Exam 1

Question 1

carries information from DNA to protein synthesizing machinery

Answer 1

mRNA

Question 2

transcribed from template strand of gene

Answer 2

mRNA

Question 3

coding strand

Answer 3

5’ - 3’

Question 4

template strand

Answer 4

3’ - 5’ , makes mRNA

Question 5

RNA Polymerase

Answer 5

copies DNA sequence into RNA sequence during transcription. Don’t need primer.

Question 6

DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription

Answer 6

Promoter

Question 7

sequence that signals the end of transcription

Answer 7

terminator

Question 8

transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to the promoter

Answer 8

Transcription Initiation Complex

Question 9

Differential Gene Expression

Answer 9

expression of different genes by cells with the same genome

Question 10

cluster of proteins that assemble on the promoter sequence at the ‘upstream’ end of the gene

Answer 10

Transcription Initiation Complex

Question 11

segments of noncoding DNA having particular nucleotide sequences that serve as binding site for proteins called transcription factors

Answer 11

Control Elements

Question 12

protein + nucleic acid =

Answer 12

polymer

Question 13

dehydration reaction

Answer 13

creation

Question 14

hydrolysis

Answer 14

breakdown of polymer

Question 15

enzymes

Answer 15

accelerate chemical reactions but are NOT consumed in reaction

Question 16

3 parts to a nucleotide

Answer 16

nitrogenous base, sugar molecule (c, h, o), phosphate group

Question 17

nucleotides are the _______ of DNA

Answer 17

monomers

Question 18

What part of the nucleotide contains genetic information?

Answer 18

nitrogenous base

Question 19

2 categories of nitrogen bases

Answer 19

Pyrimidines and Purines

Question 20

Pyrimidines (Nitrogen Bases - 3)

Answer 20

Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

Question 21

Purines (Nitrogen Bases - 2)

Answer 21

Adenine, Guanine

Question 22

What kind of sugar does DNA have?

Answer 22

deoxyribose (5 carbons + 2 OH)

Question 23

What kind of sugar does RNA have?

Answer 23

ribose (5 carbons + 3 OH)

Question 24

What does phosphodiester mean?

Answer 24

Phospho = phosphorus
Diester = bonded to oxygen and carbon

Question 25

Phosphodiester definition

Answer 25

chemical linkage between monomers (nucleotides in DNA or RNA). They are negatively charged

Question 26

Chargaffs Rules

Answer 26

G = C A = T A + T + G + C + = 100

Question 27

Watson & Crick

Answer 27

double helix model, antiparallel

Question 28

____ is only in RNA

Answer 28

Uracil

Question 29

8 functions of protein

Answer 29

Defensive, Enzematic, Transport, Storage (DETS) | Structure, Hormonal, Receptor, Contractile (SHReC)

Question 30

How many TOTAL amino acids are there?

Answer 30

20

Question 31

Acids are charged T/F?

Answer 31

True

Question 32

Polypeptide (protein) synthesis occurs through a _________ reaction.

Answer 32

Dehydration

Question 33

Primary Protein Structure

Answer 33

sequence of amino acids (pearl necklace)

Question 34

Secondary Protein Structure

Answer 34

Alpha helix or Beta pleated sheet

Question 35

Tertiary Protein Structure

Answer 35

Alpha helix and Beta sheet

Question 36

What holds a tertiary protein structure together?

Answer 36

Van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds

Question 37

3 levels of transcription

Answer 37

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

Question 38

Nucleic Acid

Answer 38

polymers made of monomers. The monomers are called nucleotides.

Question 39

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

Answer 39

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 40

Gene expression

Answer 40

``` DNA = directions for replication and for RNA synthesis. RNA = controls protein synthesis ```

Question 41

How many DNA molecules does each chromosome have?

Answer 41

1

Question 42

Sites of protein synthesis are called _______.

Answer 42

Ribosomes

Question 43

What does mRNA do?

Answer 43

conveys genetic instructions for building proteins.

Question 44

Polynucleotides

Answer 44

many polymers, linear, make up nucleic acid.

Question 45

The linkage of nucleotides into a polynucleotide involves a _______ reaction.

Answer 45

dehydration

Question 46

sugar-phosphate backbone

Answer 46

Repeating sugar-phosphate units in a polynucleotide

Question 47

DNA structures have __ polynucleotides, or 'strands'.

Answer 47

2

Question 48

In a DNA double helix, the two sugar-phosphate backbones run ________.

Answer 48

antiparallel

Question 49

RNA molecules have ____ strand(s).

Answer 49

1

Question 50

tRNA

Answer 50

brings amino acids to the ribosome during synthesis of a polypeptide. 80 nucleotides in length.

Question 51

______ is not present in RNA.

Answer 51

Thymine (T).

Question 52

Transcription Factors

Answer 52

mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and initiation of transcription.

Question 53

Virus

Answer 53

nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat

Question 54

Capsid

Answer 54

encloses viral genome

Question 55

Bacteriophages

Answer 55

virus that infects bacteria

Question 56

Virus-host range

Answer 56

limited number of host species that a virus can infect

Question 57

Virulent Phage

Answer 57

only replicates in the lytic cycle

Question 58

Temperate Phage

Answer 58

capable of using both cycles

Question 59

Restriction Enzymes

Answer 59

'cut-up' phage DNA once recognized in bacteria (defense mechanism)

Question 60

Retroviruses

Answer 60

transcribe RNA to DNA, backwards form of infection (HIV example)

Question 61

Plasmids

Answer 61

thought to be one source of virus evolution

Question 62

Transposons

Answer 62

thought to be one source of virus evolution