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Sociology of the Family > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What larger social, economic, or political processes may have contributed to the declining fertility rate?

A
  • Reproductive technology advancements
    • Ex. Birth control ect.
  • Declines in Infant mortality
  • Economic instability
  • Changing gender norms
  • Even more
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2
Q

What do sociologists do?

A

Collect and use data to develop theories that explain social phenomena

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3
Q

Post modernists

A

conclusions cannot be genuinely objective or balanced; contaminated in many ways

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4
Q

Correlation vs. causation

A
  • cannot be sure that A causes B

- Third variables

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5
Q

what is the Third variable

A

a variable that is responsible for a correlation observed between two other variables

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6
Q

Ethnographic research

A

method of gathering data about individuals thoughts, behaviors, and experiences every day (what they say they do vs. what they actually do); researches must form bond with participant and prompt disclosure

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7
Q

Private troubles

A

Individual characteristics, abilities, choices, and preferences

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8
Q

Public issues

A

larger process of social, economic, and political change

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9
Q

Convenience sample

A

Subjects are selected based on connivence

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10
Q

Histogram

A

statistical graph, similar to bar graph

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11
Q

Nuclear/prototypical family

A

“real” family; mother, father, and children

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12
Q

Patriarchy

A

A form of social organization in which males dominate females

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13
Q

“Typical” U.S. family

A

no longer exists because there is too much variation between families

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14
Q

Tolstoy

A

Said that all “happy families” are very similar; this idea is very wrong, as we can see a lot of variation between families nowadays

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15
Q

Chosen family

A

A group of people to whom you are emotionally close and consider ‘family’ even though you are not biologically or legally related

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16
Q

Housemates

A

Interestingly, considered “family” by the older generations rather than younger ones

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17
Q

Characteristics of Exclusionists

A
  • Traditional, standard, Northern American family
  • Married heterosexuals with children
  • Strong gender roles
  • Bible
  • Legality
  • Nearly all reject same-sex marriage
  • Marriage as essential in order to be family
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18
Q

Characteristics of Moderates

A
  • Ajar, partially open to the expansive definition of family, especially with signals of commitment
  • Time together
  • Responsibility
  • More detailed questions swayed them to inclusionist ideas
  • Children as essential in order to be family
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19
Q

Characteristics of Inclusionists

A
  • Includes all living arrangements as long as it feels/functions like a family
  • Love
  • Nearly all accept same-sex marriage
  • Relationship quality as essential in order to be family
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20
Q

Cohort Replacement

A

Younger generations become the older generations as they die off, meaning that the now older generations are evolving (also has to do with contact); grew up in different times

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21
Q

Science is a…

A

Cultural product

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22
Q

Causal requirements

A
  • Temporal Order
  • Empirical association
  • Eliminating Alternatives
  • Specify causal Mechanism
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23
Q

Causal requirements explain temporal order

A

Cause must come before effect

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24
Q

Causal requirements explain empirical association

A

Negative/positive

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25
Q

Causal requirements explain Eliminating alternatives

A

Third variable problem cannot be completely eliminated

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26
Q

Causal requirements explain specify causal mechanism

A

How primary IV influences primary DV

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27
Q

What is the traditional definition of a family

A

2+ people related by blood, marriage, or adoption, for economic unit, bear and raise children

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28
Q

What is the current definition of a family

A

Intimate group of 2+ people who live together in a committed relationship, care for each other and children (If any), and share activities/ties

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29
Q

Quantitive Data

A

Numerical data; close ended questions

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30
Q

Qualitative data

A

Descriptive data: open ended questions

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31
Q

Adults in training

A

how colonialists saw children; children were rushed into adulthood and contributed to the family’s economic well-being

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32
Q

what are Walking stools

A

They were used to force children to start walking earlier

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33
Q

Rosseau

A

Argued that childhood was a special stage in life

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34
Q

Locke

A

Characterized children as malleable

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35
Q

Holt

A

Wrote “the care and feeding of children”

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36
Q

Nostalgia

A

Whitewashed fantasy with unrealistic expectations

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37
Q

Forms of “violence” against children

A
  • Expectations
  • Labeling normal child behavior as pathological
  • Representation
  • Objects to be shaped for self gain
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38
Q

Social constructs/structures

A

Created and enforced by society (ex: race, gender, family, childhood)

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39
Q

Friendship vs. Love define friendship

A

Enjoyment, acceptance, trust, respect, mutual support, confiding, understanding, and honesty

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40
Q

Friendship vs. Love define love

A

Has everything friendship has in addition to sexual desire, prioritization, and caring to a point of great self-sacrifice; multifaceted, based on respect, often demanding

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41
Q

Homogamy

A

Dating/marrying someone within one’s group

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42
Q

Heterogramy

A

Dating/marrying someone outside one’s acceptable group

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43
Q

Sexual arousal

A

Physiological > emotional

44
Q

Sexual desire

A

Psychological state

45
Q

Romantic Love

A
  • happiness when fulfilled, suffering when not reciprocated
  • can be a dizzying experience
  • it is impossible not to think about the beloved
  • results in mood swings and fantasies
  • refusal to believe one will love again
  • care desperately and sacrifice everything (blind)
  • “love at first sight”
  • effortless, self-centered, short-lived, use outward expressions
46
Q

define caring

A

Wanting to help wit emotional support; responding to needs

47
Q

Define intimacy

A

Mutual emotional interest, history, shared identity as couple, reciprocal commitment, shared hopes/dreams

48
Q

What is self-disclosure

A

Revealing honest thoughts; does not involve nagging

49
Q

Commitment

A

intention to remain in relations/work through problems

50
Q

What is the biological perspective

A

says that love is grounded in evolution, biology, and chemistry; argue that loss might have physical impact; irresistible chemical cocktail

51
Q

What is the sociological perspective

A

Culture > chemicals

52
Q

What is the attachment theory

A

Infants develop relationship with at least one primary caregiver; predicts who falls in love

  • secure
  • Anxious-ambivalent
  • avoidant
53
Q

Who is Mary Ainsworth

A

Developed the strange situation experiment in order to uncover whether children were either secure, avoidant, or anxious-ambivalent

54
Q

What is Reiss’s Wheel theory of love (4 stages)

A

1st stage: rapport

2nd: self-revelation
3rd: mutual dependency
4th: personality need fulfillment
- Wheel may turn many times, so the couple may revisit stages

55
Q

What is Sternberg’s triangular theory of love

A
  • Intimacy, passion, decision/commitment

- Types of love range from non-love to consumate love

56
Q

What is eros

A

Love of beauty

57
Q

What is mania

A

Obsessiveness, jealousy, possessive, dependent; consumed by the other

58
Q

What Is ludus

A

Carefree, fun and games, no commitment

59
Q

What is storge

A

Companionate love

60
Q

What is agape

A

Altruistic, self-sacrificing

61
Q

What is pragma

A

rational love - practical

62
Q

What is the exchange theory

A
  • Love as a social exchange between partners
  • self-centered in adolescence
  • Nurturing in adulthood
  • Costs vs. benefits in later in life
  • we dont like to either under/over benefit
63
Q

Who falls in love faster? Men or women?

A

Men fall in love faster and are more likely to say they are in love, but are reluctant to talk about emotions are more afraid of commitment

64
Q

Jealousy

A

Is not universal; seen more in countries where woman are seen more as property

65
Q

What is Unrequited love

A

Love that is not reciprocated; it is best to move on from this type of love

66
Q

What do all theories of love have in common

A

all theories say that we have less of a say in who we end up with than we think

67
Q

Helen Fisher thinks…

A

that there are 3 stages of love:

  • lust: animal attraction, desire to have sex
  • attraction: thought of as “love”; think of little else other than person; driven by adrenaline, cortisol, dopamine, and serotonin
  • attachment: bond that keeps couples together long enough to raise and have children; driven by oxytocin and vasopressin
68
Q

What is the secure attachment style

A

the attachment style in which the infant is confident enough to play in an unfamiliar environment as long as the caregiver is present and is readily comforted by the caregiver during times of distress

69
Q

Explain the anxious-ambivalent attachement style

A

attachment style in which infants become extremely upset when their caregiver leaves but reject the caregiver when he or she returns

70
Q

Explain the avoidant attachment style

A

The attachment style marked by discomfort over, or resistance to, being close to others

71
Q

Which gender graduates college the most?

A

Women

72
Q

Sexual revolution

A

Facilitated by birth control and the legalization of birth control

73
Q

What is emerging adulthood

A

A period from the late teens to mid twenties

74
Q

What was a major motivation for older women to get married when they were younger

A

women used to live at home until marriage, so getting married meant that they got to leave; they thought this meant freedom, but often, their husbands were just as controlling; often married without loving their partner

75
Q

The bar is much ___ for what we expect our partners than it used to be

A

Higher

76
Q

What is companionate love

A

people marry to make a family together; partners have clearly defined gender roles and satisfaction comes from how well one fulfills that assigned role; typically a less passionate form of love

77
Q

What is combo theories

A

Social, biological, and psychological factors working together; love happen at all three levels

78
Q

What is the matching hypothesis?

A

The tendency to develop relationships with people who are approximately as attractive as we are

79
Q

What is the competition hypothesis

A

idea that someone who is rated a 7 will go for a 10, but ultimately probably also end up with a 7

80
Q

What is the highest industry for paid content on the web

A

porn

81
Q

What is the 2nd highest industry for paid content on the web

A

online dating

82
Q

What was a common way to find love that was similar to online dating before the internet

A

newspaper ads

83
Q

What is the wedding industrial complex

A

close association between weddings, the transnational wedding industry, marriage, the state, religion, media, and popular culture

84
Q

What is the best way to stay married

A

have a close friend network

85
Q

Why have marriage rates been declining

A
  • Changing attitudes
  • Increased childbearing outside of marriage
  • Changing division of labor
  • growth in cohabitation
86
Q

Marriage has decreased in ___ value, but increased in ___ value

A

practical/symbolic

87
Q

What is the most expensive aspect of the wedding

A

the venue

88
Q

List some reasons why weddings are so expensive

A
  • Price discrimination
  • Little price transparency
  • Consumers are uninformed
  • Appeal to consumer’s sentimentality
89
Q

Percentage of marriages that end in divorce

A

half (50%)

90
Q

9 signs your marriage will last

A
  1. dated for a while w/o cohabitation
  2. respond thoughtfully (no “mmm-hmms”)
  3. amplify partner’s positive emotions (be active and constructive)
  4. lots of talking other than about family
  5. “warm feet” on wedding day
  6. fair fights (masters vs. disasters)
  7. demographics (more education is better)
  8. make time for yourselves (hobbies give you more to talk about)
  9. mutually respect each other (not taking partner for granted; small acts of kindness)
91
Q

3 horsemen of the apocalypse

A

Defensiveness, criticism, and stonewalling

92
Q

Ratio of positive to negative interactions for satisfied couples

A

5:1

93
Q

The “love lab”

A

Asked newlyweds to speak about their relationship

94
Q

Examples of Master of relationships

A

still happily together after 6 years; showed low physiological arousal; felt calm and connected together, which translated to warm behavior even when they fought; create climate of trust and intimacy

95
Q

Examples of Disaster of relationships

A

broken up/chronically unhappy in their marriages; looked calm during interviews, but heart rates were quick, sweat glands active, etc. (more physiologically active, fight or flight)

96
Q

Habits to maintain satisfied marriage

A
  1. scanning
  2. practice kindness (key: practice kindness, even when hard)
  3. turning towards (bids, towards vs. away)
  4. shared joy (4 types of responses)
97
Q

What are bids

A

requests for connection

98
Q

passive destructive

A

focus more on selves; blow the good news off

99
Q

Passive constructive

A

acknowledge the good news

100
Q

active destruction

A

diminish the good news

101
Q

Active constructive

A

(best) engage wholeheartedly, allow partner to bask in happiness

102
Q

___ is a dangerous to a mans health as smoking a pack of cigs a day

A

divorce

103
Q

non-married people at greater risk of?

A

heart disease / cancer

104
Q

Benefits of marriage are more pronounced for which gender

A

men

105
Q

What is it about marriage that benefits women the most

A

money

106
Q

What is the causal mechanism

A

the part of a causal explanation that specifies the process by which the primary independent variables influence the primary dependent variable

Sociology of the Family (2 decks)

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