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Systems Neuroscience > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is systems neuroscience?

A
  • the study of the nervous system’s functions that emerge from the operations of systems of neurons
  • consideration of how these functions emerge from cellular and molecular underpinings
  • studies the emergemt properties that result form groups of neurons
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2
Q

The temporal portion of the right eye goes to which hemisphere?

A

the right hemisphere

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3
Q

What portion of vision crosses over?

A

the nasal half

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4
Q

Hemi-decussation

A

process info from the left visual field in the right visual cortex; nasal half of vision crosses over

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5
Q

Tactile sensation from the left side ends up on which side of the brain?

A

right half

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6
Q

Primary motor neurons on the right side of the motor cortex control which side of the body?

A

left side

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7
Q

Phrenology facts:

A
  • structure-function relationships do exist
  • size of neural circuits can be related to their importance
  • size of neural circuits can be modified by experience
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8
Q

mass action

A

depends on size of lesion

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9
Q

equipotentiality

A

does not depend on which area

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10
Q

Karl Lashely’s observations on brain damage and learning

A

the size, but not the location, of the lesion is what is important to cognitive function

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11
Q

parallel processing

A

the brain often has more than one solution to a simple problem and so is resistant to damage

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12
Q

distributed modular processing

A
  • complex capabilities derive from more elementary operations (modules)
  • the nature of these subcomponents is often counter-intuitive, so the biological solution is not always the most logical one
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13
Q

saccades

A
  • very fast, stereotyped movements of the eye

- cannot see during a saccade due to saccadic masking

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14
Q

dependent variable

A

stimulus

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15
Q

independent variable

A

response

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16
Q

receptive field

A

portion of space to which a neuron respnds

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17
Q

Why can PNS axons regrow?

A

PNS glia allow axons to regrow because they secrete neurotrophic factors

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18
Q

Can the brain experience phantom pain?

A

No

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19
Q

Sensation and perception are products of _____?

A

neural activity

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20
Q

Why does artifical activation work?

A

brain/neurons doesn’t care what starts the action potential

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21
Q

What is the operating range of vision?

A

1 - 10^14

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22
Q

What is the minimum # of photons we can detect?

A

one photon

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23
Q

What is the problem the nervous system must solve?

A

given a neural respone, it must determine what the stimulus is

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24
Q

modality

A

touch, vsison, hearing

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25
Q

submodality

A

what type of touch it is (just an example)

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26
Q

Our nervous system has different sensors that react to _____

A

different energies

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27
Q

adequate stimulus

A

each class of sensory receptors is specialized to respond to a particular form of energy

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28
Q

perceptive field

A

area from which sensation seems to arise

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29
Q

Is perceptive field the ame as receptive field?

A

basically

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30
Q

transduction

A

conversion of stimulus energy into electrical signal

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31
Q

Receptor types are specialized for ____

A

converting certain types of stimulus energies

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32
Q

sensory receptor

A

a cell or specialized portion of a neuron that transduces physical energy into a change in transmembrane potential

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33
Q

accessory structures

A

structures between the outside world and neurons; lens, pupil, ear bones, basilar membrane

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34
Q

Pacinian corpuscles respond to ____

A

vibration

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35
Q

With pacinian corpuscles, increasing frequency of electrical stimulation results in

A

increased frequency of percieved stimulation

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36
Q

What stimulus information does the nervous system need to encode (4W’s)?

A
  • what is it? modality/submodaltiy/identity
  • where is it? location
  • how much is it? intensity
  • when is it? timing/duration
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37
Q

Will a Pacinian corpuscle react to a crushing stimulus?

A

no, its the wrong submodality

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38
Q

What are the four major classes of receptors?

A
  • mechanoreceptors
  • chemoreceptor
  • electromagneto receptors
  • thermoreceptors
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39
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

mechanically couple cytoskeleton to ion channel; touch and hearing

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40
Q

chemoreceptor

A

ligand binds to receptor, causes opening of an ion channel (directly or through second messenger cascade set off by ligand binding)

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41
Q

electromagneto receptors

A

detect electromagnetic radiation, like photoreceptors

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42
Q

What do all receptors do?

A

change the electral potential of the cell in response to activation

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43
Q

Different receptors:

A
  • respond to different signals

- generate different cellular reactions: depolarization vs hyperpolarization vs both

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44
Q

the anatomy and physiology of different receptors are well matched to their _____

A

function

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45
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of second messenger cascades:

A
  • advantages: amplifies the signal, increasing sensitivity

- disadvantages: slow because there are so many steps

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46
Q

Which systems use second messenger cascades? Why?

A

olfaction and vision; speed isn’t important in these systems

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47
Q

primary afferent neurons

A

axons that projects into (at) the CNS; are not necessarily the receptor cell

48
Q

Space constant

A

the distance over which signal falls to 37% of the original signal

49
Q

What is the membrane resistance? Why is it so high?

A

1 gigaOhm; fat doesn’t conduct elecrticity well

50
Q

receptor potential

A
  • a change in transmembrane potential evoked directly by the stimulus
  • often lograthimically related to stimulus intensity
51
Q

a generator potential is a subclass of ____

A

action potentials

52
Q

In sensory cells with action potentials, why are receptor potentials known as generator potentials?

A

because they generate action potentials

53
Q

What is the net result of receptor potentials and action potentials?

A

action potenital firing frequencyis often related logarithmically to stimulus intensity

54
Q

Which mechanoreceptors are deep?

A

Pacsinian corpuscles and Ruffini endings

55
Q

Which mechanoreceptors are superficial?

A

Meissner’s corpuscles and Merkel cells

56
Q

Each type of sensory axon coming form only one type of receptor results in _____?

A

labeled lines

57
Q

RA1

A

rapidly adapting type 1; Meissner’s corpuscle

58
Q

SA1

A

slowly adapting type 1; Merkel cells

59
Q

RA2

A

rapidly adapting type 2; Pacinian corpuscle

60
Q

SA2

A

slowly adapting type 2; Ruffini endings

61
Q

What do Meissner’s corpuscles communicate?

A

change in pressure, rate of change matters (first derivatives)

62
Q

When do Meissner’s corpuscles fire?

A
  • during change, but not steady state

- changes in force (pressure); hand object movement

63
Q

What do Merkel cells communicate?

A
  • comunicates constant pressure
  • help encode size/shape of object
  • keeps from squeezing hand too hard
64
Q

When do Merkel cells fire?

A

during change, but also during steady state

65
Q

What do Pacsinian corpuscles communicate?

A

contact; lift-off/landing vibration; onset/offset response

66
Q

When do Pacsinian corpuscles fire?

A

responds to how fast a change is changing; an accelerometer

67
Q

Type 1 surface receptors

A
  • resolve braille dots, firing patterns look like the braille dots
  • on the surface
  • have small receptive fields
68
Q

Type 2 surface receptors

A
  • deep
  • large receptive fields, so not good for high resolution localization
  • very sensitive
69
Q

What happens to a Pacsinian corpuscle during stimulus onset?

A

slow redistribution of corpuslce layers, this absorbs stimulus force resulting in less stimulation of neuron

70
Q

What happens to a Pacsinian corpuscle during stimulus offset?

A

layers return to original arrangment, neuron re-stimulated

71
Q

somatotopy

A

the nervous system maintains an orderly representation of body surface

72
Q

To be discriminable, different stimulti must activate different _____

A

receptive fields

73
Q

Is receptive field size consistent throughout the body?

A

No

74
Q

What is somatotopy?

A

the nervous system maintains an orderly representation of body surface

75
Q

receptive field

A

the area to which a sensory neuron responds

76
Q

The primary somatosensory cortex has a sesnory homonculus of which side of the body?

A

contralateral side

77
Q

Enlargements in the somatosensory cortex reflect ____?

A

density of innervation (number of receptors)

78
Q

What are two temporal codes?

A

rate codes and pattern codes

79
Q

Rate codes

A

increased stimulus intensity results in increased firing rate

80
Q

Pattern codes

A

bursting vs steady state firing enocde different things

81
Q

What are two population codes?

A

which neurons fire and how many neurons fire

82
Q

Contextual codes

A

how a given neuron fires in relationship to other neurons; synchrony among different neurons with different stimuli

83
Q

How does firing encode stimulus intensity?

A

increasing stimulus intensity -> increasing channel opening -> increasing generator potential (receptor potential) amplitude -> cell fires faster and faster

84
Q

Does increased firing rate track with perceived intensitty?

A

Yes

85
Q

Generator potentials are often _____ related to stimulus intensity

A

logarithmically

86
Q

Action potential frequency is often ____ related to amplitude of stimulus intensity

A

linearly

87
Q

Action potential frequency is often ____ related to stimulus intensity

A

logarithmically

88
Q

Weber’s law (definition)

A
  • size of the difference threshold (JND) is often proportional to the size of the standard
  • detect percentage, not absolute, differences in size
89
Q

Weber’s law equation

A

deltaS = K x S
deltaS: just noticable difference
K: constant
S: stimulus strength

90
Q

Weber-Fechner law

A 
extends the dynamic range; I = K x log (S/S0)
I: percieved intensity
S: stimulus strength
S0: threshold
K: constant
91
Q

Shift curve up (to the right)

A

low false positives, but high false negatives

92
Q

Shift curve down (to the left)

A

high false positives, low false negatives

93
Q

The highest probability of channels being open corresponds to what spot on a sigmoidal curve?

A

peak

94
Q

Why can’t a simple rate code work for temperature?

A

firing rate maxes out at both very high and very low temps so can’t distinguish between the two temps

95
Q

Population code with hot and cold neurons

A

lots of hot neurons fire at high temps, very few fire at low temps

96
Q

Synchrony codes

A

neurons firing in synchrony encode something about the object

97
Q

Proprioceptors of skeletal muscles

A

Aa, group 1, thick and heavily myelinated; rapid transduction

98
Q

Mechanoreceptors of skin

A

AB, group II, medium diameter, thinly myelinated

99
Q

Fibers that conduct pain and temperature

A

Ad, group III, narrow diameter, thinly myelinated

100
Q

Fibers that conduct pain, itch

A

C, group IV, very narrow diameter, unmyelinated

101
Q

dermatomes

A

the body area innervated by a single root

102
Q

Is there overlap in dermatomes? What is the consequence of this?

A

Yes, so damage to a single root does not produce sensory loss in the dermatome

103
Q

Why can’t we localize pain?

A

due to the heavy branching of axons the pain can’t be localized exactly

104
Q

What is another name for the dorsal column system?

A

medial lemniscal system

105
Q

What info does the DCML carry?

A

touch, pressure, flutter, vibration, proprioception from contralateral side

106
Q

What info does the anterolateral system carry?

A

pain, temperature, minor flutter from contralateral side

107
Q

General heirarchical processing pathway

A

primary sensory neurons -> relays -> primary sensory cortex (simple cells) -> primary sensory cortex (complex cells) -> unimodal sensory cortex (puts features together) -> multimodal sensory cortex (puts all modalities together)

108
Q

Function of unimodal sensory cortex

A

puts features together

109
Q

Function of multimodal sensory cortex

A

puts all modalities together

110
Q

Why don’t primary sensory neurons exhibit center surround inhibition?

A

they do not have synapses, the only info they are getting is from the receptors

111
Q

What is abstraction?

A

doesn’t have a physical representation; like using the word “larger” without a comparison

112
Q

Where does the VPL of the thalamus project?

A

the primary somatosensory cortex

113
Q

Columnar organization of somatosensory cortex

A

columns of one receptor type; each finger has a column with smaller sub-columns for sensory submodality

114
Q

Inputs go into what layer of the somatosensory cortex?

A

layer IV

115
Q

Outputs from layer I, II of somatosensory cortex go to

A

other cortical structures

116
Q

Ouputs from layer V, VI of somatosensory cortex go to

A

spinal cord and subcortical strucutres, including the thalamus

Systems Neuroscience (3 decks)

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