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Molecular Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Epigenetic inheritance

A

The transfer of information from parent to progeny that is not based on DNA sequence

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2
Q

Role of Centromere:

A

Ensure proper segregation of chromosome during cell division

Help form kinetochore

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3
Q

Role of Telomere:

A

Protect the end of the chromosome from damage, prevent the chromosome from fusing into rings, or binding haphazardly to other DNA in the cell nucleus.

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4
Q

Structure of Telomere

A

Repeats of TTAGGG with a single-stranded 3’ overhang of the G-rich strand
G-quadruplex DNA structure.

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5
Q

Two loops formed by Telomere

A

T-loop and D-loop

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6
Q

Centromeric-specfic histone?

A

CENP-A replaces Histone H3 at the centromere and is required for assembly of the other kinetochore proteins needed for centromere function.

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7
Q

What is the primary determinant of the identity and function of centromeres?

A

Chromatin structure rather than a specific DNA sequence.

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8
Q

Kinetochore:

A

A specialized structure consisting of proteins attached to a centromere that mediates the attachment and movement of chromosomes along the mitotic spindle.

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9
Q

Knock-out

A

Complete repression of expression of a gene. Deletion of coding sequence is the most common way to do this.

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10
Q

Knock-down

A

Reduction of expression of a gene.

Can be achieved by use of RNAi, antisense RNA or DNA methods.

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11
Q

.

A

.

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12
Q

Procedure for southern blotting?

A 
1.DNA is digested with a 
   restriction endonuclease
2. Fragments separated by gel 
    electrophoresis.
3. DNA is denatured and 
    transferred to nitrocellulose 
     membrane.
4. Membrane is hybridized with a labeled probe which binds to complementary DNA
5. The probe bound to the filter is detected by exposure to film which reveals the DNA fragment to which the probe hybridized.
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13
Q

What are the various functions of DNA pol I and III in the bacteria E. coli?

A

DNA pol I used to rejoin DNA strands in Okazaki fragments (removal of RNA primer, replacement by dNTP’s)
DNA pol III replicates DNA (elongation phase) on both leading and lagging strands.
DNA pol I has a function in DNA repair.

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14
Q

How do restriction enzymes work?

A

Restriction enzymes cut ds DNA at a sequence, that is unique for each enzyme, usually comprised of 4-8 nucleotide base pairs.

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15
Q

What are restriction enzymes used for in biology?

A

Recognition sequences, or cleavage sites, for each enzyme provide specific landmarks that can be used to obtain a physical DNA map.
Known as restriction mapping.

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16
Q

What are long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA)?

A

Long RNA (more than 200 nucleotide) that regulates Gene expression

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17
Q

Give an example of lncRNA and describe its function in that case.

A

Xist, is responsible for X-Chromosome inactivation which results in a Barr body.

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18
Q

RNAi block gene expression at what level?

A

The translation level.

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19
Q

Cell Cycle: Mitosis

A 
IPMAT
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
20
Q

Interphase:

A

Decondensed chromatin

21
Q

Prophase:

A

First stage of Mitosis,

Chromosomes condense and move to the center of the cell

22
Q

Metaphase:

A

The highly condensed

23
Q

Metaphase:

A

The highly condensed chromosomes consist of two identical copies (sister chromatids) joined at the centromere. The fibers of the mitotic spindle bind to the centromere.

24
Q

Anaphase:

A

The sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.

25
Q

Telophase:

A

Nuclear membranes re-form and the chromosomes recondense.

26
Q 
Centromere placement:
Metacentric:
Submetacentric
Acrocentric:
Telocentric:
A

Middle
Quarter
10 or 90
At outer edge.

27
Q

Helicase

A

enzymes that catalyze the unwinding of parental DNA.

28
Q

ssDNA binding proteins

A

Example: Eukaryotic replication protein A (RPA)

Stabilizes the unwound template DNA

29
Q

Topoisomerase:

A

enzymes that catalyze the reversible breakage and rejoining of DNA strands. Prevents DNA twisting ahead of the fork.

30
Q

What are the two types of topoisomerase?

A

> Topoisomerase I: Breaks just one strand of DNA

>Topoisomerase II: Introduce simultaneous breaks in both strands

31
Q

Primase:

A

Synthesizes short RNA fragments on the lagging strand that act as primers.

32
Q

RNA Primer

A

Made by primases on the lagging strand. Removed by RNA polymerase 1

33
Q

DNA - A

A 
Right
11
Major groove and minor groove are about the same depth and width
Outside
Inside
34
Q

DNA - B

A 
Right
10.4
Shallow major wide groove, narrow and deep minor groove
Outside
Inisde
35
Q

DNA - Z

A 
Left
12 bpt
Single narrow deep groove
Inside
Outside
36
Q

H - DNA

A

Triple-stranded DNA: often seen in repeat sequences for example (GAA)n/(TTC)n which is associated with Friedreich’s ataxia

37
Q

G-quadruplex DNA

A

Found in G-rich regions of the telomere, acts as a connector allowing DNA molecule to bind to other DNA molecules into a larger super-molecular structure.

38
Q

Codon

A

Triplet code used to code for a protein

39
Q

Anticodon

A

The nucleotide sequence of transfer RNA that forms complementary base pairs with a codon sequence on messenger RNA.

40
Q

Anti-sense RNA or DNA

A

RNA or DNA that is complementary to the targeted mRNA that prevents binding to a ribosome or loading tRNA preventing translation.

41
Q

PCR Steps:

A 
>DNA heated to 95C - strands separate
>Primers bind to template DNA at 55C
>Temp raised to 72 C and Taq polymerase extends DNA strands. 
>Results two DNA molecules. 
>Can be repeated doubling each time.
42
Q

What does southern blot detect:

A

DNA

43
Q

What does northern blot detect:

A

RNA

44
Q

What does Western Blot detect

A

Protein.

45
Q

Pseudogenes

A

Result of reverse transcription of spliced mRNA

Lack a promoter region

Molecular Biology (4 decks)

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