Exam 1 Flashcards
Ventral Stream
- What
- Allocentric
- Uses top-down information
- Representations are sustained over time.
- Conscious Awareness
- Viewpoint invariant
- Slower
- Receives input from the fovea
Dorsal Stream
- How/Where/Action
- Egocentric
- Provides bottom-up information
- Representations are short-lasting
- Usually unconscious
- Viewpoint dependent
- Faster
Ventricles
V1 &2 - early stages. Responsive to color and form
V3 & V3A - responsive to form especially shapes in motion
V4 - responsive to color and line formation.
V5 - responsive to motion.
Gestalt’s Principles
- Law of proximity - grouping things together with space. EXAMPLE checkers (spacing)
- Law of similarity - grouping like things together EXAMPLE checkers (color)
- Law of good continuation - tendency to follow smoothest path when viewing lines
- Law of closure - brain fills in missing part of designs EXAMPLE (connect the dots)
- Law of Simplicity - viewing something in the simplest of forms. EXAMPLE a figure over rings connected is viewed as over lapping circles as opposed to a figure of interconnected curved lines.
Information Processing
Information processing- based on the assumption that human processing is akin to that of computers;
Bottom-up processing- data driven processing, directly influenced by environmental stimuli (INDUCTIVE REASONING)
Top-down processing- processing that is influenced by internal subject factors (use what we know to problem solve DEDUCTIVE REASONING)
Grasping vs. Stored knowledge
Grasping involves knowing what the object is [ventral stream] and that it is designed to be grasped [dorsal stream], as well as perception for action in actually carrying out the task of grasping, therefore both pathways contribute to grasping. Grasping requires object knowledge from LTM, and diminishes when LTM is preoccupied.
Marr’s Computational Theory
Primal Sketch- provides 2-D description of main-light-intensity changes, including information about: edges, contours, and blobs, observer-centered= VP dependent (Dorsal). EXAMPLE - you on the beach watching the sun rising creating a light and glow.
2 ½- D sketch- incorporates depth and orientation of visible surfaces , makes use of shading, texture, motion, binocular disparity, etc, observer- centered= VP dependent (Dorsal). EXAMPLE - you are still on the beach and you see seagulls diving into the water for fish and people strolling along the beach towards you. RORSCHACH
3-D model representation- three dimensional object shape (cylinders, major axes, concavities), relative positions. EXAMPLE - the seagulls and people would be the focus. Actual objects. Viewpoint Invariant (Ventral)
Emotion Contributors
James-Lange: emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events
Cannon (& Bard): people can experience physiological reaction without emotions, and emotions occur too quickly for them to always be linked to physical states
Papez: emotions occur as a result of the passage of info from the hypothalamus to the medial cortex (Papez circuit)
Schachter & Singer: physiological arousal happens first, then the individual figures out the reason for that arousal and labels that as an emotion
Zajonc vs. Lazarus debate: Zajonc believed appraisal is not necessary for emotion to be experienced and that emotion always precedes cognition; Lazarus believed that cognitive appraisal was essential to experience emotion
Ekman: not all emotions are the result of culture, some are universal, so emotions must be biological
LeDoux: some emotions require no cognition
Helen Block Lewis - shame and guilt could be the foundation of several issues that arise during psychotherapy, including separation and attachment, distress, and fears
Rachael Jack- facial expressions are not culturally universal
Biederman vs. Tarr
Biederman’s theory of Recognition-by-Components emphasizes the ease of object recognition is not affected by the observers viewpoint (VP INVARIANT). Whereas, Tarr’s research suggested changes in viewpoint reduce the speed and/or accuracy of object recognition. Therefore perception can be VP D or IV depending on various factors; overlap in brain processing mechanisms occurs.
Brain Scans
PET - heart problems and cancer
MRI - stroke
fMRI - see the impact of stroke, trauma, or degenerative diseases
TMS - medication resistant depression
Deborah Tannen
Direct (males) communication style vs. Indirect (females). There is a hierarchy of dominance. A person with more power tends to dominate the conversation,.
Plato
Logic-based, emotions got in the way. Brain functioning occurs in the brain.
Aristotle
Emotion-based. Discussed pleasure vs. pain and different levels of emotions. A cognitive sense and sensual sense of emotion. Believed emotions stemmed from the heart.
Azar Article
Trolly study showed pressing the lever was a more logic-based for decision-making, but to push the person off was personal and emotions impacted the decision.
Factors impact Size constancy and size perception
Size Constancy is affected by DISTANCE and FAMILIARITY.
Size Perception is affected by MEMORY of their familiar size.
Double Dissociation
When brain damaged individuals have intact performance on one task but poor performance on anther. Whereas, other individuals exhibit an opposite pattern.
EXAMPLE: Broca’s and Wernicke where you are able to produce speech in one case but not comprehend language and vice versa.
Blindsight
Rare ability to in people with an impaired primary visual cortex (V1) to be able to perform a visual task when stating they could not see the visual stimuli. Perception without awareness.
Object Recognition: Steps to Naming
Step 1: Early visual processing
Step 2: Object description (VP dependent/Dorsal)
Step 3: Perceptual classification (VP invariant/Ventral)
Step 4: Semantic classification (meaningful grouping) Step Step 5: Naming
*can misname object due to misinterpretation and independently of language system.
EVERY OBJECT PERCEIVES SOME NAME
Agnosia
Apperceptive - object recognition is impaired because of deficits in perceptual processing. Difficulty copying accurately. Occipital Lobe impairment.
Associative - object recognition is impaired because of deficits but not due to perceptual processing. Can copy accurately. Temporal Lobe impairment.
Object Recognition vs. Face Perception (Are they the same mechanism?)
Object recognition is impaired because of deficits in PERCEPTUAL PROCESSING, but face perception is impaired because of processing in the temporal lobe. They are different mechanisms.
Familiar vs. Unfamiliar Faces/Processing
They use different routes in the brain. a familiar face is more activated in the fusiform gyrus.
Networks of Attention
Ventral- Involuntary, exogenous (external), stimulus-driven, automatic
Dorsal- voluntary, endogenous (internal), goal-directed, controlled & effortful
Attention
State of vigilance that allows for sensory input.
Focused/selective - attend to only one source ` of information while ignoring other stimuli; also known as selective attention.
Sustained attention - vigilance and mental control
Alternating attention- shifting between tasks
Divided attention- “multitasking”
Monocular Cues and Binocular Cues
Monocular - cues to depth that can be used by one eye, but can also be used by both eyes together (i.e. Linear perspective - when lines converge in distance)
Binocular - cues to depth that require both eyes to be used together (i.e. convergence - eyes focus inward as object approaches)
