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VM742 BOD 3 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Are thoracic or cervical thymic lobules absent in the dog?

A

cervical

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2
Q

Which cell types presents Ag via MHC I & II during positive selection of T cells in the thymus?

A

cortical epithelial cells

check if T cell can bind at all

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3
Q

Which cell types presents self peptides during negative selection of T cells in the thymus?

A

medullary epithelial cells

check if T cell binds to self too strongly

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4
Q

Thymus’s default reaction to injury

A

atrophy

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5
Q

When does normal thymic involution occur

A

with sexual maturity

exception: rodents, rabbits

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6
Q

What would delay thymic involution?

A

gonadectomy

starvation

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7
Q

Causes of thymic atrophy

A

toxicity
nutritional deficiency - vit B, zinc
Immune exhaustion - inflammation or glucocorticoids
viral

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8
Q

viruses causing thymic atrophy in the dog

A

parvo, distemper

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9
Q

viruses causing thymic atrophy in the cat

A

distemper (panleukopenia), FeLV, FIV

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10
Q

viruses causing thymic atrophy in large animal

A

EHV-1, BVDV, PRRSV

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11
Q

In what signalment does thymic hemorrhage occur?

A

young dogs

b/c large arteries frail as thymus involutes

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12
Q

Causes of thymic hemorrhage

A

trauma to chest or neck
shock
coag disorder
spontaneous

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13
Q
  • Grower/weaner pigs 6-16 wks with systemic infection/chronic wasting/failure to thrive
  • On necropsy see lymphadenitis, thymic depletion
  • Histo shows active granulomatous inflammation, lymphoid depletion
A

PCV-2
Thymitis
may see viral inclusions on histo but not always

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14
Q

Two differentials for cranial mediastinal mass on a radiograph + dyspnea & muffled heart sounds on PE

A

Thymic lymphosarcoma

Thymoma

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15
Q

Mediastinal LSA in young cats is commonly assoc’d with what? What secondary issues can LSA cause?

A

FeLV

Chylous effusion

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16
Q

Lymphosarcoma is a neoplasm of what cell type?

A

T cells

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17
Q

Thymoma is a neoplasm of what cell type?

A

Epithelial (stromal cells) w/ reactive thymocytes

Typically benign but can have malignant (invasive) form

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18
Q

What signalment is most common for a thymoma?

A 
adult goats
(also all adult domestics)
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19
Q

Pathology of a malignant thymoma

A

invades into cranial vena cave, occluding lumen

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20
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with thymoma

A

Dogs - myasthenia gravis

cats - feline exfoliative dermatitis

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21
Q

Pals vs. Germinal center

A

Pals - T cells
Geminal center - Ag presentation, w/ corona of B cells
Marginal zone - B cell secretion of IgM

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22
Q

DDx’s for diffuse, gelatinous, bloody, splenomegaly

A

Splenic torsion
Barbiturates
Splenitis

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23
Q

What signalment is commonly associated with splenic torsion

A

dogs, pigs

deep chest, loose gastrosplenic ligament

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24
Q

What is typically causes splenitis

A

sepsis - bacterial, fungal, protozoal
toxemia
get necrotizing inflammation + hemorrhage

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25
Q

What is a bacterial cause of splenitis?

A

B. anthracis

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26
Q

B. anthracis can cause peracute death in what species?

A

ruminants

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27
Q

DDx’s for nodular, gelatinous, bloody, splenomegaly

A

Hematoma
Hemangioma
Hemangiosarcoma
Acute splenic infarction

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28
Q

Signalment for hemangiosarcoma

A

middle-aged or older dogs
Goldens, german shepherds
present with hemoabdomen

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29
Q

Hemangiosarcoma is a neoplasm of what cell type?

A

endothelial cells

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30
Q

What are characteristics of hemangiosarcoma?

A

Invasive
Metastatic
rapid progression, poor prognosis

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31
Q

Primary sites for hemangiosarcoma

A 
spleen
liver
right atrium
bone marrow
skin
32
Q

Causes of acute splenic infarction

A

Vasculitis
Vascular occlusion (e.g. thrombosis, parasite, tumor)
Classical Swine Fever

33
Q

How do you differentiate between African and Classical swine fever?

A

Classical - acute splenic infarcts

African - blood splenomegaly

34
Q

How do you differentiate between acute and chronic infarction?

A

acute - nodule that’s hemorrhagic, necrotic

chronic - tan, firm, fibrotic foci (meaty/solid)

35
Q

DDx’s for diffuse, meaty, solid splenomegaly (bulges on cut)

A

Lymphosarcoma
Mastocytosis
Hyperplasia (d/t increased immune stim, phagocytosis, or hematoposesis

36
Q

DDx’s for nodular, meaty, solid splenomegaly (bulges on cut)

A
  • nodular lymphoid hyperpalsia (lymphoid follicle proliferation)
  • neoplasm
  • granuloma or abscess (septic bacterial, fungal, protozoal)
37
Q

primary splenic neoplasms (causing nodular splenomegaly)

A

LSA - can cause diffuse or nodular
Stromal sarcoma - leiomyosarcoma, fibrosarcoma
Myelolipoma

38
Q

Ddx for any white-tan, bulging mass

A

lymphosarcoma - never benign

39
Q

neoplasms that commonly metastasize to the spleen

A

mammary carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
osteosarcoma

40
Q

Tularemia causes what?

A

granuloma/abscess in the spleen

lymphadenitis

41
Q

2 bacteria that often cause granulomas or abscesses in spleen

A

Mycobacteria

F. tualrensis

42
Q

Flow of lymphatics

A

lymph from ECF –> lymphatic ducts –> regional l.n. chains –> efferent lymphatic ducts out of l.n.’s –> thoracic duct –> mix with blood from subclavian vein

43
Q

Why do lymph and blood mix at the subclavian vein?

A

leukocyte circulation

optimal immune response (ID and Ag response)

44
Q

Follicles vs. germianl center vs. paracortical region of a lymph node cortex

A

follicles - B cell proliferation
Germianl center - Ag presented to T cells
Paracortical region - T cells

45
Q

Where to B cells mature in most animals?

A

bone marrow

46
Q

Where to B cells mature in birds?

A

bursa of fabricius

47
Q

Where to B cells mature in ruminants?

A

Peyer’s patches

48
Q

Cachexia and malnutrition cause ____ to lymph nodes due to ___ loss.

A

lymphoid atrophy

T cell

49
Q

Aging causes ____ to lymph nodes due to ___ loss.

A

lymphoid atrophy

B & T cell

50
Q

Immune exhaustion/severe chronic disease causes ____ to lymph nodes due to ___ loss.

A

lymphoid atrophy

T cell

51
Q

What causes lymphoid hyperplasia?

A

systemic or regional antigenic stim

bulges on cut

52
Q

Enlarged, erythematous, edematous, bulging lymph node +/- exudate and blood

A

lymphadenitis d/t systemic or draining infection established in the node

53
Q

Causes of lymphadenitis

A

Classic swine fever - hemorrhagic necrotizing lymphadenitis
African swine fever - ditto
Corynebacterium pseutoTB - casesous lymphadenitis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis or bovis - granulomatous lymphadenitis

54
Q

Gross lesions of classic swine fever

A 
hemorrhagic, necrotizing lymphadenitis
thymic atrophy
purulent tonsilitis + petichiation
splenomegaly with infarction
cyanosis of skin (d/t vasculitis)
button ulcers in GI
55
Q

Peripheral, caseous lymphadenitis in a goat

A

C. peudoTB

56
Q

Classifications for LSA

A

multicentric
alimentary
mediastinal
cutaneous

57
Q

Clin signs of LSA in dog (B cell most often)

A 
fever + weight loss
mild anemia
stress leukogram
Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia (d/t PTHrP)
lymphadenopathy
organomegaly - spleen or liver usually
58
Q

Cats and LSA (usually T cell)

A

young - FeLV, multicentric, mediastinal, spinal

over 10 - spontaneous, multicentric, alimentary

59
Q

LSA in EQ (B cell, T cell rich)

A

sponaneous
multicentric +/- liver, spleen, l.n. involvement
may see cutaneous

60
Q

LSA in adult cattle

A
  • BLV associated “bovine enzootic leukosis”
  • mechanical/insect vector (sometimes transplacental, colostral)
  • Multicentric w/ HURLS
61
Q

HURLS

A 
heart
uterus
retro-orbital, renal
lymph nodes
spinal cord, stomach (abomasum)
62
Q

LSA in calves

A

spontaneous, not BLV assoc’d
younger (3-6 mo) = multicentric
then medisatinal (6-24 mo)
then cutaneous (1-3 yo)

63
Q

LSA in pigs

A

most common neoplasm in pigs
females less than 1 yr old
spontaneous or hereditary
multicentric, mediastinal

64
Q

LSA in chickens (T cell)

A

juveniles <16 wks
Maerk’s dz (GHV-2)
multicentric w/ neuritis

65
Q

Lymphangectasia

A

pathological dilation of lymphatic vessels due to embolus or inflammation

66
Q

Intestinal lymphangectasis in dogs and cats

A

chronic lymphangitis
PLE**
+/- diarrhea
occurs spontaneously, hereditary, hypersensitivity

67
Q

Intestinal lymphangectasis in rum

A

caused by M. avium sbsp paraTB (Johne’s)

granulomatous enteritis –> granulomatous lymphangectasia

68
Q

Lymphatic rupture

A

chylothorax

Causes: idiopathic, trauma, obstruction/infiltrative, systemic hypertension

69
Q

bruised, edematous lesions of SC on abdomen, limbs

A

lymphangiosarcoma

dogs, cats, EQ

70
Q

what causes serous atrophy of bone marrow adipose

A

negative E balance

71
Q

Myelofibrosis

A 
Dogs, cats, goats, hum
bone marrow effaced by proliferation of:
type I collagen - fibrosis
type III collagen - reticulin
d/t chronic trauma of bone marrow (e.g. inflammation, neoplasia, idiopathic, phenobarb long term drugs)
72
Q

How do you diagnose myelofibrosis

A

bone marrow biopsy w/ reticulin stain

73
Q

aplastic anemia/ bone marrow aplasia

A

failure of myelopoiesis

causes: infectious, toxicity, idiopathic, immune-mediated

74
Q

Infectious causes of aplastic anemia

A

CPV-2, feline panleukopenia, FeLV, Rickettsia, Ehrlichia

75
Q

myelodysplastic syndrome

A

ineffective myelopoiesis - one or more cytopenias
see in dogs and cats
Causes: stem cell neoplasia, drugs, FeLV, AI dz

76
Q

Malignant plasma cell neoplasia

A

starts in bone marrow, may metastasize
osteolytic lesions on radiographs
Multiple myeloma syndrome - malignant plasma cell tumor = excess Ig secretion

77
Q

2 biochem panel signs for multiple myeloma

A

Hypercalcemia - PTHrP or osteolysis (d/t Rank L from plasma cells)
Hyperglobulinemia - renal amyloidosis, hyperviscosity synd

VM742 BOD 3 (3 decks)

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