Q

advantages of solutions

A
  • They are homogeneous- don’t have to worry about stuff settling down
  • Easy to manufacture bc it is pretty stable
  • Good bioavailability bc it is already molecularly dispersed so easy to take up by the body
29
Q

when does a buffer work best (has highest buffering capacity)

A

at pH closest to pKa value

30
Q

how do you find pKa

A

-logKa

31
Q

how do you find Ka

A

10^-pKa

32
Q

what are the alcohol preservatives/where are they used

A
  • ethanol: only in oral products
  • benzyl alcohol: injectables
  • chlorobutanol: injectables and opthalmics
33
Q

when are acids active?

A

only in unionized (lipid soluble) form

34
Q

what are the two acids we talked about? used where?

A

benzoic acid and sorbic acid - oral

35
Q

what are the two paraben classes we talked about?

A

esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and quaternary ammonium compounds

36
Q

characteristics of Esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid

A

i. Used orally
ii. Hydrolyze rapidly at pH values above 7
iii. Lipophilic ones (propyl paraben and butyl paraben) best against mold and yeast
iv. Less lipophilic (methyl paraben & ethyl paraben) best used against bacteria
v. Not used on skin-causes irratation

37
Q

characteristics of quaternary ammonium compounds

A

ii. Widely used in ophthalmics
iii. Very water soluble and fast acting
iv. Incompatibility issues due to positive charge

38
Q

what three factors affect preservative action

A

i. only the free preservative is active
ii. only unionized species of weak acids are effective
iii. add more weak acid when pH>pKa to maintain effective concentration

39
Q

examples of free radical scavengers

A

a. Propyl, octyl, dodecyl esters of gallic acid
b. BHA, BHT
c. Tocopherols, Vitamin E

40
Q

examples of reducing agents

A

i. sodium bisulfite

ii. ascorbic acid

41
Q

examples of chelating agents

A

citric acid and EDTA

42
Q

what is interfacial tension

A

liquid-liquid interface

43
Q

what are surfactants

A

molecules that contain a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region and orient at the liquid-liquid or liquid-air interface and lower interfacial or surface tension

44
Q

what are the types of surfactant

A
  1. cationic
  2. anionic
  3. zwitterionic
  4. non-ionic
45
Q

what does having a high HLB mean? low HLB?

A

high: water like
low: oil like

46
Q

why are emulsifying agent added?

A

to stabilize the emulsion

47
Q

why do we use micelles

A

micelles have hydrophobic groups of the surfactant oriented toward the center of the micelle - capable of dissolving water insoluble drugs

48
Q

what are the three reasons that emulsions are instable

A
  1. creaming
  2. coalescence
  3. phase inversion
49
Q

steps to manufacture an emulsion

A

*Dissolve all water-soluble ingredients in water
● Mix all oil-soluble ingredients in oil (heat if necessary to melt)
● Heat aqueous solution to same temp as oil solution
● Mix oil solution + water solution w mix
● Cool slowly
● Pass through colloid mill or homogenizer

50
Q

the three characteristics of dispersion

A

a. Makes repulsive forces dominant
b. Particles repel each other and do not aggregate
c. Problem: particles settle as individual particles; leads to dense, compact sediment which
may be difficult to resuspend

51
Q

the 4 characteristics of controlled flocculation

A

a. Repulsive and attractive forces are in balance
b. Particles are attracted to each other at the secondary minimum to form aggregates
(known as floccules)
c. Floccules settle to produce a sediment w a high volume
d. This type of sediment is easy to redisperse

52
Q

what is newtonian flow

A

remains constant

53
Q

what is non-newtonian flow

A

not constant

54
Q

plastic non newtonian flow

A

threshold of shear stress to necessary to initiate flow

55
Q

pseudoplastic non newtonian flow

A

no finite stress necessary to initiate flow

56
Q

dilatant non newtonian flow

A

has high solids content

57
Q

what is a polymer

A

● A large molecule made up of many small repeating units (parts)

58
Q

examples of natural polymers

A
  • Proteins (gelatin)
  • Polysaccharides (cellulose, chitosan, alginic acid)
  • Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)
59
Q

examples of synthetic polymers

A
  • Polyethylene, poly(vinyl chloride); poly(tetrafluoro ethylene) aka Teflon; polyurethane;
    polyacrylate; poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide/ Kevlar)
  • Nylon; silicon rubber; rayon
60
Q

what does polydispersity mean?

A

measure of the distribution of molecular mass in a given polymer sample

61
Q

factors affecting Tg

A

● Polymer length: the longer, bulkier: the higher Tg
● Side chains: the bulkier, the higher Tg
● Crosslinking: the more crosslinked, the higher Tg
● Plasticizers

Dosage Forms 2 (1 decks)

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