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BREE 327 (First midterm) > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

DBT

A

Dry bulb temperature (Temperature of an ordinary thermometer.)

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2
Q

WBT

A

Wet bulb temperature (Temperature after air becomes saturated with water or temperature of thermometer covered with a wet wick )

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3
Q

DPT

A

Dew point temperature (Temperature when water vapor condense into liquid
water.)

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4
Q

RH

A

Relative humidity :ratio of the mole fraction of water vapor to the mole
fraction of saturated moist air at the same temperature
and pressure. RH is dimensionless, and is usually
expressed as a percentage.

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5
Q

What is the order in which the visible light spectrum color occur from 400-700nm?

A

Violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, red

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6
Q

What is the light spectrum element ?

A

gamma ray, x-ray, utral violet, visible range, infrared, radio wave

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7
Q

tree type of light bulb

A

incandesant , fluorescent, LED

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8
Q

photosynthesis chemical reaction

A

6CO2 +6H2O -> C2H12O6 + 6O2

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9
Q

What are the three type of plant

A

C3 , C4, CAM

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10
Q

Name the six polluting gas

A

carbon dioxide (CO2)

methane (CH4)

nitrous oxide (N2O).

hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

perfluorocarbons (PFCs)

sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)

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11
Q

1 barrel = ? gallons =? liters

A

1 barrel = 42 gallons = 159.0 liters

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12
Q

1 Btu = ? calories = ? joules

A

1 Btu = 252.0 calories = 1055 joules

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13
Q

1 quad = ? Btu = ? kWh

A

1 quad = 10

exp15 Btu = 2.931 x 10 exp11 kWh

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14
Q

1 bbl oil = ? kWh = ? joules

A

1 bbl oil = 1700 kWh = 6.12 X 10 exp 9 joules

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15
Q

1 metric ton of oil = ? barrels

A

1 metric ton of oil = 7.64 barrels

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16
Q

Erg

A

(g·cm²/s²= 10 7 J )

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17
Q

Therm

A

(100,000 BTU)

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18
Q

Teratonone

A

(teraton of TNT, 4.18 X10 21 joules)

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19
Q

Hartree

A

(absolute value of the electric potential energy of the

hydrogen atom in its ground state)

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20
Q

GGE

A

(Gasoline gallon equivalent

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21
Q

Foe

A

(10 44 joules) ( fifty one ergs)

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22
Q

kWh

A

Kilowatt hours

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23
Q

(TOE)

A

Tonnes of Oil Equivalent

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24
Q

(BTU)

A

British Thermal Units

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25
Q

(J)

A

Joules

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26
Q

1BTU = ? J

A

1055.5 J

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27
Q

1 TOE =?GJ (? J)

A

41.868 GJ (41,868,000,000 J)

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28
Q

1kWh = ?J

A

3,600,000 J

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29
Q

1 W =?J/second

A

1 J/second

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30
Q

1 HP = ? W

A

745.7 W

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31
Q

1 kilocalorie per hour = ? W

A

1.162 W

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32
Q

Draw the carbon cycle

A

answer in note book

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33
Q

Name three carbon source

A 
Respiration of plants and animals

glucose to carbon dioxide

Decay of matter

fungi and bacteria

Combustion or oxidization of carbon containing
sources

burning fossil fuels

Production of cement

limestone releases carbon dioxide to produce lime

Warming water releases carbon dioxide

Volcanic eruption
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34
Q

name three carbon sink

A 
Photosynthesis

carbon dioxide conversion to carbohydrates,
releasing oxygen

Cooling water absorbs carbon dioxide

Carbon conversion in oceans to shells

Weathering of silicate rocks to form
bicarbonate
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35
Q

What are the three pillard of sustainability

A

social sustainability, environmentail sustainability, economic sustainability

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36
Q

What are the four main gas that drive climate change

A

carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, CFC

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37
Q

What is the efficiency of a human calorie consumption if 650 cal are consump to provide net energy intake of 450 cal

A

69.2%

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38
Q

A coal power plant ise coal with enrgy of 28470kj/kg. It burns roughly 250 ton/h resulting in 500MW of electrical power. What is the efficiency of the plant?

A

25%

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39
Q

What are the two type of crop use for energy production

A

crop residue, dedicated crop

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40
Q

What are the 7 major step for biofuel supply chain

A

feedstock production, harvest, field processing, off-site processing, extraction, conversion pathway and combustion/utilization

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41
Q

What are the variable which affect the amount of energy that can be harvested from the sun?

A

latitude/longitude, time, weather, radiation type (direct or diffuse), altitude

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42
Q

What are the four main technologies to capture solar energy

A

photovolaics, concentratin solar power (CSP) : (which incompass= Through, power tower, solar disk), solar heating, solar lighting

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43
Q

If you have 1kg of water at -20C how much energy will it take to convert it to water stem at 120C

A

3096.01kj

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44
Q

What are the 3 option of solar energy

A

transmittance, reflectance, absorbance

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45
Q

What is the amount of light energy reaching the surface of the earth if 1370w/m2 reach the earth but the efficiency of the light transmission throught the atmosphere is 50%?

A

685w/m2

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46
Q

What is the amount of energy absorbr by snow if the reflectivity of the snow is of 75 % and the energy reaching the earth surface of 685 w/m2

A

171.25w/m2

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47
Q

How big is a cord of wood? (total size or relative to another )

A

v=lwh
v=844
v=128ft3 or 3.63m3

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48
Q

Which type of plant is more efficient “ at low CO2 levels?
(C3’ C4’ or
cAM)

A

C4

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49
Q

What is the basic technology of a first generation photovoltaic cell (solar cell) and
how does it work?

A

1) p-n Junction
2) In the pn junction there is pit to allow the movement of electron from the n which is negatively charge and possess an excess of electron and teh p side wich is having a lack of electron and is positively charge. When the light hit the junction the photon of the light exciste the electron in the n making them jump from onw orbit to the next throught the pit. This electron can not stay in the p element so an electric current where the extra electron is bring back to the n allowing it to start over again

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50
Q

Where are the majority of wood pellets produced in canada soil

A

europe

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51
Q

Define what is tertuary biomass

A

Tertiary biomass come from post consume waste ie. has already been processed and used once

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52
Q

Give an example of tertiary biomass

A

animal manure

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53
Q

What us the most common source of natural methane

A

wetland

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54
Q

What is the % of biomass is produced in the ocean

A

2/3 of biomass is produce on land therefore 33.33% is produce in ocean

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55
Q

Given an overall efficiency of 40%, how much land is requred to heat a town of 750 home ? (knowing : willow growth is 2.5 Mg-dry/ha*yr; 18.4MJ /kg dry; a typical canadian house)?

A

The land required is 4687.5 ha

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56
Q

How much land is rewuired to produce energy of one house ?(knowing that : household energy use is 115 GJ/yr; biomass enrgy content is 19.8MJ/kg; willow biomass yield is 1010e6 g/hayr ; efficiency of the process us 75 %

A

7740 m2/ house

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57
Q

what is the main goal of pelletization

A

increasing the material density from 60kg/m3 to 600 kg/m3

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58
Q

What is the % of earth atmosphere of nitrogent

A

78%

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59
Q

Draw the nitrogen cycle

A

look at note

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60
Q

Which type of plant allow the increase of nitrogen in soil

A

legume plant

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61
Q

Which form of nitrogen are plant able to absorbe

A

mitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+)

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62
Q

Given a burning efficiency of 68%, how much land is required to heat a mid size quebec town of 1000 home only heating with switchgrass? (Knowing that: house use 115GJ/yr; switchgrass yield is 11.5 ton/ha/yr; energy of switchgrass is 18,4 MJ/kg)

A

799,23 ha

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63
Q

Calvulate the volumetric yield og bio diesel that can be obtain per unit area ? (knowing that canola as a yeild of 1.339ton/ha*yr; oil content of 43%; efficiency of 100%; density of 880kg/m3)

A

65,43ml oil/m2*yr

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64
Q

At what temperature are mesophilic bacteria found?

A

do anaerobic digestion around 25-40C (ideal is 36 C)

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65
Q

At what temperature are Thermophilic bacteria found?

A

do anaerobic digestion around higher than 40C (ideal is 54 C)

66
Q

At what temperature are hyperthermophilic bacteria found?

A

at more than 80 C

67
Q 
How much power (P) is available from the
wind?

Assumptions:

Air density, p = 1.225 kg/m 3 (air @ 15 C);

Blade length = 37m  S = 4,300 m 2

Wind speed= 60 km/h  16.7 m/s
A

= 12.2 MW

68
Q

What are the four phase of growth of bacteria

A

lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, death phase

69
Q

what are the limiting factor in the environment that can limit microbial growth

A 

lack of nutrients

lack of water

not enough space

metabolic wastes

oxygen

pH

Endospores form vegetative structure for
microbial hibernation
70
Q

What is the true fertilizer concentration in a bag that say 10-10-10

A

10-4.36-8.3

71
Q

We want to applied to a soil waste water to bost it nutrient content the water contain the following: 7000mg/l of Na , 1000mg/l of Ca and 500mg/l of Mg what would be the concentration to applied to the soil before it become detrimental

A

SAR =45 but need to be diluted 7.5 time so it reach the recommended level for waste water

72
Q

define reclamation

A

Reclamation

Recovery of soil, fauna, fauna, hydrology back to a ‘natural
state’.

73
Q

define remediation

A

remediation removal of pollution or contaminants from

the natural environment.

74
Q

define ex situ

A

Ex situ methods involve excavation or removal.

75
Q

define in situ

A

In situ methods seek to treat in location.

76
Q

what are oil sand

A 
Oilsands are
composed of sand
grains with silt,
clay and water with
bitumen filling the
voids
77
Q

define phytoremediation

A

remediation of contaminant using plant

78
Q

define Phytoextraction

A

uptake and concentration of substances from the

environment into the plant biomass.

79
Q

define Phytostabilization

A

reducing the mobility of substances in

the environment.

80
Q

define Phytotransformation

A

chemical modification of the
substances as a direct result of plant metabolism, (usually
resulting in their inactivation, degradation
(phytodegradation) or immobilization (phytostabilization).

81
Q

define Phytostimulation

A

enhancement of soil microbial activity
for the degradation of contaminants, typically by organisms
that associate with roots. This process is also known as
rhizosphere degradation.

82
Q

define Phytovolatilization

A

removal of substances from soil or

water with release into the air.

83
Q

define Rhizofiltration

A

filtering water through a mass of roots to

remove toxic substances or excess nutrients.

84
Q

define bioventing

A

Oxygen injected to promote biological growth

85
Q

define air sparging

A

Remediation by chemical oxidation involves the injection of strong
oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide, ozone gas, oxygen,
potassium permanganate or persulfates.

86
Q

What are the 5 step of remediation assessment

A 
Site Assessment

Phase 1 Document Search and
investigation

Phase 2 Samples taken and measured

Phase 3 Remediation

Monitoring and follow up
87
Q

define phytomining

A

mining with plant for metal

88
Q

name two technique to prodice hydrogen

A

a) Natural Gas Reformation, b) Electrolysis, c) Biomass

Gasification, d) Photobiology

89
Q

Name the four step of anaerobic digestion

A

Hydrolysis, Acidogenesis, Acetogenesis, Methanogenesis

90
Q

What are the four type of geothermal energy soucre

A 
Dry steam

Flash

Binary cycle

Enhanced Systems
91
Q

What are the three main factor affection wind speed

A

altitude, temperature, topography

92
Q

what are the two type of wind turbine

A

Horizontal axis wind turbine and vertical axis wind turbine

93
Q

Name one pros and cons of geothermal

A 
Advantages

Competitive price

Very low emissions

Disadvantages

Affect land stability where water is injected

Can emit low levels of carbon dioxide, nitric oxide,
and sulfur.

Possible cooling can occur

May not strictly be a renewable energy source.
94
Q

Name one pros and cons of hydroelectrical

A 

Advantages

Clean

Cheap to run once built

Water sports, fishing, drinking water and irrigation

Flood control

Disadvantages

Ecosystem conversion

Reservoirs produce CO2 and methane

Population relocation

Dam failures

Initial lifespan 50 years

Sediment filling 30 1000 years (large dams usually in the
100s)
95
Q

Name one pros and cons of wind energy for vertical axis

A 

Used for centuries

Not as common as horizontal axis turbines

Do not take advantage of higher wind speed at higher
elevation

Easier to service and light weight

Lower cost

Not as efficient for collecting energy as their horizontal
counterparts
96
Q

Name one pros and cons of wind energy for horizontal axis

A 

Most common wind turbine design

Capture wind energy at higher elevation

Better efficiency

More expensive
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97
Q

What is the section of human activity that emit the most methane

A

landfill

98
Q

What are the two key baterica group in anaerobic digestion

A

acetogens

methanogens

99
Q

What is the chemical formula of anaerobic digestion

A

C 6 H 12 O 6 → 3CO 2 + 3CH 4

100
Q

what are the three way to use bio-oil

A
  1. Fired directly as fuels
  2. Processed into bio distillates
  3. Converted into bio diesel
101
Q

What are the main function of lipid

A 
nutrients, energy storage

structural components of cell membranes

important signaling molecules
102
Q

define system

A

an assemblage or combination of part forming a complex unitary whole

103
Q

What are the 5 main requirement of living system

A

food, water, light/heat, air, the ability to reproduce

104
Q

Define ecosystem

A

a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their environment

105
Q

Draw the carbon cycle

A

look in lecture note2

106
Q

Name 5 type of energy

A

solar, biomass, fossil fuels, nulclear, wind, water

107
Q

What influence solar power

A

latitude, altitude, longitude, time, weather

108
Q

What is the wood biomass energy density

A

14 MJ/kg

109
Q

What are the most common woody crop in canada

A

willow and poplar

110
Q

What is the yield of poplar

A

9-12Mg-dry/ha*yr

111
Q

What is the yield of willow

A

10-12 Mg-dry/ha*yr

112
Q

When doing pelletization what is the increase in density biomass

A

60 kg/m3 to 600 kg/m3

113
Q

What is the % of energy that is dedicated to processing and transport when using biomass

A

35%

114
Q

Draw the nitrogen cycle

A

look at slide

115
Q

What it the chemical formula of nitrification

A

NH4+ -> NO2- -> NO3-

116
Q

What it the chemical formula of DEnitrification

A

NO2- -> N20 -> NO -> N2

117
Q

What are the important factor in selection biomass crop?

A

ash content, plant yield, photosynthetic efficiency, moisture content at harvest, physical size, strength of the material

118
Q

What is the name of the yeast used to during the fermentation process to produce ethanol

A

saccharomyces cervisiae

119
Q

What it the chemical formula of ethanol

A

C2H6O

120
Q

What is the formula of the fermentation of sugar to produce ethanol

A

C6H12O6 -> 2CH3CH2OH +2 CO2

121
Q

What are the link found in starch and cellulose

A

starch has alpha-beta link where cellulose as beta-beta link which are harder to break

122
Q

What are the five stage of cellulose alcohol production

A

feedstock collection and pre-treatment, biosynthesis of cellulose, enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation, alcohol recovery

123
Q

What is the energy ration of using cellulose to produce ethanol

A

4.4: 1

124
Q

What is the energy ration of using cellulose to produce What is the energy ration of using corn to produce ethanol

A

1.24:1

125
Q

What is the chemical formula of transesterification

A

triglyceride+methanol-> methyl ester +glycerol

C3H5(OOCR)3 + 3CH3OH -> 3RCOOCH3 +C3H5(OH)3

126
Q

What does SVO and WVO mean

A 
SVO = strainght vegetable oil
WVO = waste vegetable oil
127
Q

What does the B factor represent

A

state the amoung of biodiesel in any fuel mixture

128
Q

Define pyrolysis

A

the chemical decomposition of organic materials by heating in the absence of oxygen or any other reagent except possibly steam

129
Q

At what temperature does conventional pyrolysis occur

A

300-700 C

130
Q

At what temperature does fast pyrolysis occur

A

600-1000C

131
Q

At what temperature does flash pyrolysis occur

A

800-1000C

132
Q

What is procude by pyrolysis process

A

solide (char), gas, liquid (oil, tar)

133
Q

What can be use to drive inergy from the direct combustion of solid biomass

A

tree, grasses, other crop

134
Q

From what ethanol can be produce

A

starch and cellulose

135
Q

From what biodiesel can be produce

A

seed, spent cooking oil, byproduct from animal origin

136
Q

What are the natural source of methane

A

ocean, wetland , termites, hydrate

137
Q

what are the human made source of methane

A

rice production, animal husbandry, fossil fuel production, dealing with waste

138
Q

Define are the 4 step of anaerobic digestion

A

hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogeneis, methanogenesis

139
Q

What are the 3 factor influencing wind speed

A

altitude, temperature, topogrpahy

140
Q

Define essential element

A

a nutrient is essential to an organism if it cannot be synthesized by the organism in sufficient quantities and must be obtained from an external source

141
Q

Name major element

A

C,O,H

142
Q

Name macro mineral

A

N, P, K ,Ca, Mg, S

143
Q

Name micronutrient

A

Cl, Fe, B, Mn, Na, Zn, Cu, Ni, Mo, I, Co, Cr, Se, V, Si, F,

144
Q

To calculate real NPK of a fertilizer what are the chemical formula of the product

A

N, P2O5,K2O

145
Q

What are the different type of remediation

A

physical/chemical, thermal, biological

146
Q

What is bioremediation

A

Bioremediation is a process used to treat contaminated media, including water, soil and subsurface material, by altering environmental conditions to stimulate growth of microorganisms or plant to degrade the target pollutants.

147
Q

Name different type of bioremediation using plant

A

phytoremeditation, phytoextraction, phytomining

148
Q

Name plant that can deal with some chemical

A

geranium can deal with heavy metal, wheat with aluminium. canola with selenium , sunflower and chinese brake fern with arsenic and barley and sugar beets with sodium chloride

149
Q

What are the remidation assessment step

A

site assessment, phase 1 document search and investigation, phase 2, sample taken and measured, phase 3 remediation, monitoring and follow-up

150
Q

Where is helium extracted

A

from natural gas well

151
Q

How much methane is contain in natural gas

A

90-95%

152
Q

What does the wobbe number represent

A

the concentration of methane in the gas

153
Q

What are the two type of cellulare organisation

A

eukaryote, prokaryote

154
Q

What is the two type of carbon comsuption by microorgansim

A

autotrophic and heterotrophic

155
Q

What are the name of the two way microbe can get energy

A

phototrophic and chemitrophic

156
Q

What is the name given to organism depending on their use of oxygen

A

obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobe, facultative aerobe

157
Q

What are the various step of waste water treatment

A

bascreen, primary settling tanks, secondary treatment , secondary settling tank, tertiary treatment, chlorine contact tanks, water return to the environment

158
Q

What are psychrophile

A

cold loving microbe live in temeprature range of 0-20 C

159
Q

What are mesophile

A

moderate T loving microbe live in T of 20-40C

160
Q

What are thermophiles

A

heat loving microbe live in T of 40-100 C

161
Q

what are microaerophilic

A

organism that require oxygen but at level less than atmospher around 20% concentration

BREE 327 (First midterm) (1 decks)

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