Exam 1

Question 1

Tenacity

Answer 1

• Long-held beliefs
• Repetition makes ideas more believable
• Cliches, superstitions, politics

Question 2

Intuition

Answer 2

Gut feeling; hunches; instinct

Question 3

Authority/Faith

Answer 3

• Expert/Respected Source

- Sacred texts/individuals, internet

Question 4

Anecdotal Evidence

Answer 4

Accept unquestioningly what your own personal judgment or a single story about a person’s experience tells you about the world

-Not based on research, can lead to disappointment

Question 5

Empirical Method.Empiricism

Answer 5

Observations via senses

Question 6

The Scientific Method

Answer 6

1) Make informal observations
2) Identify variables; form hypothesis
3) Use deductive reasoning to form a specific, testable prediction
4) Make systematic (structured) observations
5) Draw conclusions; support or reject hypothesis based on data

Question 7

Science

Answer 7

• Solvable/testable hypotheses
• Systematic (empirical) observations; objective
• Falsifiable/Refutable
• Publicly verified

Question 8

Pseudoscience

Answer 8

• Relies on subjective evidence
• Irrefutable/Refutable results explained away or ignored
• Not grounded in past science. Develop new theories and “jargon”

Question 9

Population

Answer 9

The set of all the individuals of interest in a particular study.

Question 10

Sample

Answer 10

A set of individuals selected from a population, usually intended to represent the population in a research study.

Question 11

Variable

Answer 11

A characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals.

Question 12

Statistics

Answer 12

Refers to a set of mathematical procedures for organizing, summarizing, and interpreting information.

Question 13

Descriptive

Answer 13

Summarize and describe (number, range, frequency, average).

Question 14

Inferential

Answer 14

Draw conclusions and generalize.

Question 15

Data

Answer 15

measurementS or observationS

Question 16

Datum

Answer 16

a SINGLE measurement or observation and is commonly called a score or a raw score.

Question 17

Sampling Error

Answer 17

Is the discrepancy, or the amount of error, that exists between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter.

Question 18

Quantitative

Answer 18

Referring to quantity

Question 19

Qualitative

Answer 19

Referring to quality

Question 20

Population Parameter

Answer 20

Is a value, usually numerical, that describes a population. A parameter is usually derived from measurements of the individuals in the sample.

Question 21

Sample Statistic

Answer 21

Is a value, usually numerical, that describes a sample. A sample statistic is usually derived from measurements of the individuals in the sample.

Question 22

Continuous

Answer 22

Can be broken down into smaller units; weight, height, etc.

Question 23

Discrete

Answer 23

Remember “concrete”; number of dogs in household

Question 24

Nominal

Answer 24

Basically refers to discrete data such as the name of your school, type of car you drive, or the name of a book. Easy to remember because “nominal sounds like name.”

Question 25

Ordinal

Answer 25

Refers to quantities that have a natural ordering. With ordinal data, you cannot state with certainty whether the intervals between each value are equal. Remember: "ordinal sounds like order."

Question 26

Interval

Answer 26

Is like ordinal, except we can say that the intervals between each value are equally split.

Question 27

Ratio

Answer 27

is interval data with a natural zero point. For example, time is ratio, since zero time is meaningful.

Question 28

Correlational Method

Answer 28

Two different variables are observed to determine whether there is a relationship between them.

Question 29

Experimental Method

Answer 29

One variable is manipulated while another variable is observed and measured.

Question 30

Basic

Answer 30

- Fundamental questions about the nature of behavior. | - Addresses theoretical issues: cognition, learning, social behavior, neuroscience.

Question 31

Applied

Answer 31

- Addresses issues in which there are practical problems and potential solutions. - Program evaluation

Question 32

Ethics

Answer 32

Concerns the responsibility of researchers to be honest and respectful to all individuals who are affected by their research studies or their reports of the studies' results.

Question 33

Nuremberg Code

Answer 33

A set of ten guidelines for the ethical treatment of human participants in research. 1947.

Question 34

National Research Act

Answer 34

Mandated regulations for the protection of human participants. 1974.

Question 35

Belmont Report

Answer 35

Summarizes the basic ethical principles identified by the National Commission. 1) The principle of respect for persons requires that they have the ability to give their consent. 2) The principle of beneficence requires that the researcher not harm the participants. 3) The principle of justice requires fairness in procedures for selecting participants.

Question 36

Informed Assent

Answer 36

Consent given by a child or handicapped individual.

Question 37

Informed Consent

Answer 37

Consent given by a parent or guardian.

Question 38

Fraud

Answer 38

Is an explicit effort to falsify or misrepresent data.