Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nutrition and Botanicals > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptogen

A

Strengthens or tones the body

Ginseng

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Astringent

A

Shrinks tissue

Witch hazel and horse chestnut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bitter tonic

A

Stimulates digestive juice secretion

gentian root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Carminative

A

Relieves intestinal gas

peppermint, chamomile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cholegogue

A

Stimulates secretion/release of bile

Dandelion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Demulcent

A

soothes irritated tissue

slippery elm, aloe vera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Types of extracts

A 
Infusion
Decoction
Tincture
Fluid extract
Solid extract
Standardized extract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Decoction

A

Tea boiled for a long time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Tincture

A

Extracted with solvent (e.g. alcohol)

1:5 concentration = 1 part herb in 5 parts solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fluid extract

A

Solvent partially distilled off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Solid extract

A

All solvent removed

5:1 concentration = 1 part extract = 5 parts herb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Standardized extract

A

Produced to deliver consistent amount of one or

more active or marker compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the most modern clinical researshed styles?

A

solid extracts, often standardized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the two views of standardization?

A

Guarantee levels of active or marker compounds

Guaranteed seed-toharvest-to-extract consistency of production (limited to one brand name)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the Four Therapeutic Programs

A

Longevity
Therapeutic intervention
Allergy elimination
Prostaglandin modification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Longevity

A

For prevention and treatment of age-related (and other)

diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Functional Restoration

A

To restore optimal function of body systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Allergy Elimination

A

For removing symptom-producing sources in the diet or the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Prostaglandin Modification

A

– For reducing the influences of “unfriendly” eicosanoids on health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Staples of the longevity program

A 
Diet
Exercise
Supplements
Mental Health
Environmental Health
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Supplements in the longevity program are recommended by

A

Harvard public health

Linus Pauling Institute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Supplements in the longevity program: Possible additions

A

More vitamin D
More antioxidants
Fish oil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Supplements help with

A 
Birth defect risk
Cancer risk (men, children)
Infection risk in undernourished diabetics
Macular degeneration risk
Improved IQ in children
Reduced effects of stress
Malabsorption syndromes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Areas of focus of Functional Restoration

A 
Nutritional deficiencies
Environmental factors
Structural imbalances
Physiological dysfunctions
Mind-body issues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Two popular Functional restoration programs

A

Gastrointestinal Rehabilitation

Detoxification Support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Gastrointestinal Rehabilitation

A

For improving digestion and assimilation, restoring

normal flora and tissue integrity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Detoxification Support

A

For reducing body burden of xenobiotics (toxins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Targets of GI rehabilitation

A 
Poor digestion
Compromised integrity of gut lining (“leaky gut”)
Unbalanced microbiome (“dysbiosis”)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Tests to evaluate for GI rehabilitation first

A

Digestive analysis (gastric acidity, enzyme production)
Gut permeability test
Food allergy testing (see program discussed later)
Comprehensive stool analysis (digestive end-products,
tissue health indicators, microbial flora populations)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

4 R’s of building a better intestine

A

Improve digestion and elimination
Treat dysbiosis
Treat hyperpermeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What can be used to improve digestion and elimination

A

Betaine hydrochloride, digestive enzymes, bile salts, fiber, and exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What can be used to treat dysbiosis

A

Introduce friendly bacteria with probiotics; encourage
their growth with prebiotics
Inhibit unfriendly bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What can be used to treat hyperpermeability

A

Avoid substances that increase permeability
Control food allergies that produce local inflammation
Treat dysbiosis to lower endotoxin exposure
Supply key nutrients to intestinal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Evaluations to perform for Detoxification Program

A

History of possible toxin exposure
Tests for toxic metals
Tests for body detox function
Tests for nutrient adequacy for detox functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Three things to do in detoxification support

A

Clean food, clean water, clean air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Hubbard Program

A

Only detox program with published research
Lipolytic exercise to mobilize fat-soluble toxins
Low-heat saunas
Nutritional supplementation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What organs are targeted in detoxification programs?

A 
Intestine
Liver
Kidneys
Skin
Lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What general types may be prescribed to enhance liver function?

A

Antioxidants, lipotropics (to improve fat mobilization),

cholegogues (to enhance bile production)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

When eliminating allergies how long should this person be observed for?

A

1-3 weeks

Then re-challenge one at a time (one per 24-48 hrs)

40
Q

Options for allergy elimination

A 
Water fast
Hypoallergenic Formula
Hypoallergenic Diet (p. B31)
Combined Hypoallergenic Diet and Formula (better
compliance)
Remove suspect foods only
41
Q

What substance may be implicated in asthma, hypertension, atherosclerosis menstrual cramps, and chronic inflammatory diseases

A

Arachidonic acid metabolites

42
Q

Gammalinolenic acid can be a precursor to what?

A

beneficial eicosanoids, and may not be produced in adequate amounts under certain conditions

43
Q

What can inhibit arachidonic acid production

A

Fish oil omega-3 fatty acids

44
Q

Dietary sources of “unfriendly” arachidonic acid

A

Animal meats, dairy fats, shellfish

45
Q

dietary inhibitors of normal prostaglandin metabolism

A

Hydrogenated (trans) fats

alcohol

46
Q

Cofactors for optimal prostaglandin metabolism

A

Vitamin B6, magnesium, zinc (or multi)

47
Q

fatty acids that are precursors of “friendly” prostaglandins and/or inhibit production of “unfriendly” prostaglandins

A

Omega-3 fatty acids (oily fish and fish oil)

Gamma-linolenic acid (available in supplements only)

48
Q

low arachidonic acid “anti-inflammatory diet”

A

Dietary fat primarily or exclusively from plant sources only
Low to non-fat dairy only
Minimal to no consumption of animal flesh
No egg yolks

49
Q

Omega-3 plant sources

A

Flaxseed, walnuts and their oils

Canola oil

50
Q

Omega-3 supplements in prostaglandin-modification program

A

1-10 grams per day of EPA+DHA, depending on treatment goals

Fish oil is 30-50% EPA+DHA

51
Q

Gamma-linolenic acid supplements in prostaglandin-modification program

A

500-2800 mg/day depending on health condition
Evening primrose oil
Black currant seed oil
Borage oil (most concentrated)

52
Q

Antiinflammatory effects require at least What amount?

A

1200 mg/day GLA

53
Q

Scientific name of St. John’s Wort

A

Hypericum perforatum

54
Q

3 active constituents of St. John’s Wort

A

Hypericin (most important?)
Hyperforin
Flavonoids

55
Q

Neurotransmitter function modification of St. John’s Wort

A

Several are affected, including serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine
Includes inhibition of synaptic reuptake, similar to common antidepressant drugs

56
Q

What are two clinically tested extracts of St. john’s Wort

A

Perika

Kira

57
Q

Effects for St John’s Wort in mild-moderate depression

A

Helps mood, sleep, body symptoms
Equivalent to drugs with fewer side effects
65% respond significantly

58
Q

What dosage for St John’s Wort?

A

300 mg TID of dried alcoholic extract of flowering aerial parts containing either:
– 0.3% hypericin or
– 1%-3% hyperforin

59
Q

Contraindications for SJW

A

Do not use in bipolar disorder
Do not mix with antidepressant drugs
crucial medications for transplant patients, heart failure, HIV, asthma, and oral contraception

60
Q

Side effects of SJW

A

stomach upset, fatigue, itching, headache, sleep disturbance, skin rash, and skin photosensitivity at high doses

61
Q

Side effects of SJW

A

stomach upset, fatigue, itching, headache, sleep disturbance, skin rash, and skin photosensitivity at high doses

62
Q

Garlic for what cardiovascular condition?

A

Dyslipidemia

Hypertension

63
Q

Garlic scientific name

A

Allium sativa

64
Q

Part of the plant used

A

Bulb, containing individual cloves

65
Q

Two garlic products

A

Kwai - Stabilized garlic powder

Kyolic - aged garlic extract

66
Q

Garlic contains what two types of enzymes

A

alliin and enzyme alliinase

67
Q

Aging of garlic creates complex sulfur

compounds such as ____

A

S-allyl cysteine

68
Q

Effects of garlic

A 
Antioxidant
Hypolipidemic
Antihypertensive
Antithrombotic/antiplatelet
Hyperlipidemia
69
Q

Hypertension effects of garlic

A

Systematic reviews report reduction of 8-16 mmHg systolic and 7-9 mmHg diastolic in hypertensives
AGE has weaker effect than allicin-rich garlic

70
Q

Garlic’s effect of artherosclerosis

A

Allicin-rich garlic has improved indicators of atherosclerosis progression

Intima-media thickness
Plaque volume
Aortic elasticity

71
Q

Effective forms of garlic

A

Standardized garlic powder
Typically standardized for 1.3% alliin precursor, or 0.6% allicin “yield”
• 600-900 mg per day (3.6-5.4 mg/day allicin)
– Enteric-coating may be preferable

Aged garlic extract (AGE)
2.4-7.2 grams powder or 4-5 mL liquid
If standardized, 1.2-3.6 mg/day S-allyl cysteine, SAC)

72
Q

Effective brands for garlic advertise what on labels?

A

Predictable allicin yield based on measured alliin content

Enteric coating

73
Q

Contraindications for garlic

A

Bleeding risks
Anticoagulants (anti-clotting effect)
Blood pressure drugs (hypotensive effect)
Diabetes drugs (hypoglycemic effect)

74
Q

Old vs new guidelines for vascuar disease prevention

A

Old: initial use of non-pharmacological
New: Immediate use of statins for moderate to high risk

75
Q

What associated symptoms for vasculaar disease should be treated?

A

Hypertension
Obesity
Metabolic syndrome

76
Q

ASCVD High-Risk Indicators

A

Current ASCVD diagnosis
LDL cholesterol ≥190 mg/dl (5 mmol/L)
Diabetes, unless young with no other problems
Chronic kidney disease in older (50+ yrs) adults
History of abdominal aortic aneurysm

77
Q

ASCVD low risk

A

US: below 7.5%
Canada: below 10%

78
Q

ASCVD moderate to high risk

A

Above low risk percentage plus
US:
LDL over 70 mg/dl

Canada:
LDL over 135 mg/dl OR
LDL over 70 mg/dl with
additional risk factors OR
LDL over 70 mg/dl with
10-year risk of 20% or more
79
Q

Mediterranean Diet Score

At east six of these

A 
Vegetables: 4+ per day
Legumes: 1+ per week
Fruit: 3+ per day
Nuts and seeds: 1+ per week
Whole grains: 1+ per day
Fish: 4+ per week
Fats: More unsaturated fats than saturated fats
Alcohol: Moderate
Red and processed meat:
– <2 oz per day women
– <3 oz per day men
80
Q

Four proven heart healthy foods for lowering cholesterol

A

Plant sterols/stanols - 2g/day
Soy protein - 25-45g/day
Nuts - 1oz or 28 g
Viscous fibers - 10-20 grams/day

81
Q

Results of heart healthy diet

A

Lowered LDL and lowered CRP

82
Q

Supplement options to accompany phytosterols

A

Phytosterols - 2 grams per day with meals
Viscous fibers
– Beta-glucan - 3
– Glucomannan - 4
– Psyllium husk - 10
– Guar gum - 15
Standardized fresh garlic powder - 2 grams per day with meals

83
Q

Higher-intensity interventions for ASCVD

A 
Rule out secondary causes of hyperlipidemia
• Refer for intensive lifestyle coaching
• Chinese red yeast rice*
• Statin therapy* (refer)
• Niacin therapy*
84
Q

Intensive LDL-Lowering Supplements

A

Red yeast rice: 1200-2400 mg/day

Niacin: 1500mg.day

85
Q

Dash diet rationale

A 
Grain - 7-8 serbings
Vegetables - 4-5
Fruits - 4-5
Low fat or non-fat dairy foods - 2-3
Meats - 2
Nuts, seeds - 3-4 per weeks
86
Q

Calcium in DASH diet

A

1000-1200 mg

87
Q

Magnesium in DASH diet

A

350 mg

88
Q

Potassium in DASH

A

Several thousand mg daily

89
Q

Medical conditions possibly affecting potassium

elimination by the kidney

A

Kidney disease
Diabetes
Advanced age

90
Q

Hypertension treatment

A

Control weight
Control salt
Aerobic exercise
Control alcohol
Fiber and mineral-dense semi-vegetarian diet
Supplements/special foods (– Extra K, Ca, Mg, Coenzyme Q10, – Standardized fresh garlic, powder, – Fish and Fish oils; – Dark chocolate)

91
Q

Best supplement for hypertension

A

Coenzyme Q, 100-200 mg/d

ubiquinone

92
Q

Fish oils, 1-3 g/d omega-3 fatty acids can be used for

A

Helps triglycerides
Helps platelet function
Helps endothelial function

93
Q

Garlic, 4-5 mg/d allicin can be used for

A

Helps blood cholesterol
Helps blood pressure
Possible antiplatelet effects
Some improved vascular outcomes demonstrated

94
Q

Multiple vitamin-mineral daily can be used for

A

– Manage deficiencies related to insulin resistance, inflammation
– B-vitamins to lower homocysteine
– Possible antioxidant benefits

95
Q

Coenzyme Q, 100-200 mg/d can be used for

A

Helps blood pressure
Needed to offset statin risks
Some evidence of benefits to other ASCV D risk factors

Nutrition and Botanicals (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions