Exam 1 Flashcards

(122 cards)

1
Q

CH1 Properties of Life

A
Living organisms are:
made of cells
complex and ordered
respond to their environments
can grow and reproduce
obtain and use energy
allow for evolutionary adaptation
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2
Q

CH1 Cellular Organization

A

atoms –> molecules –> organelles –> cells

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3
Q

CH1 Organismal Organization

A

tissues –> organ –> organ system –> organism

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4
Q

CH1 Population Level

A

population –> species –> community –> ecosystem

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5
Q

CH1 Deductive Reasoning

A

uses known facts to make specific predictions

-outcome is a testable hypothesis

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6
Q

CH1 Inductive Reasoning

A

uses specific observations to develop general conclusions

-outcome is a testable hypothesis

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7
Q

CH1 The Scientific Method

A

observation
ask a question
form a hypothesis that answers your question
make a prediction based on your hypothesis
do an experiment to test your hypothesis
analyze results (if hypothesis is wrong, go back to step 3)
if correct, report results

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8
Q

CH1 Cell Theory

A

all living things are made of cells, and all cells come from existing cells

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9
Q

CH1 Molecular Basis of Inheritance

A

DNA encodes genes which control living organisms and are passed from one generation to the next

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10
Q

CH1 Structure&Function

A

a molecules’s structure can often tell us about its functions

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11
Q

CH1 Cell Info

A

cells store information from both DNA and the environment

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12
Q

CH1 Evolutionary Change

A

living organisms come from a common origin, diversity of life is from evolutionary change

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13
Q

CH1 Evolutionary Conservation

A

critical characteristics are passed on

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14
Q

CH2 All matter is composed of ___

A

atoms

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15
Q

CH2 Atoms are composed of __, __, __

A

protons- positively charged particles
neutrons- neutral particles
electrons- negatively charged particles

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16
Q

CH2 Protons and neutrons are found in the __

A

nucleus

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17
Q

CH2 Electrons are found in the __

A

orbitals that surround the nucleus

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18
Q

CH2 Atomic number

A

number of protons

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19
Q

CH2 Atoms with the same atomic number _____

A

have the same chemical properties and belong to the same element

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20
Q

CH2 Each proton and neutron have a mass of (roughly) __

A

1 dalton

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21
Q

CH2 Isotopes

A

atoms of the same element that have different atomic mass numbers due to different numbers of neutrons

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22
Q

CH2 Neutral atoms

A

have the same number of protons and electrons

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23
Q

CH2 Ions

A

charged atoms

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24
Q

CH2 Two types of ions and their charges are:

A

cations: positive charge (fewer electrons than protons)
anions: negative charge (more electrons than protons)

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25
CH2 Orbitals
occur at different energy levels can hold two electrons each have potential energy (the further away from the nucleus, the more energy)
26
CH2 Oxidation
the loss of an electron
27
CH2 Reduction | *doesn't mean what it sounds like it means
the gaining of an electron
28
CH2 The Periodic Table of Elements
arranges elements based on their atomic numbers | identifies elements based on their similar chemical properties
29
CH2 Naturally occurring elements
90 elements occur naturally only 12 of these are seen in organisms in a significant amount 4 of these make up 96.3% of human body weight: C, H, O, and N
30
CH2 Octet Rule
atoms tend to establish full outer energy levels (8 electrons) atoms with full outer levels are less reactive
31
CH2 Molecules
groups of atoms held together in stable association | held by chemical bonds
32
CH2 Compounds
molecules containing more than one type of element | held by chemical bonds
33
CH2 Valence Electrons
electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom
34
CH2 Chemical Reactions
depend on interactions between valence electrons of different atoms
35
CH2 Covalent Bonds
form when atoms share two or more valence electrons (e- sharing) the strength of the bond depends on the number of electrons pairs shared by the atoms: single bond < double bond (4 shared) < triple bond (6 shared)
36
CH2 Electronegativity
an atom's affinity for electrons in a molecule | differences in electronegativity dictate how electrons are distributed in a covalent bond
37
CH2 Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
equal electron sharing
38
CH2 Polar Covalent Bonds
unequal sharing of electrons
39
CH2 Chemical reactions are influenced by:
temperature the concentration of reactants and products availability of a catalyst
40
CH2 Chemical reactions are written as __
reactants --> products | this is often reversible
41
CH2 Water Chemistry
the bonds between hydrogen and oxygen are highly polar in a molecule oxygen is partially - hydrogen is partially +
42
CH2 Most important property of water is ___
its ability to form hydrogen bonds
43
CH2 Hydrogen Bonds
weak attraction between partially negative oxygen of one molecule and the partially positive hydrogen of another water molecule can form between two water molecules or water and another charged molecule
44
CH2 Water Polarity
causes water to be cohesive and adhesive
45
CH2 Cohesion and Adhesion
co- water molecules stick to one another through hydrogen bonding ad- water molecules stick to other polar molecules by hydrogen bonding
46
CH2 Capillary Action
adhesive forces exerted by the glass exceed the cohesive force between water molecules
47
CH2 Properties of Water (6)
``` water has a high specific heat water has a high heat of vaporization solid water is less dense than liquid water is a good solvent water organizes nonpolar molecules ~hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules water can form ions ```
48
CH2 Basis of the pH scale
hydrogen
49
CH2 Greater hydrogen concentration =
lower pH (acidic)
50
CH2 Lower hydrogen concentration=
higher pH (basic)
51
CH2 Acid
chemical that releases hydrogen ions
52
CH2 Base
a chemical that accepts hydrogen ions
53
CH2 Buffer
a chemical that both accepts and releases H, keeping the pH mostly constant most buffers are 1 acid + 1 base
54
CH2 Isomer
molecules with the same chemical formula - structural - geometric - enantiomer
55
CH2 Biological Molecules
chiral molecules or enantiomers are non-superimposable mirror images -hands
56
CH2 MEMORIZE Functional Groups
hydroxyl-polar methyl-non polar carbonyl-polar carboxyl-charged, ionizes to release H, acidic amino-charged, accepts H to make NH3, basic phosphate-charged, ionizes to release H, acidic sulfhydryl-polar
57
CH3 Monomer
single unit
58
CH3 Biological Molecule
often macromolecules formed from smaller subunits
59
CH3 Polymer
many units together
60
CH3 Dehydration Synthesis
formation of bonds by the removal of water
61
CH3 C-H Covalent Bonds
hold lots of energy
62
CH3 CHOs
energy transfer storage structural support
63
CH3 Disaccharides
two monosaccharides connected by dehydration synthesis
64
CH3 Polysaccharides
``` long-term polymers of sugars used for long-term energy storage most plants: starch most animals: glycogen some used for structural support plants: cellulose animals/fungi:chitin ```
65
CH3 Starch forms
amylose | amylopectin
66
CH3 Lipids
not soluble in water | high concentration of C-H bonds makes it hydrophobic
67
CH3 Lipid Categories (2)
fats (triglycerides) | phospholipids
68
CH3 Triglycerides
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids for long-term energy storage store 2x energy as CHOs animal fats are usually saturated; solid at room temp plant fats are usually mono/poly-unsaturated; oily/liquid at room temp
69
CH3 Fatty Acids
long hydrocarbon chains that can be: saturated unsaturated polyunsaturated
70
CH3 Unsaturated, Saturated, and Trans Fats
un-'good', lower in calories due to molecular structures, veggies sat-not very healthy, mostly in animal products trans- unsaturated made slightly saturated for a higher shelf life, raises cholesterol
71
CH3 Phospholipids
1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, a phosphate group polar "heads" and non polar "tails" form lipid bilayers or micelles
72
CH3 Lipid Bilayers
The basis of biological membranes | "heads" towards water and "tails" towards one another
73
CH3 Proteins (7 functions)
``` polymers of amino acids functions include: enzymes/catalysts defense transport support motion regulation storage ```
74
CH3 Amino Acid Structure
``` central C atom surrounded by amino group carboxyl group single hydrogen variable R group (supplies characteristics) ```
75
CH3 Amino Acids
20 different amino acids R groups all differ almost all organisms have the same amino acids as us commonly classified as: polar, non polar, charged, aromatic, special function linked by dehydration synthesis by peptide bonds
76
CH3 Protein Shape
determines its functions primary-sequence of AAs secondary-interaction of groups in peptide backbone forming 3D shapes (alpha helix, beta sheet) tertiary structure-overall 3D folded shape of polypeptide quaternary structure-interactions between multiple polypeptide subunits (not always there)
77
CH3 Motifs
common elements of secondary structure
78
CH3 Domains
larger functional regions of a polypeptide
79
CH3 Denaturation
change in shape of a protein can be partial, complete, reversible, irreversible caused by changes in pH, temp, salt
80
CH3 Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA storage, transmission, and use of genetic info polymers of nucleotides
81
CH3 Counting pattern for carbons in ribose and deoxyribose
far right is 1, down is 2, left is 3, up 4, up 5
82
CH3 DNA
nucleotides connected by phosphodeister bonds into nucleic acid strands double helix-two connected strands run antiparallel //
83
CH3 RNA
``` ribose instead of deoxyribose uracil instead of thymine single nucleic acid strand represents transcription of genetic info m[essenger]RNA t[ransfer]RNA and r[ibosomal]RNA direct synthesis of proteins ```
84
CH3 ATP
adenosine triphosphate | energy
85
CH4 Cell Theory
all organisms are made of cells cells are the smallest unit of life all cells come from pre-existing cells
86
CH4 Cell Size
as size increases, it becomes more difficult for chemicals to diffuse across the membrane surface area-to-volume ratio: as cell size increases, the internal volume increases 10x faster than the surface area
87
CH4 Microscopes
Light-200nm | Electron- only 0.2nm
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CH4 Cells have ___ in common (3)
genetic material (nucleoid/nucleus) cytoplasm (semifluid matrix) plasma/cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
89
CH4 Prokaryotic Cells
``` archaea and bacteria lack membrane-bound nucleus no membrane-bound organelles have: gen. material in nucleoid cytoplasm cell wall ribosomes ```
90
CH4 Simple Flagella in Prokaryotic Cells
rotary motion propels the cell
91
CH4 Eukaryotic Cells
more complex than prokaryotic cells membrane-bound nucleus cytoskeleton flagella not always present, fish-tail motion when present nucleus stores genetic material in linear chromosomes nuclear envelope made of two phospholipid bilayers ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis
92
CH4 Endomembrane System
nuclear membrane endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus secretory vessels
93
CH4 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
creates network of channels throughout cytoplasm ribosomes give rough appearance synthesis site for proteins that will be secreted, sent to lysosomes, or to plasma membrane
94
CH4 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
relatively few ribosomes synthesis of membrane lipids calcium storage detox of foreign substances
95
CH4 Golgi Apparatus
flattened stacks of interconnected membranes that pack and distribute materials to different parts of the cell synthesis of cell wall components
96
CH4 Lysosomes
contain digestive enzymes | break down macromolecules
97
CH4 Microbodies
vesicles containing enzymes separate from endomembrane system glyoxysomes in plants contain enzymes for converting fats to carbohydrates peroxisomes contain oxidative enzymes and catalase
98
CH4 Vacuoles
membrane-bound organelles with various functions depending on the cell type central (plant) contractile (protists) storage
99
CH4 Mitochondria
in all eukaryotic cells carry their DNA in small ribosomes smooth outer membrane and folded inner
100
CH4 Chloroplasts
in cells of photosynthetic eukaryotes contain chlorophyll surrounded by to membranes and carry DNA in small ribosomes like mitochondria
101
CH4 Endosymbiosis
theory that eukaryotic organelles evolved through symbiotic relationship among prokaryotic cells one cell engulfed a second cell and a symbiotic relationship developed mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved this way
102
CH4 Mitochondria and Chloroplasts both have:
two membranes possess bacterial type DNA and ribosomes about the size of a prok. cell divide by fission
103
CH4 Cytoskeleton
``` network of protein fibers that are found in all euk. cells support cell shape keep organelles in fixed locations help move materials within the cells fibers include: actin-contraction microtubules-organization intermediate-structure ```
104
CH4 Cell Movement
``` "crawling" accomplished by actin filaments flagella undulate (fish) to move the cell cilia arranged in rows ```
105
CH4 Cilia and Flagella
similar (9+2) structure 9 pairs of microtubules surrounded by two central microtubules euk. flagella have fishtail-like motion due to sliding of microtubules
106
CH4 Extracellular Structures
cell wall-plants, protists, fungi | extracellular matrix-animal
107
CH5 Fluid Mosaic Model
membrane consists of bilayer of phospholipids in which globular proteins are inserted
108
CH5 Cell Membrane Components (4)
phospholipid bilayer transmembrane proteins interior protein network surface proteins
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CH5 Phospholipds
the bilayers are fluid and held together by H bonding | saturated FAs make it less fluid, warm temps make it more
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CH5 Membrane Proteins are:
``` transporters enzymes surface receptors surface identity markers cell-to-cell adhesion proteins attachments to the cytoskeleton ```
111
CH5 Peripheral Membrane Proteins
anchored to phosphilip in one layer | nonpolar domains
112
CH5 Transmembrane Proteins
span the lipid bilayer
113
CH5 Passive Transport
diffusion, high to low concentration no energy with the gradient selective permeability (some things pass through membrane) facilitated diffusion-no energy, carrier proteins bind to a molecule to facilitate passage
114
CH5 Osmosis
diffusion of water molecules from high to low concentration
115
CH5 Isosmotic Regulation
keeps cells isotonic with their environment
116
CH5 Hyper, Iso, and Hypotonic
hypertonic: higher solute concentration in solution isotonic: equal hypotonic: lower solute concentration in solution
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CH5 Animal and Plant Cells and Their Environments
crenation: animal cell shrivels in hypertonic hemolysis: cells swell/rupture in hypotonic solution plasmolysis: crenation but in plant cells turgidity: hemolysis in plant cells
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CH5 Active Transport
requires energy and carrier proteins uniporters-1 symporters-2 same direction antiporters-2 different directions
119
CH5 Endo and Exocytosis
endo-substances move into cell | exo-out
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CH5 Endocytosis
phago-takes in whole food items pino-fluids receptor mediated endocytosis- specific molecules taken in after binding to a receptor
121
CH5 Exocytosis
plants-export cell wall material | animals-secrete hormones, neurotransmitters, and digestive enzymes
122
CH5 Cell-to-Cell Interactions
cells identify each other from surface markers connected by cell junctions: tight junctions: thin sheets anchoring junctions: connect cytoskeletons of adjacent cells communicating junctions: allow small molecules to pass between cells -gap junctions: animals -plasmodesmata: plants