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HBIO 302 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Oxidoreductase

A

Catalyzes: oxidation-reduction, carries e- and H+
Other names: dehydrogenase (linked to NADH/FAD)
Ex: lactate dehydrogenase

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2
Q

Transferase

A

Catalyzes: Transfer of C, N, or P containing groups
Other names: kinase, synthase
Ex: carnitine palmitoyl transferase, tyrosine kinase, glycogen phosphorylase

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3
Q

Hydrolase

A

Catalyzes: cleavage of bonds by adding water
Other names: lipase, phosphatase
Ex: hormone sensitive lipase

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4
Q

Isomerase

A

Catalyzes: change of optical or geometric isomers
Other names: isomerase, mutase
Ex: phosphoglucomutase, glucosephosphate isomerase

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5
Q

Lyase

A

Catalyzes: cleavage or addition of C-C, C-S, or C-N bonds
Other names: decarboxylase
Ex: ATP citrate lyase

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6
Q

Ligase

A

Catalyzes: formation of bonds between C and O, S, or N coupled to hydrolysis of high E phosphate
Other names: carboxylase, synthetase
Ex: pyruvate carboxylase

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7
Q

Phosphatase

A

-hydrolase
-uses water to remove a phosphoryl group
-opposite of kinase
Ex: protein phosphatase 1A

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8
Q

Phosphorylase

A

-transferase
-uses inorganic phosphate to break a bond and generate phosphorylated product
Ex: glycogen phosphorylase

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9
Q

Reversible competitive inhibition

A

Same Vmax

Higher Km

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10
Q

Reversible Non-competitive inhibition

A

Same Km

Lower Vmax

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11
Q

Stomach cells include

A

Goblet, parietal, chief, G cells, D cells, ECL cells

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12
Q

Goblet cells secrete…

A

Mucus

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13
Q

Parietal cells secrete…

A

HCl and IF

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14
Q

Chief cells secrete…

A

Pepsinogen and gastric lipase

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15
Q

G cells secrete…

A

Gastrin

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16
Q

D cells secrete…

A

Somatostatin

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17
Q

ECL cells secrete…

A

Histamine

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18
Q

Goblet (neck) cells

Secretion, functions, stimulated by, inhibited by:

A

Gastric mucous cells
Secretion: mucus (with bicarbonate)
Functions: protects/coats walls, lubricates, buffers HCl, reduces damage
Stimulated by: bolus, irritation, tonic (vagal via Ach)

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19
Q

Parietal cells

Secretions, functions, stimulated by, inhibited by:

A

Secretions: HCl, IF
Functions: converts pepsinogen to pepsin, denatures proteins, kills bacteria, inactivated salivary amylase, IF complexes with B12 to allow absorption in colon
HCl activates pepsinogen and gastric lipase
Stimulated by: chewing (feedforward), sight/smell (feedforward), distension, peptides, endocrine (gastrin), paracrine (histamine), vagal (PNS, celiac nerve branch), pre and post ganglionic Ach (muscarinic), low acidity
Inhibited by: too much distension, high acidity, endocrine (GIP, somatostatin, GLP-1, secretin, prostaglandins)

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20
Q

Enterochromaffin cells

Secretion, functions, stimulated by, inhibited by:

A

Secretion: histamine
Functions: increases HCl secretion (paracrine)
Stimulated by: endocrine (gastrin), vagal (Ach)
Inhibited by: endocrine (secretin, somatostatin)

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21
Q

Stomach absorbs:

A

Alcohol (20-30%)

SCFA

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22
Q

Chief cells

Secretion, functions, stimulated by, inhibited by:

A

Secretion: Pepsinogen
Functions: pepsin breaks down proteins into peptide units (breaks at any peptide bonds on the amino terminal side of aromatic AA; Phe, Tyr, Trp
Stimulated by: HCl, peptides, aa, SCFA, endocrine (gastrin), vagal (Ach/M3)
Inhibited by: endocrine (somatostatin)
Secretion: lipase, Functions: breaks down TG into MG/DG + SCFA/MCFA, Stimulated by: HCl, gastrin, lipids, vagal (Ach), proteins, peptides
Secretion: gelatinase (a matrix metalloproteinase MM2 & MM9), Functions: breaks down gelatin/collagen (food proteoglycans) into polypeptides, peptides

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23
Q

G cells

Secretion, functions, stimulated by, inhibited by:

A

Secretion: gastrin
Functions: increase HCl secretion (parietal), increase histamine secretion (ECL), increase pepsinogen secretion (chief), increase gastric motility, increase gastric emptying (relaxes pylorus), increase proliferation of gastric epithelial cells, increases secretion of secretin (S cells of SI)
Stimulated by: vagal (gastrin-releasing peptide), peptides, alcohol, coffee, distension, sight, smell, low HCl, histamine
Inhibited by: endocrine (somatostatin, secretion, GIP)

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24
Q

D cells

Secretion, functions, stimulated by, inhibited by:

A

Secretion: somatostatin
Functions:
Stomach - inhibits HCl (parietal), histamine (ECL), and gastrin (G cell) secretion; decreases gastric motility and emptying
SI - decrease release secretin (S cells), CCK (I cells), GIP (K cells), decrease intestinal motility
Pancreas - decrease insulin and glucagon secretion (beta and alpha cells), decrease enzyme (acinar) and HCO3- (duct) secretion
Stimulated by: HCl
Inhibited by: vagal (Ach)

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25
Q

Proton pump inhibitors

A

Decrease H+ K+ ATPase

Ex: Nexium, Prilosec, Prevacid

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26
Q

H2 Antagonists

A

Decrease histamine binding to H2 receptors —> decreases HCl secretion
Ex: Famotidine, Cimetidine, Pepcid AC

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27
Q

Muscarinic Antagonists

A

Decrease Ach binding to M3 receptors —> decreases HCl secretion, histamine secretion, and mucus production

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28
Q

Antacids

A 
Neutralize acidity (H+ + HCO3- = H2CO3)
Ex: Sodium bicarbonate
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29
Q

Antibiotics

A

Decrease H. Pylori (destroys epithelial border which decreases mucus production)
Ex: amoxicillin, tetracycline

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30
Q

EP3 Agonists

A

Activates EP3 activity (which is inhibitory to HCl secretion)
Ex: Misoprostol

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31
Q

NSAIDs

A

Decrease PGH production —> HCl secretion, decreases mucus production
Ex: aspirin

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32
Q

Ach effects on parietal, ECL, G, and D cells

A

Parietal: increase HCl
ECL: increase histamine
G cells: increase gastrin
D cells: decrease somatostatin

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33
Q

Gastrin (endocrine) effects on parietal and ECL cells

A

Parietal: increase HCl
ECL: increase histamine

34
Q

Histamine (paracrine) effects on parietal cells

A

Increases HCl

35
Q

Somatostatin (endocrine and paracrine) effects on parietal, ECL, and G cells

A

Parietal: decrease HCl secretion
ECL: decrease histamine
G cells: decrease gastrin

36
Q

Enzymes of lipid digestion

Secreted from glads on tongue:

A

Lingual lipase
Substrate: TG, DG
Products: DG, MG

37
Q

Enzymes of lipid digestion

Secreted from chief cells:

A

Gastric lipase
Substrate: TG, DG
Products: DG, MG, SCFA, MCFA

38
Q

Enzymes of lipid digestion

Secreted from acinar cells:

A

Pancreatic lipase (needs colipase), Substrate: TG, DG, MG, Products: DG, MG, SCFA, MCFA, LCFA

Cholesterol esterase, Substrate: cholesterol esters, Products: cholesterol, FA

Phospholipase, Substrate: phospholipids, lysophospholipids, FA

39
Q

Enzymes of carbohydrate digestion

A

Salivary glands - salivary amylase, Substrate: polysaccharides, Products: oligosaccharides, maltose, dextrin

Nothing in stomach

Acinar cells - pancreatic amylase, Substrate: polysaccharides, Products: oligosaccharides, maltose, dextrin

Enterocytes - sucrase, maltase, lactase, isomaltase, Substrate: sucrose, maltose, lactose, dextrin, Products: fructose, galactose, glucose

40
Q

Enzymes of protein digestion:

A

Nothing in mouth
Chief cells - pepsinogen/pepsin, Substrate: proteins, Products: peptides; gelatinase, Substrate: gelatin/collagen, Products: peptides

Acinar cells - chymotrypsin (substrate- peptides, Products - aromatic aa), carboxypeptidase (substrate- peptides, Products- aa at carboxylase end), aminopeptidase (substrate- peptides, Products- aa at amino end), endopeptidase (substrate- peptides, Products- smaller peptides), elastase (substrate-elastin, Products- aa), nuclease (substrate- nuclei can acids, Products- nucleotides, nucleosides)

Enterocytes- enteropeptidase, Substrate: trypsinogen, product: trypsin; peptidase, Substrate: peptides, Products: tripeptides, dipeptides

41
Q

Goblet cells of SI

Secretion, functions, stimulated by:

A

Secretion: mucus (with bicarbonate)
Functions: protect/coats walls, lubricates, buffers HCl, reduces damage
Stimulated by: chyme, irritation, PNS: vagal (Ach/M3)

42
Q

Enterocytes of SI

Secretion, functions, stimulated by:

A

Secretions: enteropeptidase, peptidase, isomaltase, sucrase, maltase, lactase
Functions: converts trypsinogen to trypsin, converts peptides to tri or dipeptides, converts dextrin to maltose and glucose, converts sucrose to fructose and glucose, converts maltose to 2 glucose, converts lactose to galactose and glucose
Stimulated by chyme

Disaccharides are secreted from enterocytes and bound to glycocalyx

43
Q

Cells of small intestine

A

S cells, I cells, K cells, L cells

44
Q

S cells of SI

Secretion, functions, stimulated by:

A

Secretion: secretin
Functions: slow down gastric digestion, increase secretion of HCO3- (duct cells), increase secretion of somatostatin (gastric D cells), decrease secretion of HCL (gastric parietal cells), decrease secretion of gastrin (gastric G cells), decrease gastric motility, potentates actions of CCK (SI I cells), increase FA uptake into enterocytes (CD36)

Stimulated by: pH 2-4.5 in duodenum (I.e. chyme), Products of protein/lipid digestion

45
Q

I cells of SI

Secretion, functions, stimulated by:

A

Secretion: cholecystokinin (CCK)
Functions: increase digestive enzyme secretion (pancreatic acinar cells), increase bile production by liver, increase bile secretion by gallbladder, increase satiety by activation of hypothalamic centers, decrease emptying from stomach, potentiates increased HCO3- secretion by secretin

Stimulated by: products of lipid/protein digestion, PNS(vagal- Ach/M3)

46
Q

K cells of SI

secretion, functions, stimulated by:

A

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
Functions: decrease HCl secretion (gastric parietal cells), decrease gastrin secretion (gastric G cells), decrease gastric motility, decrease emptying from stomach, increase insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells for a specific amount of glucose (incretin)
Stimulated by: glucose, FA, AA

47
Q

L cells of small intestine

Secretion, functions, stimulated by:

A

Glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP1)
Functions: decrease HCl secretion (gastric parietal cells), decrease emptying from stomach, decrease gastric motility, increase insulin secretion (pancreatic beta cells) for a specific amount of glucose (incretin), increase satiety via activation of hypothalamic centers, decrease glucagon release (pancreatic alpha cells)

48
Q

Hormones and main actions
Stomach:
Gastrin secretion (G cells)

A

Decrease secretin (S cells), decrease GIP (K cells), decrease somatostatin (D cells)

49
Q

Hormones and main actions
Stomach:
HCl secretion (parietal cells)

A

Increase gastrin (G cells), decrease secretin (S cells), decrease GIP (K cells), decrease GLP1 (L cells), decrease Somatostatin (D cells)

50
Q

Hormones and main actions
Stomach:
Histamine secretion

A

Increase gastrin, decrease somatostatin

51
Q

Hormones and main actions
Stomach:
Somatostatin secretion (D cells)

A

Increase secretin

52
Q

Hormones and main actions
Stomach:
Pepsinogen (chief cells)

A

Increase gastrin

53
Q

Hormones and main actions
Stomach:
Gastric motility

A

Increase gastrin, decrease secretin, decrease GIP, decrease GLP1, decrease somatostatin

54
Q

Hormones and main actions
Stomach:
Gastric emptying

A

Increase gastrin, decrease CCK, decrease GIP, decrease GLP1, decrease somatostatin

55
Q 
Hormones and main actions
Small intestine:
Secretin secretion (s cells)
A

Increase gastrin, decrease somatostatin

56
Q

Hormones and main actions
Small intestine:
FA uptake by enterocytes

A

Increase secretin

57
Q 
Hormones and main actions
Small intestine:
CCK secretion (I cells)
A

Decrease somatostatin

58
Q 
Hormones and main actions
Small intestine:
GIP secretion (k cells)
A

Decrease somatostatin

59
Q

Hormones and main actions
Pancreas:
Enzyme secretion (acinar cells)

A

Increase CCK (I cells), potentiates secretion, somatostatin

60
Q

Hormones and main actions
Pancreas:
HCO3- secretion (duct cells)

A

Potentiates CCK, increase secretin, decrease somatostatin

61
Q

Hormones and main actions
Pancreas:
Insulin secretion (beta cells)

A

Increase GIP, increase GLP1, decrease somatostatin

62
Q

Hormones and main actions
Pancreas:
Glucagon secretion (alpha cells)

A

Decrease GLP1, decrease somatostatin

63
Q

Main actions
Liver/gallbladder:
Bile production/secretion

A

Increase CCK

64
Q

Main actions
Brain:
Satiety

A

Increase CCK, increase GLP1

65
Q

Cephalic
Stomach
Ach (vagus) effects

A

Increase HCl secretion, increase histamine secretion, increase gastrin, decrease somatostatin, increase pepsinogen

66
Q 
Gastric
Stomach
-Gastrin
-Histamine
-Somatostatin
A

Gastrin - increase HCl and histamine

Histamine - increase HCl

Somatostatin - decrease HCl, decrease gastrin, decrease histamine

67
Q 
Intestinal
Stomach
-Secretin
-GIP
-GLP1
A

Secretin - decrease HCl and histamine

GIP - decrease HCl

GLP1 - decrease HCl

68
Q

EAR - estimated average requirement

A

Represents the average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of half of the healthy individuals in a particular life stage or gender group

-50% target

69
Q

RDA - recommended dietary allowance

A

Represents the average daily nutrient (vitamins, minerals, etc.) intake level that meets the nutrient requirements of 97%-98% of healthy individuals in a particular life stage or gender group

Higher than EAR values

70
Q

AI - adequate intake

A

Represents a recommended average daily nutrient intake level based on observed and experimentally determined estimates of nutrient intake by a group of healthy people

Not enough evidence for EAR or RDA

71
Q

TUL - tolerable upper limit

A

Represents the highest average daily nutrient intake level likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in a particular life stage or gender group

72
Q

EER - estimated energy requirement

A

Represents the average dietary energy (calorie) intake that is predicted to maintain energy balance in a healthy individual

Defined by an individual’s age, gender, weight, height, and level of physical activity

73
Q

AMDR - acceptable macronutrient distribution range

A

Recommended range of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid intake expressed as percentage of total energy intake

74
Q

AMDR of protein intake

A

10-35% of total energy intake

75
Q

RDA (normal and athletes)

A
  1. 8-1 g/kg

1. 2-1.7 g/kg (exercise)

76
Q

Essential amino acids

A

Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine

77
Q

AA transport systems:

Polar neutral

A

Use NBB system

Asn, Cys, Ser, Thr, Gln

78
Q

AA transport systems:

Unique amino acids

A

Use IMINO system

Pro, Gly

79
Q

AA transport systems:

Hydrophobic - aromatic

A

Use PHE

Phe, Trp, Tyr

80
Q

AA transport systems:

Acidic R

A

Use DAAT

Asp, Glu

81
Q

AA transport systems:

Basic R

A

Use Y+ system
His, Lys, Arg
Na+ independent

82
Q

AA transport systems:

Hydrophobic - aliphatic

A

Use L system

Ala, Ile, Leu, Met, Val

HBIO 302 (1 decks)

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