Exam 1 Flashcards
CH1 Properties of Life
Living organisms are: made of cells complex and ordered respond to their environments can grow and reproduce obtain and use energy allow for evolutionary adaptation
CH1 Cellular Organization
atoms –> molecules –> organelles –> cells
CH1 Organismal Organization
tissues –> organ –> organ system –> organism
CH1 Population Level
population –> species –> community –> ecosystem
CH1 Deductive Reasoning
uses known facts to make specific predictions
-outcome is a testable hypothesis
CH1 Inductive Reasoning
uses specific observations to develop general conclusions
-outcome is a testable hypothesis
CH1 The Scientific Method
observation
ask a question
form a hypothesis that answers your question
make a prediction based on your hypothesis
do an experiment to test your hypothesis
analyze results (if hypothesis is wrong, go back to step 3)
if correct, report results
CH1 Cell Theory
all living things are made of cells, and all cells come from existing cells
CH1 Molecular Basis of Inheritance
DNA encodes genes which control living organisms and are passed from one generation to the next
CH1 Structure&Function
a molecules’s structure can often tell us about its functions
CH1 Cell Info
cells store information from both DNA and the environment
CH1 Evolutionary Change
living organisms come from a common origin, diversity of life is from evolutionary change
CH1 Evolutionary Conservation
critical characteristics are passed on
CH2 All matter is composed of ___
atoms
CH2 Atoms are composed of __, __, __
protons- positively charged particles
neutrons- neutral particles
electrons- negatively charged particles
CH2 Protons and neutrons are found in the __
nucleus
CH2 Electrons are found in the __
orbitals that surround the nucleus
CH2 Atomic number
number of protons
CH2 Atoms with the same atomic number _____
have the same chemical properties and belong to the same element
CH2 Each proton and neutron have a mass of (roughly) __
1 dalton
CH2 Isotopes
atoms of the same element that have different atomic mass numbers due to different numbers of neutrons
CH2 Neutral atoms
have the same number of protons and electrons
CH2 Ions
charged atoms
CH2 Two types of ions and their charges are:
cations: positive charge (fewer electrons than protons)
anions: negative charge (more electrons than protons)
CH2 Orbitals
occur at different energy levels
can hold two electrons each
have potential energy (the further away from the nucleus, the more energy)
CH2 Oxidation
the loss of an electron
CH2 Reduction
*doesn’t mean what it sounds like it means
the gaining of an electron
CH2 The Periodic Table of Elements
arranges elements based on their atomic numbers
identifies elements based on their similar chemical properties
CH2 Naturally occurring elements
90 elements occur naturally
only 12 of these are seen in organisms in a significant amount
4 of these make up 96.3% of human body weight: C, H, O, and N
CH2 Octet Rule
atoms tend to establish full outer energy levels (8 electrons)
atoms with full outer levels are less reactive
CH2 Molecules
groups of atoms held together in stable association
held by chemical bonds
CH2 Compounds
molecules containing more than one type of element
held by chemical bonds
CH2 Valence Electrons
electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom
CH2 Chemical Reactions
depend on interactions between valence electrons of different atoms
CH2 Covalent Bonds
form when atoms share two or more valence electrons (e- sharing)
the strength of the bond depends on the number of electrons pairs shared by the atoms:
single bond < double bond (4 shared) < triple bond (6 shared)
CH2 Electronegativity
an atom’s affinity for electrons in a molecule
differences in electronegativity dictate how electrons are distributed in a covalent bond
CH2 Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
equal electron sharing
CH2 Polar Covalent Bonds
unequal sharing of electrons
CH2 Chemical reactions are influenced by:
temperature
the concentration of reactants and products
availability of a catalyst
CH2 Chemical reactions are written as __
reactants –> products
this is often reversible
CH2 Water Chemistry
the bonds between hydrogen and oxygen are highly polar in a molecule
oxygen is partially -
hydrogen is partially +
CH2 Most important property of water is ___
its ability to form hydrogen bonds
CH2 Hydrogen Bonds
weak attraction between partially negative oxygen of one molecule and the partially positive hydrogen of another water molecule
can form between two water molecules or water and another charged molecule
CH2 Water Polarity
causes water to be cohesive and adhesive
CH2 Cohesion and Adhesion
co- water molecules stick to one another through hydrogen bonding
ad- water molecules stick to other polar molecules by hydrogen bonding
CH2 Capillary Action
adhesive forces exerted by the glass exceed the cohesive force between water molecules
CH2 Properties of Water (6)
water has a high specific heat water has a high heat of vaporization solid water is less dense than liquid water is a good solvent water organizes nonpolar molecules ~hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules water can form ions
CH2 Basis of the pH scale
hydrogen
