Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 303 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

gene

A
  • unit of heredity

- coded/ conceded information in DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

genetics

A
  • scientific study of heredity
  • broad field bc its the key to all of biology
  • controls cellular function and links living organisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

modern genetics

A
  • confluence of advances made while studying many organisms

- ex. bacteria, yeast, insects, plants, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

4 classes of modern genetics

A
  • transmission genetics
  • cytogenetics
  • molecular egentics
  • population genetics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

transmission genetics

A
  • studies mechanisms by which traits are passed from parents to offspring
  • ex. fruit flies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cytogenetics

A
  • used to map genes, study chromosome structure, identify abnormalities
  • ex. comparing normal cells w cancer cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

molecular genetics

A
  • chemical nature of genes (how genetic info is encoded, replicated, + expressed)
  • utilizes recumbent DNA, technology to identify, isolate, clone and analyze genes (genetic engineering)
  • greatest impact on genetics since 1980s
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

population genetics

A
  • distribution + variation of genes in populations
  • explains migration, pop size, natural selection
  • “stats”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

pedigree analysis

A
  • used instead of mating experiments (animals)

- goal: assess risk to future generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

karyotyping

A

-method used to visually analyze chromosomes in cytogenetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what makes model genetic organisms useful for genetic analysis?

A
  • short generation time
  • manageable # progeny
  • adaptability to lab environment
  • ex. zebrafish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

is genetics new?

A
  • NO

- ancient hunter-gatherers domesticated plants and animals (agrarian society)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

artificial selection (way back when)

A
  • collected seeds from plants w/most desirable traits

- bred only prized animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

germplasm

A
  • haploid (n) sex cell
  • ancient farmers preserved seeds, cuttings, etc.
  • preserved and traded genetic stocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

pangenesis

A
  • concept beloved first by ancient greeks
  • inheritance of acquired characteristics (your offspring carry your knowledge as well as all the generations before you)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

preformationism

A

-inside egg or sperm exists tiny mini adult/ homunculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cells

A
  • basic unit of life

- either eukaryotic or prokaryotic (single celled, no nucleus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cells

A
  • basic unit of life

- either eukaryotic or prokaryotic (single celled, no nucleus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

genetic info is ________ from DNA to RNA and then _______ from RNA to protein

A
  • transcribed form DNA to RNA

- translated from RNA into protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

mutations

A
  • permanent heritable changes in genetic info
  • gene mutations: affect single gene
  • chromosomal mutations: affect many genes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

evolution

A

-genetic change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

allele

A
  • variation of a gene/ certain trait

- ex. green eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

allele

A
  • variation of a gene/ certain trait

- ex. green eyes

24
Q

chromosome

A
  • two sister chromatin held together by the centromere
  • encodes for DNA
  • chromosome can consist of single chromatid, or 2/ sister chromatids
25
Q

chromatin

A
  • packaged DNA using histone proteins in the nucleus

- condensed/ wound into chromosomes

26
Q

telomere

A
  • natural ends/ tips of a linear chromosome

- stabilize and protect ends from degrading (for aging and cancer)

27
Q

telomere

A

-natural ends/ tips of a linear chromosome

28
Q

centromeres

A
  • attachment points for spindle fibers to pull apart chromatids
  • metacentric: middle
  • submetacentric: off-center
  • acrocentric: far to one side
  • telocentric: v shape
29
Q

3 essential elements functional chromosomes have

A
  • a centromere
  • pair of telomeres
  • origin of replication (make 2 sister chromatids from 1)
30
Q

the cell cycle

A
  • sequence of events between divisions
  • interphase
  • mitosis/ “M-phase”
  • cytokinesis
31
Q

interphase

A
  • occurs after cells have divided
  • where cells grow and mature in 3 stages:
  • Gap 1 (G1): RNA, proteins made
  • S (synthesis): DNA replicated
  • Gap 2 (G2): preparing for cell division
  • chromosomes replicated in interphase
32
Q

mitosis/ M phase

A
  • chromosomes are replicated into 2 daughter cells 46X2
  • prophase
  • pro-metaphase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
  • cytokinesis
33
Q

prophase + pro metaphase

A

(-chromosomes already replicated in interphase)

  • chromosome condense into longitudinal strands (chromatin)
  • chromatids join at centromere to form sister chromatids
  • nuclear envelope breaks down
  • spindle fibers/ microtubules attach
34
Q

cytokinesis

A

-division of cytoplasm

35
Q

anaphase

A

-centromeres divide to convert each sister chromatid into a chromosome

36
Q

telophase

A
  • chromosomes reach opposite ends of the cell and decondense
  • nuclear envelopes reform
  • belt forms/ 2 cells start to take shape
37
Q

telophase

A
  • chromosomes reach opposite ends of the cell and decondense
  • nuclear envelopes reform
  • 2 cells start to take shape
38
Q

cytokinesis

A

-cleavage furrow forms, deepens, and cytoplasm divides to yield two daughter cells (diploid/ 2n)

39
Q

diploid / 2n

A
  • daughter cells after cytokinesis
  • have 2 copies of each chromosome (genetically identical)
  • 23 pairs, 46 total
40
Q

somatic cells

A
  • in mitosis

- most cells in the body (non reproductive)

41
Q

gametes / germline cells

A
  • sex cells (egg + sperm)
  • cells divided in meiosis
  • haploid (n)
  • one copy of each chromosome
  • 0 pairs, 23 total (not genetically identical!)
42
Q

fertilization

A
  • fusion of gametes
  • restores number of chromosomes back to 23 PAIRS, 46 total (2n)
  • fert egg= diploid/ 2n and can develop properly
43
Q

meiosis

A
  • diploid (2n) cells undergo replication and then 2 rounds of division
  • end up with haploid (n) gametes
44
Q

random assortment

A
  • how meiosis produces new combinations of genes (way 2)
  • maternal ans paternel chromosomes are lined up indiscriminately alone metaphase 1 plate
  • 70 billion possibilities
45
Q

sex chromosomes

A
  • determines if human is male or female

- XY or XX

46
Q

sex chromosomes

A
  • determines if human is male or female

- XY or XX

47
Q

pieces of what are being exchanged in homologous recombination?

A

-pieces of chromatids of homologous chromosome pair

48
Q

in which phases are sister chromatids separated from each other?

A
  • anaphase of meiosis +

- anaphase 2 of mitosis?

49
Q

monohybrid crosses

A
  • one differ in one gene
  • Mendel’s first cross: P1
  • Mendel did seed shape (smooth vs. wrinkled)
50
Q

a gene is a segment of DNA that has the information to produce a functional product. The functional end product of most genes is _______.

A

-a polypeptide

51
Q

variation in the traits of an organism may be attributed to which of the following?

A
  • levels of gene expression
  • gene mutations
  • alterations in chromosome structure
  • variation in chromosome number
52
Q

image of cell splitting with no nucleus (just chromosome dividing)

A
  • shows binary fission

- no nucleus so not mitosis or meiosis

53
Q

how many chromatids would be present in a single cell at metaphase II for an organism that has a euploid state in which its somatic cells are diploid and contain 8 chromosomes?

A

8

54
Q

a human retinal cell has 46 chromosomes, how many chromosomes are found within a human egg cell?

A

23

55
Q

a diploid organism has 6 chromosomes total at G1, how many chromatids would be present in a cell from the same organism at anaphase 1?

A

12

56
Q

order of 4 major branches of modern genetics from macroscopic to microscopic

A
  • population
  • transmission
  • cytogenetics
  • molecular
57
Q

a person studying the rate of transcription of a particular gene is working in which of the fields of genetics?

A

-molecular genetics

BIO 303 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions