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VM742 BOD 3 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Are thoracic or cervical thymic lobules absent in the dog?

A

cervical

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2
Q

Which cell types presents Ag via MHC I & II during positive selection of T cells in the thymus?

A

cortical epithelial cells

check if T cell can bind at all

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3
Q

Which cell types presents self peptides during negative selection of T cells in the thymus?

A

medullary epithelial cells

check if T cell binds to self too strongly

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4
Q

Thymus’s default reaction to injury

A

atrophy

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5
Q

When does normal thymic involution occur

A

with sexual maturity

exception: rodents, rabbits

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6
Q

What would delay thymic involution?

A

gonadectomy

starvation

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7
Q

Causes of thymic atrophy

A

toxicity
nutritional deficiency - vit B, zinc
Immune exhaustion - inflammation or glucocorticoids
viral

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8
Q

viruses causing thymic atrophy in the dog

A

parvo, distemper

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9
Q

viruses causing thymic atrophy in the cat

A

distemper (panleukopenia), FeLV, FIV

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10
Q

viruses causing thymic atrophy in large animal

A

EHV-1, BVDV, PRRSV

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11
Q

In what signalment does thymic hemorrhage occur?

A

young dogs

b/c large arteries frail as thymus involutes

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12
Q

Causes of thymic hemorrhage

A

trauma to chest or neck
shock
coag disorder
spontaneous

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13
Q
  • Grower/weaner pigs 6-16 wks with systemic infection/chronic wasting/failure to thrive
  • On necropsy see lymphadenitis, thymic depletion
  • Histo shows active granulomatous inflammation, lymphoid depletion
A

PCV-2
Thymitis
may see viral inclusions on histo but not always

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14
Q

Two differentials for cranial mediastinal mass on a radiograph + dyspnea & muffled heart sounds on PE

A

Thymic lymphosarcoma

Thymoma

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15
Q

Mediastinal LSA in young cats is commonly assoc’d with what? What secondary issues can LSA cause?

A

FeLV

Chylous effusion

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16
Q

Lymphosarcoma is a neoplasm of what cell type?

A

T cells

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17
Q

Thymoma is a neoplasm of what cell type?

A

Epithelial (stromal cells) w/ reactive thymocytes

Typically benign but can have malignant (invasive) form

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18
Q

What signalment is most common for a thymoma?

A 
adult goats
(also all adult domestics)
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19
Q

Pathology of a malignant thymoma

A

invades into cranial vena cave, occluding lumen

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20
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with thymoma

A

Dogs - myasthenia gravis

cats - feline exfoliative dermatitis

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21
Q

Pals vs. Germinal center

A

Pals - T cells
Geminal center - Ag presentation, w/ corona of B cells
Marginal zone - B cell secretion of IgM

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22
Q

DDx’s for diffuse, gelatinous, bloody, splenomegaly

A

Splenic torsion
Barbiturates
Splenitis

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23
Q

What signalment is commonly associated with splenic torsion

A

dogs, pigs

deep chest, loose gastrosplenic ligament

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24
Q

What is typically causes splenitis

A

sepsis - bacterial, fungal, protozoal
toxemia
get necrotizing inflammation + hemorrhage

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25
What is a bacterial cause of splenitis?
B. anthracis
26
B. anthracis can cause peracute death in what species?
ruminants
27
DDx's for nodular, gelatinous, bloody, splenomegaly
Hematoma Hemangioma Hemangiosarcoma Acute splenic infarction
28
Signalment for hemangiosarcoma
middle-aged or older dogs Goldens, german shepherds present with hemoabdomen
29
Hemangiosarcoma is a neoplasm of what cell type?
endothelial cells
30
What are characteristics of hemangiosarcoma?
Invasive Metastatic rapid progression, poor prognosis
31
Primary sites for hemangiosarcoma
``` spleen liver right atrium bone marrow skin ```
32
Causes of acute splenic infarction
Vasculitis Vascular occlusion (e.g. thrombosis, parasite, tumor) Classical Swine Fever
33
How do you differentiate between African and Classical swine fever?
Classical - acute splenic infarcts | African - blood splenomegaly
34
How do you differentiate between acute and chronic infarction?
acute - nodule that's hemorrhagic, necrotic | chronic - tan, firm, fibrotic foci (meaty/solid)
35
DDx's for diffuse, meaty, solid splenomegaly (bulges on cut)
Lymphosarcoma Mastocytosis Hyperplasia (d/t increased immune stim, phagocytosis, or hematoposesis
36
DDx's for nodular, meaty, solid splenomegaly (bulges on cut)
- nodular lymphoid hyperpalsia (lymphoid follicle proliferation) - neoplasm - granuloma or abscess (septic bacterial, fungal, protozoal)
37
primary splenic neoplasms (causing nodular splenomegaly)
LSA - can cause diffuse or nodular Stromal sarcoma - leiomyosarcoma, fibrosarcoma Myelolipoma
38
Ddx for any white-tan, bulging mass
lymphosarcoma - never benign
39
neoplasms that commonly metastasize to the spleen
mammary carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma osteosarcoma
40
Tularemia causes what?
granuloma/abscess in the spleen | lymphadenitis
41
2 bacteria that often cause granulomas or abscesses in spleen
Mycobacteria | F. tualrensis
42
Flow of lymphatics
lymph from ECF --> lymphatic ducts --> regional l.n. chains --> efferent lymphatic ducts out of l.n.'s --> thoracic duct --> mix with blood from subclavian vein
43
Why do lymph and blood mix at the subclavian vein?
leukocyte circulation | optimal immune response (ID and Ag response)
44
Follicles vs. germianl center vs. paracortical region of a lymph node cortex
follicles - B cell proliferation Germianl center - Ag presented to T cells Paracortical region - T cells
45
Where to B cells mature in most animals?
bone marrow
46
Where to B cells mature in birds?
bursa of fabricius
47
Where to B cells mature in ruminants?
Peyer's patches
48
Cachexia and malnutrition cause ____ to lymph nodes due to ___ loss.
lymphoid atrophy | T cell
49
Aging causes ____ to lymph nodes due to ___ loss.
lymphoid atrophy | B & T cell
50
Immune exhaustion/severe chronic disease causes ____ to lymph nodes due to ___ loss.
lymphoid atrophy | T cell
51
What causes lymphoid hyperplasia?
systemic or regional antigenic stim | bulges on cut
52
Enlarged, erythematous, edematous, bulging lymph node +/- exudate and blood
lymphadenitis d/t systemic or draining infection established in the node
53
Causes of lymphadenitis
Classic swine fever - hemorrhagic necrotizing lymphadenitis African swine fever - ditto Corynebacterium pseutoTB - casesous lymphadenitis Mycobacterium tuberculosis or bovis - granulomatous lymphadenitis
54
Gross lesions of classic swine fever
``` hemorrhagic, necrotizing lymphadenitis thymic atrophy purulent tonsilitis + petichiation splenomegaly with infarction cyanosis of skin (d/t vasculitis) button ulcers in GI ```
55
Peripheral, caseous lymphadenitis in a goat
C. peudoTB
56
Classifications for LSA
multicentric alimentary mediastinal cutaneous
57
Clin signs of LSA in dog (B cell most often)
``` fever + weight loss mild anemia stress leukogram Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia (d/t PTHrP) lymphadenopathy organomegaly - spleen or liver usually ```
58
Cats and LSA (usually T cell)
young - FeLV, multicentric, mediastinal, spinal | over 10 - spontaneous, multicentric, alimentary
59
LSA in EQ (B cell, T cell rich)
sponaneous multicentric +/- liver, spleen, l.n. involvement may see cutaneous
60
LSA in adult cattle
- BLV associated "bovine enzootic leukosis" - mechanical/insect vector (sometimes transplacental, colostral) - Multicentric w/ HURLS
61
HURLS
``` heart uterus retro-orbital, renal lymph nodes spinal cord, stomach (abomasum) ```
62
LSA in calves
spontaneous, not BLV assoc'd younger (3-6 mo) = multicentric then medisatinal (6-24 mo) then cutaneous (1-3 yo)
63
LSA in pigs
most common neoplasm in pigs females less than 1 yr old spontaneous or hereditary multicentric, mediastinal
64
LSA in chickens (T cell)
juveniles <16 wks Maerk's dz (GHV-2) multicentric w/ neuritis
65
Lymphangectasia
pathological dilation of lymphatic vessels due to embolus or inflammation
66
Intestinal lymphangectasis in dogs and cats
chronic lymphangitis PLE** +/- diarrhea occurs spontaneously, hereditary, hypersensitivity
67
Intestinal lymphangectasis in rum
caused by M. avium sbsp paraTB (Johne's) | granulomatous enteritis --> granulomatous lymphangectasia
68
Lymphatic rupture
chylothorax | Causes: idiopathic, trauma, obstruction/infiltrative, systemic hypertension
69
bruised, edematous lesions of SC on abdomen, limbs
lymphangiosarcoma | dogs, cats, EQ
70
what causes serous atrophy of bone marrow adipose
negative E balance
71
Myelofibrosis
``` Dogs, cats, goats, hum bone marrow effaced by proliferation of: type I collagen - fibrosis type III collagen - reticulin d/t chronic trauma of bone marrow (e.g. inflammation, neoplasia, idiopathic, phenobarb long term drugs) ```
72
How do you diagnose myelofibrosis
bone marrow biopsy w/ reticulin stain
73
aplastic anemia/ bone marrow aplasia
failure of myelopoiesis | causes: infectious, toxicity, idiopathic, immune-mediated
74
Infectious causes of aplastic anemia
CPV-2, feline panleukopenia, FeLV, Rickettsia, Ehrlichia
75
myelodysplastic syndrome
ineffective myelopoiesis - one or more cytopenias see in dogs and cats Causes: stem cell neoplasia, drugs, FeLV, AI dz
76
Malignant plasma cell neoplasia
starts in bone marrow, may metastasize osteolytic lesions on radiographs Multiple myeloma syndrome - malignant plasma cell tumor = excess Ig secretion
77
2 biochem panel signs for multiple myeloma
Hypercalcemia - PTHrP or osteolysis (d/t Rank L from plasma cells) Hyperglobulinemia - renal amyloidosis, hyperviscosity synd

VM742 BOD 3 (3 decks)

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