Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
DBT
A
Dry bulb temperature (Temperature of an ordinary thermometer.)
2
Q
WBT
A
Wet bulb temperature (Temperature after air becomes saturated with water or temperature of thermometer covered with a wet wick )
3
Q
DPT
A
Dew point temperature (Temperature when water vapor condense into liquid
water.)
4
Q
RH
A
Relative humidity :ratio of the mole fraction of water vapor to the mole
fraction of saturated moist air at the same temperature
and pressure. RH is dimensionless, and is usually
expressed as a percentage.
5
Q
What is the order in which the visible light spectrum color occur from 400-700nm?
A
Violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, red
6
Q
What is the light spectrum element ?
A
gamma ray, x-ray, utral violet, visible range, infrared, radio wave
7
Q
tree type of light bulb
A
incandesant , fluorescent, LED
8
Q
photosynthesis chemical reaction
A
6CO2 +6H2O -> C2H12O6 + 6O2
9
Q
What are the three type of plant
A
C3 , C4, CAM
10
Q
Name the six polluting gas
A
carbon dioxide (CO2)
methane (CH4)
nitrous oxide (N2O).
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
11
Q
1 barrel = ? gallons =? liters
A
1 barrel = 42 gallons = 159.0 liters
12
Q
1 Btu = ? calories = ? joules
A
1 Btu = 252.0 calories = 1055 joules
13
Q
1 quad = ? Btu = ? kWh
A
1 quad = 10
exp15 Btu = 2.931 x 10 exp11 kWh
14
Q
1 bbl oil = ? kWh = ? joules
A
1 bbl oil = 1700 kWh = 6.12 X 10 exp 9 joules
15
Q
1 metric ton of oil = ? barrels
A
1 metric ton of oil = 7.64 barrels
16
Q
Erg
A
(g·cm²/s²= 10 7 J )
17
Q
Therm
A
(100,000 BTU)
18
Q
Teratonone
A
(teraton of TNT, 4.18 X10 21 joules)
19
Q
Hartree
A
(absolute value of the electric potential energy of the
hydrogen atom in its ground state)
20
Q
GGE
A
(Gasoline gallon equivalent
21
Q
Foe
A
(10 44 joules) ( fifty one ergs)
22
Q
kWh
A
Kilowatt hours
23
Q
(TOE)
A
Tonnes of Oil Equivalent
24
Q
(BTU)
A
British Thermal Units
25
(J)
Joules
26
1BTU = ? J
1055.5 J
27
1 TOE =?GJ (? J)
41.868 GJ (41,868,000,000 J)
28
1kWh = ?J
3,600,000 J
29
1 W =?J/second
1 J/second
30
1 HP = ? W
745.7 W
31
1 kilocalorie per hour = ? W
1.162 W
32
Draw the carbon cycle
answer in note book
33
Name three carbon source
```
Respiration of plants and animals
glucose to carbon dioxide
Decay of matter
fungi and bacteria
Combustion or oxidization of carbon containing
sources
burning fossil fuels
Production of cement
limestone releases carbon dioxide to produce lime
Warming water releases carbon dioxide
Volcanic eruption
```
34
name three carbon sink
```
Photosynthesis
carbon dioxide conversion to carbohydrates,
releasing oxygen
Cooling water absorbs carbon dioxide
Carbon conversion in oceans to shells
Weathering of silicate rocks to form
bicarbonate
```
35
What are the three pillard of sustainability
social sustainability, environmentail sustainability, economic sustainability
36
What are the four main gas that drive climate change
carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, CFC
37
What is the efficiency of a human calorie consumption if 650 cal are consump to provide net energy intake of 450 cal
69.2%
38
A coal power plant ise coal with enrgy of 28470kj/kg. It burns roughly 250 ton/h resulting in 500MW of electrical power. What is the efficiency of the plant?
25%
39
What are the two type of crop use for energy production
crop residue, dedicated crop
40
What are the 7 major step for biofuel supply chain
feedstock production, harvest, field processing, off-site processing, extraction, conversion pathway and combustion/utilization
41
What are the variable which affect the amount of energy that can be harvested from the sun?
latitude/longitude, time, weather, radiation type (direct or diffuse), altitude
42
What are the four main technologies to capture solar energy
photovolaics, concentratin solar power (CSP) : (which incompass= Through, power tower, solar disk), solar heating, solar lighting
43
If you have 1kg of water at -20C how much energy will it take to convert it to water stem at 120C
3096.01kj
44
What are the 3 option of solar energy
transmittance, reflectance, absorbance
45
What is the amount of light energy reaching the surface of the earth if 1370w/m2 reach the earth but the efficiency of the light transmission throught the atmosphere is 50%?
685w/m2
46
What is the amount of energy absorbr by snow if the reflectivity of the snow is of 75 % and the energy reaching the earth surface of 685 w/m2
171.25w/m2
47
How big is a cord of wood? (total size or relative to another )
v=l*w*h
v=8*4*4
v=128ft3 or 3.63m3
48
Which type of plant is more efficient " at low CO2 levels?
(C3' C4' or
cAM)
C4
49
What is the basic technology of a first generation photovoltaic cell (solar cell) and
how does it work?
1) p-n Junction
2) In the pn junction there is pit to allow the movement of electron from the n which is negatively charge and possess an excess of electron and teh p side wich is having a lack of electron and is positively charge. When the light hit the junction the photon of the light exciste the electron in the n making them jump from onw orbit to the next throught the pit. This electron can not stay in the p element so an electric current where the extra electron is bring back to the n allowing it to start over again
50
Where are the majority of wood pellets produced in canada soil
europe
51
Define what is tertuary biomass
Tertiary biomass come from post consume waste ie. has already been processed and used once
52
Give an example of tertiary biomass
animal manure
53
What us the most common source of natural methane
wetland
54
What is the % of biomass is produced in the ocean
2/3 of biomass is produce on land therefore 33.33% is produce in ocean
55
Given an overall efficiency of 40%, how much land is requred to heat a town of 750 home ? (knowing : willow growth is 2.5 Mg-dry/ha*yr; 18.4MJ /kg dry; a typical canadian house)?
The land required is 4687.5 ha
56
How much land is rewuired to produce energy of one house ?(knowing that : household energy use is 115 GJ/yr; biomass enrgy content is 19.8MJ/kg; willow biomass yield is 10*10e6 g/ha*yr ; efficiency of the process us 75 %
7740 m2/ house
57
what is the main goal of pelletization
increasing the material density from 60kg/m3 to 600 kg/m3
58
What is the % of earth atmosphere of nitrogent
78%
59
Draw the nitrogen cycle
look at note
60
Which type of plant allow the increase of nitrogen in soil
legume plant
61
Which form of nitrogen are plant able to absorbe
mitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+)
62
Given a burning efficiency of 68%, how much land is required to heat a mid size quebec town of 1000 home only heating with switchgrass? (Knowing that: house use 115GJ/yr; switchgrass yield is 11.5 ton/ha/yr; energy of switchgrass is 18,4 MJ/kg)
799,23 ha
63
Calvulate the volumetric yield og bio diesel that can be obtain per unit area ? (knowing that canola as a yeild of 1.339ton/ha*yr; oil content of 43%; efficiency of 100%; density of 880kg/m3)
65,43ml oil/m2*yr
64
At what temperature are mesophilic bacteria found?
do anaerobic digestion around 25-40C (ideal is 36 C)
65
At what temperature are Thermophilic bacteria found?
do anaerobic digestion around higher than 40C (ideal is 54 C)
66
At what temperature are hyperthermophilic bacteria found?
at more than 80 C
67
```
How much power (P) is available from the
wind?
Assumptions:
Air density, p = 1.225 kg/m 3 (air @ 15 C);
Blade length = 37m S = 4,300 m 2
Wind speed= 60 km/h 16.7 m/s
```
= 12.2 MW
68
What are the four phase of growth of bacteria
lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, death phase
69
what are the limiting factor in the environment that can limit microbial growth
```
lack of nutrients
lack of water
not enough space
metabolic wastes
oxygen
pH
Endospores form vegetative structure for
microbial hibernation
```
70
What is the true fertilizer concentration in a bag that say 10-10-10
10-4.36-8.3
71
We want to applied to a soil waste water to bost it nutrient content the water contain the following: 7000mg/l of Na , 1000mg/l of Ca and 500mg/l of Mg what would be the concentration to applied to the soil before it become detrimental
SAR =45 but need to be diluted 7.5 time so it reach the recommended level for waste water
72
define reclamation
Reclamation
Recovery of soil, fauna, fauna, hydrology back to a ‘natural
state’.
73
define remediation
remediation removal of pollution or contaminants from
| the natural environment.
74
define ex situ
Ex situ methods involve excavation or removal.
75
define in situ
In situ methods seek to treat in location.
76
what are oil sand
```
Oilsands are
composed of sand
grains with silt,
clay and water with
bitumen filling the
voids
```
77
define phytoremediation
remediation of contaminant using plant
78
define Phytoextraction
uptake and concentration of substances from the
| environment into the plant biomass.
79
define Phytostabilization
reducing the mobility of substances in
| the environment.
80
define Phytotransformation
chemical modification of the
substances as a direct result of plant metabolism, (usually
resulting in their inactivation, degradation
(phytodegradation) or immobilization (phytostabilization).
81
define Phytostimulation
enhancement of soil microbial activity
for the degradation of contaminants, typically by organisms
that associate with roots. This process is also known as
rhizosphere degradation.
82
define Phytovolatilization
removal of substances from soil or
| water with release into the air.
83
define Rhizofiltration
filtering water through a mass of roots to
| remove toxic substances or excess nutrients.
84
define bioventing
Oxygen injected to promote biological growth
85
define air sparging
Remediation by chemical oxidation involves the injection of strong
oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide, ozone gas, oxygen,
potassium permanganate or persulfates.
86
What are the 5 step of remediation assessment
```
Site Assessment
Phase 1 Document Search and
investigation
Phase 2 Samples taken and measured
Phase 3 Remediation
Monitoring and follow up
```
87
define phytomining
mining with plant for metal
88
name two technique to prodice hydrogen
a) Natural Gas Reformation, b) Electrolysis, c) Biomass
| Gasification, d) Photobiology
89
Name the four step of anaerobic digestion
Hydrolysis, Acidogenesis, Acetogenesis, Methanogenesis
90
What are the four type of geothermal energy soucre
```
Dry steam
Flash
Binary cycle
Enhanced Systems
```
91
What are the three main factor affection wind speed
altitude, temperature, topography
92
what are the two type of wind turbine
Horizontal axis wind turbine and vertical axis wind turbine
93
Name one pros and cons of geothermal
```
Advantages
Competitive price
Very low emissions
Disadvantages
Affect land stability where water is injected
Can emit low levels of carbon dioxide, nitric oxide,
and sulfur.
Possible cooling can occur
May not strictly be a renewable energy source.
```
94
Name one pros and cons of hydroelectrical
```
Advantages
Clean
Cheap to run once built
Water sports, fishing, drinking water and irrigation
Flood control
Disadvantages
Ecosystem conversion
Reservoirs produce CO2 and methane
Population relocation
Dam failures
Initial lifespan 50 years
Sediment filling 30 1000 years (large dams usually in the
100s)
```
95
Name one pros and cons of wind energy for vertical axis
```
Used for centuries
Not as common as horizontal axis turbines
Do not take advantage of higher wind speed at higher
elevation
Easier to service and light weight
Lower cost
Not as efficient for collecting energy as their horizontal
counterparts
```
96
Name one pros and cons of wind energy for horizontal axis
```
Most common wind turbine design
Capture wind energy at higher elevation
Better efficiency
More expensive
http://
```
97
What is the section of human activity that emit the most methane
landfill
98
What are the two key baterica group in anaerobic digestion
acetogens
| methanogens
99
What is the chemical formula of anaerobic digestion
C 6 H 12 O 6 → 3CO 2 + 3CH 4
100
what are the three way to use bio-oil
1. Fired directly as fuels
2. Processed into bio distillates
3. Converted into bio diesel
101
What are the main function of lipid
```
nutrients, energy storage
structural components of cell membranes
important signaling molecules
```
102
define system
an assemblage or combination of part forming a complex unitary whole
103
What are the 5 main requirement of living system
food, water, light/heat, air, the ability to reproduce
104
Define ecosystem
a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their environment
105
Draw the carbon cycle
look in lecture note2
106
Name 5 type of energy
solar, biomass, fossil fuels, nulclear, wind, water
107
What influence solar power
latitude, altitude, longitude, time, weather
108
What is the wood biomass energy density
14 MJ/kg
109
What are the most common woody crop in canada
willow and poplar
110
What is the yield of poplar
9-12Mg-dry/ha*yr
111
What is the yield of willow
10-12 Mg-dry/ha*yr
112
When doing pelletization what is the increase in density biomass
60 kg/m3 to 600 kg/m3
113
What is the % of energy that is dedicated to processing and transport when using biomass
35%
114
Draw the nitrogen cycle
look at slide
115
What it the chemical formula of nitrification
NH4+ -> NO2- -> NO3-
116
What it the chemical formula of DEnitrification
NO2- -> N20 -> NO -> N2
117
What are the important factor in selection biomass crop?
ash content, plant yield, photosynthetic efficiency, moisture content at harvest, physical size, strength of the material
118
What is the name of the yeast used to during the fermentation process to produce ethanol
saccharomyces cervisiae
119
What it the chemical formula of ethanol
C2H6O
120
What is the formula of the fermentation of sugar to produce ethanol
C6H12O6 -> 2CH3CH2OH +2 CO2
121
What are the link found in starch and cellulose
starch has alpha-beta link where cellulose as beta-beta link which are harder to break
122
What are the five stage of cellulose alcohol production
feedstock collection and pre-treatment, biosynthesis of cellulose, enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation, alcohol recovery
123
What is the energy ration of using cellulose to produce ethanol
4.4: 1
124
What is the energy ration of using cellulose to produce What is the energy ration of using corn to produce ethanol
1.24:1
125
What is the chemical formula of transesterification
triglyceride+methanol-> methyl ester +glycerol
C3H5(OOCR)3 + 3CH3OH -> 3RCOOCH3 +C3H5(OH)3
126
What does SVO and WVO mean
```
SVO = strainght vegetable oil
WVO = waste vegetable oil
```
127
What does the B factor represent
state the amoung of biodiesel in any fuel mixture
128
Define pyrolysis
the chemical decomposition of organic materials by heating in the absence of oxygen or any other reagent except possibly steam
129
At what temperature does conventional pyrolysis occur
300-700 C
130
At what temperature does fast pyrolysis occur
600-1000C
131
At what temperature does flash pyrolysis occur
800-1000C
132
What is procude by pyrolysis process
solide (char), gas, liquid (oil, tar)
133
What can be use to drive inergy from the direct combustion of solid biomass
tree, grasses, other crop
134
From what ethanol can be produce
starch and cellulose
135
From what biodiesel can be produce
seed, spent cooking oil, byproduct from animal origin
136
What are the natural source of methane
ocean, wetland , termites, hydrate
137
what are the human made source of methane
rice production, animal husbandry, fossil fuel production, dealing with waste
138
Define are the 4 step of anaerobic digestion
hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogeneis, methanogenesis
139
What are the 3 factor influencing wind speed
altitude, temperature, topogrpahy
140
Define essential element
a nutrient is essential to an organism if it cannot be synthesized by the organism in sufficient quantities and must be obtained from an external source
141
Name major element
C,O,H
142
Name macro mineral
N, P, K ,Ca, Mg, S
143
Name micronutrient
Cl, Fe, B, Mn, Na, Zn, Cu, Ni, Mo, I, Co, Cr, Se, V, Si, F,
144
To calculate real NPK of a fertilizer what are the chemical formula of the product
N, P2O5,K2O
145
What are the different type of remediation
physical/chemical, thermal, biological
146
What is bioremediation
Bioremediation is a process used to treat contaminated media, including water, soil and subsurface material, by altering environmental conditions to stimulate growth of microorganisms or plant to degrade the target pollutants.
147
Name different type of bioremediation using plant
phytoremeditation, phytoextraction, phytomining
148
Name plant that can deal with some chemical
geranium can deal with heavy metal, wheat with aluminium. canola with selenium , sunflower and chinese brake fern with arsenic and barley and sugar beets with sodium chloride
149
What are the remidation assessment step
site assessment, phase 1 document search and investigation, phase 2, sample taken and measured, phase 3 remediation, monitoring and follow-up
150
Where is helium extracted
from natural gas well
151
How much methane is contain in natural gas
90-95%
152
What does the wobbe number represent
the concentration of methane in the gas
153
What are the two type of cellulare organisation
eukaryote, prokaryote
154
What is the two type of carbon comsuption by microorgansim
autotrophic and heterotrophic
155
What are the name of the two way microbe can get energy
phototrophic and chemitrophic
156
What is the name given to organism depending on their use of oxygen
obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobe, facultative aerobe
157
What are the various step of waste water treatment
bascreen, primary settling tanks, secondary treatment , secondary settling tank, tertiary treatment, chlorine contact tanks, water return to the environment
158
What are psychrophile
cold loving microbe live in temeprature range of 0-20 C
159
What are mesophile
moderate T loving microbe live in T of 20-40C
160
What are thermophiles
heat loving microbe live in T of 40-100 C
161
what are microaerophilic
organism that require oxygen but at level less than atmospher around 20% concentration
