Exam 1 Flashcards
What larger social, economic, or political processes may have contributed to the declining fertility rate?
- Reproductive technology advancements
- Ex. Birth control ect.
- Declines in Infant mortality
- Economic instability
- Changing gender norms
- Even more
What do sociologists do?
Collect and use data to develop theories that explain social phenomena
Post modernists
conclusions cannot be genuinely objective or balanced; contaminated in many ways
Correlation vs. causation
- cannot be sure that A causes B
- Third variables
what is the Third variable
a variable that is responsible for a correlation observed between two other variables
Ethnographic research
method of gathering data about individuals thoughts, behaviors, and experiences every day (what they say they do vs. what they actually do); researches must form bond with participant and prompt disclosure
Private troubles
Individual characteristics, abilities, choices, and preferences
Public issues
larger process of social, economic, and political change
Convenience sample
Subjects are selected based on connivence
Histogram
statistical graph, similar to bar graph
Nuclear/prototypical family
“real” family; mother, father, and children
Patriarchy
A form of social organization in which males dominate females
“Typical” U.S. family
no longer exists because there is too much variation between families
Tolstoy
Said that all “happy families” are very similar; this idea is very wrong, as we can see a lot of variation between families nowadays
Chosen family
A group of people to whom you are emotionally close and consider ‘family’ even though you are not biologically or legally related
Housemates
Interestingly, considered “family” by the older generations rather than younger ones
Characteristics of Exclusionists
- Traditional, standard, Northern American family
- Married heterosexuals with children
- Strong gender roles
- Bible
- Legality
- Nearly all reject same-sex marriage
- Marriage as essential in order to be family
Characteristics of Moderates
- Ajar, partially open to the expansive definition of family, especially with signals of commitment
- Time together
- Responsibility
- More detailed questions swayed them to inclusionist ideas
- Children as essential in order to be family
Characteristics of Inclusionists
- Includes all living arrangements as long as it feels/functions like a family
- Love
- Nearly all accept same-sex marriage
- Relationship quality as essential in order to be family
Cohort Replacement
Younger generations become the older generations as they die off, meaning that the now older generations are evolving (also has to do with contact); grew up in different times
Science is a…
Cultural product
Causal requirements
- Temporal Order
- Empirical association
- Eliminating Alternatives
- Specify causal Mechanism
Causal requirements explain temporal order
Cause must come before effect
Causal requirements explain empirical association
Negative/positive
Causal requirements explain Eliminating alternatives
Third variable problem cannot be completely eliminated
Causal requirements explain specify causal mechanism
How primary IV influences primary DV
What is the traditional definition of a family
2+ people related by blood, marriage, or adoption, for economic unit, bear and raise children
What is the current definition of a family
Intimate group of 2+ people who live together in a committed relationship, care for each other and children (If any), and share activities/ties
Quantitive Data
Numerical data; close ended questions
Qualitative data
Descriptive data: open ended questions
Adults in training
how colonialists saw children; children were rushed into adulthood and contributed to the family’s economic well-being
what are Walking stools
They were used to force children to start walking earlier
Rosseau
Argued that childhood was a special stage in life
Locke
Characterized children as malleable
Holt
Wrote “the care and feeding of children”
Nostalgia
Whitewashed fantasy with unrealistic expectations
Forms of “violence” against children
- Expectations
- Labeling normal child behavior as pathological
- Representation
- Objects to be shaped for self gain
Social constructs/structures
Created and enforced by society (ex: race, gender, family, childhood)
Friendship vs. Love define friendship
Enjoyment, acceptance, trust, respect, mutual support, confiding, understanding, and honesty
Friendship vs. Love define love
Has everything friendship has in addition to sexual desire, prioritization, and caring to a point of great self-sacrifice; multifaceted, based on respect, often demanding
Homogamy
Dating/marrying someone within one’s group
Heterogramy
Dating/marrying someone outside one’s acceptable group
Sexual arousal
Physiological > emotional
Sexual desire
Psychological state
Romantic Love
- happiness when fulfilled, suffering when not reciprocated
- can be a dizzying experience
- it is impossible not to think about the beloved
- results in mood swings and fantasies
- refusal to believe one will love again
- care desperately and sacrifice everything (blind)
- “love at first sight”
- effortless, self-centered, short-lived, use outward expressions
define caring
Wanting to help wit emotional support; responding to needs
Define intimacy
Mutual emotional interest, history, shared identity as couple, reciprocal commitment, shared hopes/dreams
What is self-disclosure
Revealing honest thoughts; does not involve nagging
Commitment
intention to remain in relations/work through problems
What is the biological perspective
says that love is grounded in evolution, biology, and chemistry; argue that loss might have physical impact; irresistible chemical cocktail
What is the sociological perspective
Culture > chemicals
What is the attachment theory
Infants develop relationship with at least one primary caregiver; predicts who falls in love
- secure
- Anxious-ambivalent
- avoidant
Who is Mary Ainsworth
Developed the strange situation experiment in order to uncover whether children were either secure, avoidant, or anxious-ambivalent
What is Reiss’s Wheel theory of love (4 stages)
1st stage: rapport
2nd: self-revelation
3rd: mutual dependency
4th: personality need fulfillment
- Wheel may turn many times, so the couple may revisit stages
What is Sternberg’s triangular theory of love
- Intimacy, passion, decision/commitment
- Types of love range from non-love to consumate love
What is eros
Love of beauty
What is mania
Obsessiveness, jealousy, possessive, dependent; consumed by the other
What Is ludus
Carefree, fun and games, no commitment
What is storge
Companionate love
What is agape
Altruistic, self-sacrificing
What is pragma
rational love - practical
What is the exchange theory
- Love as a social exchange between partners
- self-centered in adolescence
- Nurturing in adulthood
- Costs vs. benefits in later in life
- we dont like to either under/over benefit
Who falls in love faster? Men or women?
Men fall in love faster and are more likely to say they are in love, but are reluctant to talk about emotions are more afraid of commitment
Jealousy
Is not universal; seen more in countries where woman are seen more as property
What is Unrequited love
Love that is not reciprocated; it is best to move on from this type of love
What do all theories of love have in common
all theories say that we have less of a say in who we end up with than we think
Helen Fisher thinks…
that there are 3 stages of love:
- lust: animal attraction, desire to have sex
- attraction: thought of as “love”; think of little else other than person; driven by adrenaline, cortisol, dopamine, and serotonin
- attachment: bond that keeps couples together long enough to raise and have children; driven by oxytocin and vasopressin
What is the secure attachment style
the attachment style in which the infant is confident enough to play in an unfamiliar environment as long as the caregiver is present and is readily comforted by the caregiver during times of distress
Explain the anxious-ambivalent attachement style
attachment style in which infants become extremely upset when their caregiver leaves but reject the caregiver when he or she returns
Explain the avoidant attachment style
The attachment style marked by discomfort over, or resistance to, being close to others
Which gender graduates college the most?
Women
Sexual revolution
Facilitated by birth control and the legalization of birth control
What is emerging adulthood
A period from the late teens to mid twenties
What was a major motivation for older women to get married when they were younger
women used to live at home until marriage, so getting married meant that they got to leave; they thought this meant freedom, but often, their husbands were just as controlling; often married without loving their partner
The bar is much ___ for what we expect our partners than it used to be
Higher
What is companionate love
people marry to make a family together; partners have clearly defined gender roles and satisfaction comes from how well one fulfills that assigned role; typically a less passionate form of love
What is combo theories
Social, biological, and psychological factors working together; love happen at all three levels
What is the matching hypothesis?
The tendency to develop relationships with people who are approximately as attractive as we are
What is the competition hypothesis
idea that someone who is rated a 7 will go for a 10, but ultimately probably also end up with a 7
What is the highest industry for paid content on the web
porn
What is the 2nd highest industry for paid content on the web
online dating
What was a common way to find love that was similar to online dating before the internet
newspaper ads
What is the wedding industrial complex
close association between weddings, the transnational wedding industry, marriage, the state, religion, media, and popular culture
What is the best way to stay married
have a close friend network
Why have marriage rates been declining
- Changing attitudes
- Increased childbearing outside of marriage
- Changing division of labor
- growth in cohabitation
Marriage has decreased in ___ value, but increased in ___ value
practical/symbolic
What is the most expensive aspect of the wedding
the venue
List some reasons why weddings are so expensive
- Price discrimination
- Little price transparency
- Consumers are uninformed
- Appeal to consumer’s sentimentality
Percentage of marriages that end in divorce
half (50%)
9 signs your marriage will last
- dated for a while w/o cohabitation
- respond thoughtfully (no “mmm-hmms”)
- amplify partner’s positive emotions (be active and constructive)
- lots of talking other than about family
- “warm feet” on wedding day
- fair fights (masters vs. disasters)
- demographics (more education is better)
- make time for yourselves (hobbies give you more to talk about)
- mutually respect each other (not taking partner for granted; small acts of kindness)
3 horsemen of the apocalypse
Defensiveness, criticism, and stonewalling
Ratio of positive to negative interactions for satisfied couples
5:1
The “love lab”
Asked newlyweds to speak about their relationship
Examples of Master of relationships
still happily together after 6 years; showed low physiological arousal; felt calm and connected together, which translated to warm behavior even when they fought; create climate of trust and intimacy
Examples of Disaster of relationships
broken up/chronically unhappy in their marriages; looked calm during interviews, but heart rates were quick, sweat glands active, etc. (more physiologically active, fight or flight)
Habits to maintain satisfied marriage
- scanning
- practice kindness (key: practice kindness, even when hard)
- turning towards (bids, towards vs. away)
- shared joy (4 types of responses)
What are bids
requests for connection
passive destructive
focus more on selves; blow the good news off
Passive constructive
acknowledge the good news
active destruction
diminish the good news
Active constructive
(best) engage wholeheartedly, allow partner to bask in happiness
___ is a dangerous to a mans health as smoking a pack of cigs a day
divorce
non-married people at greater risk of?
heart disease / cancer
Benefits of marriage are more pronounced for which gender
men
What is it about marriage that benefits women the most
money
What is the causal mechanism
the part of a causal explanation that specifies the process by which the primary independent variables influence the primary dependent variable
