Exam 1 Flashcards

Question

incidence

Answer 1

number of new infections per unit time

Answer 2

percentage of population infected at particular time

Answer 3

percentage of population carrying antibodies indicative of past exposure

Answer 4

individuals who are naïve and uninfected

Answer 5

individuals infected (and infectious in simple models)

Answer 6

removed or resistant (often considered immune for simplicity)

Answer 7

basic reproductive number average number of secondary infections that an infected host produces in an otherwise susceptible population R0 < 1 --> disease dies out R0 > 1 --> disease persists

Answer 8

effective reproductive number average number of secondary infections that an infected host produces in a real or specified population Reff = (R0) * (S/N)

Answer 9

(R0 - 1) / (R0)

Answer 10

Alexander Yersin (1894) Gram - coccobacillus (Enterobacteriaceae) flea-borne zoonotic disease

Answer 11

``` characterized by hemorrhaging lymph nodes (buboes) most common (50-60% mortality if untreated) ```

Answer 12

characterized by bacteria in blood stream, gangrene | nearly 100% mortality if untreated

Answer 13

droplet/aerosol transmission | least common BUT most dangerous (nearly 100% mortality if untreated)

Answer 14

6th century along Mediterranean coast 100 million died most likely came through Egypt due to trade ANTIQUA variant (still found in Africa and Central Asia)

Answer 15

Europe: 1347-1351 17-28 million deaths (30-40% of population) MEDIEVALIS variant intermittent outbreaks for 300 years after

Answer 16

China 1850s-1890s followed shipping routes to all continents 12 million deaths in India and China ORIENTALIS varient

Answer 17

``` Robert Koch (1882) bacillus ```

Answer 18

microorganism/pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease

Answer 19

pathogen can be isolated from diseased host and grown in pure culture

Answer 20

pathogen from pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated in healthy, susceptible host

Answer 21

pathogen must be isolated from inoculated host and and shown to be the same pathogen as the original

Answer 22

TB pathogen present in the body no symptoms person is NOT infectious sometimes, antibiotics will be used and can prevent TB disease

Answer 23

``` symptoms present (coughing, weight loss, loss of appetite, night sweats, fever, chest pain) spread by coughing, sneezing, laughing, singing, talking ```

Answer 24

137 species | species described in major groups for diagnosis and treatment

Answer 25

causes TB | includes M. tuberculosis, bovis, africanum, microti

Answer 26

causes Hansen's disease or leprosy

Answer 27

all other mycobacterium which cause pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis, skin disease, or disseminated disease

Answer 28

significant cause of death in AIDS patients acquired environmentally mainly cause disease in birds, ungulates, and swine can spread through blood to infect lymph nodes, bone marrow, liver, spleen, spinal fluid, lungs, and GI tract symptoms mimic MTBC symptoms usually in patients with CD4 counts below 100 includes M. avium avium

Answer 29

originally defined as resistance against 4 first-line drugs often develops during treatment (inconsistency) mortality rates around 80% testing and treatment difficult to procure and apply

Answer 30

direct observed therapy/treatment – short course five components 1) sustained political/financial commitment 2) diagnosis by quality insured protocols 3) ensure supportive observation (treatment consistency, follow-through) 4) equal access to medications 5) standardized recording and reporting

Answer 31

meets MDR definition plus resistance to 1-2 second-line drugs more expensive treatment (such as chemotherapy)

Answer 32

India around 1000 BC | blowing powdered smallpox scabs into the nose

Answer 33

scratching material from smallpox lesions into the skin successful --> lasting immunity unsuccessful --> smallpox infection and continued transmission 0.5-2% mortality rate (compared to 20-30% of smallpox)

Answer 34

``` Edward Jenner (1798) --> cowpox vaccination later replaced with vaccinia vaccination ```

Answer 35

belongs to Orthopox virus group large, brick-shaped complex internal structure + dsDNA genome spread by close contact via droplet infection incubation = 10-12 days major illness defined by abrupt fever and rash

Answer 36

more common and more severe form of smallpox virus more extensive rash and higher fever (30% mortality) 4 types 1) ordinary (most frequent) 2) modified (mild, occurs those previously vaccinated) 3,4) flat and hemorrhagic (rare and severe)

Answer 37

less common and less severe form of smallpox (1% mortality)

Answer 38

cross-antigenic properties most are host-specific spillover to humans are truly zoonotic (cowpox, monkeypox) vaccinia is an exception (multiple hosts, unclear origins)