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Biology 107 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

carries information from DNA to protein synthesizing machinery

A

mRNA

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2
Q

transcribed from template strand of gene

A

mRNA

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3
Q

coding strand

A

5’ - 3’

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4
Q

template strand

A

3’ - 5’ , makes mRNA

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5
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

copies DNA sequence into RNA sequence during transcription. Don’t need primer.

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6
Q

DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription

A

Promoter

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7
Q

sequence that signals the end of transcription

A

terminator

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8
Q

transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to the promoter

A

Transcription Initiation Complex

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9
Q

Differential Gene Expression

A

expression of different genes by cells with the same genome

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10
Q

cluster of proteins that assemble on the promoter sequence at the ‘upstream’ end of the gene

A

Transcription Initiation Complex

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11
Q

segments of noncoding DNA having particular nucleotide sequences that serve as binding site for proteins called transcription factors

A

Control Elements

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12
Q

protein + nucleic acid =

A

polymer

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13
Q

dehydration reaction

A

creation

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14
Q

hydrolysis

A

breakdown of polymer

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15
Q

enzymes

A

accelerate chemical reactions but are NOT consumed in reaction

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16
Q

3 parts to a nucleotide

A

nitrogenous base, sugar molecule (c, h, o), phosphate group

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17
Q

nucleotides are the _______ of DNA

A

monomers

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18
Q

What part of the nucleotide contains genetic information?

A

nitrogenous base

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19
Q

2 categories of nitrogen bases

A

Pyrimidines and Purines

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20
Q

Pyrimidines (Nitrogen Bases - 3)

A

Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

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21
Q

Purines (Nitrogen Bases - 2)

A

Adenine, Guanine

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22
Q

What kind of sugar does DNA have?

A

deoxyribose (5 carbons + 2 OH)

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23
Q

What kind of sugar does RNA have?

A

ribose (5 carbons + 3 OH)

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24
Q

What does phosphodiester mean?

A 
Phospho = phosphorus
Diester = bonded to oxygen and carbon
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25
Q

Phosphodiester definition

A

chemical linkage between monomers (nucleotides in DNA or RNA). They are negatively charged

26
Q

Chargaffs Rules

A

G = C
A = T
A + T + G + C + = 100

27
Q

Watson & Crick

A

double helix model, antiparallel

28
Q

____ is only in RNA

A

Uracil

29
Q

8 functions of protein

A

Defensive, Enzematic, Transport, Storage (DETS)

Structure, Hormonal, Receptor, Contractile (SHReC)

30
Q

How many TOTAL amino acids are there?

A

20

31
Q

Acids are charged T/F?

A

True

32
Q

Polypeptide (protein) synthesis occurs through a _________ reaction.

A

Dehydration

33
Q

Primary Protein Structure

A

sequence of amino acids (pearl necklace)

34
Q

Secondary Protein Structure

A

Alpha helix or Beta pleated sheet

35
Q

Tertiary Protein Structure

A

Alpha helix and Beta sheet

36
Q

What holds a tertiary protein structure together?

A

Van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds

37
Q

3 levels of transcription

A

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

38
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

polymers made of monomers. The monomers are called nucleotides.

39
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

40
Q

Gene expression

A 
DNA = directions for replication and for RNA synthesis. 
RNA = controls protein synthesis
41
Q

How many DNA molecules does each chromosome have?

A

1

42
Q

Sites of protein synthesis are called _______.

A

Ribosomes

43
Q

What does mRNA do?

A

conveys genetic instructions for building proteins.

44
Q

Polynucleotides

A

many polymers, linear, make up nucleic acid.

45
Q

The linkage of nucleotides into a polynucleotide involves a _______ reaction.

A

dehydration

46
Q

sugar-phosphate backbone

A

Repeating sugar-phosphate units in a polynucleotide

47
Q

DNA structures have __ polynucleotides, or ‘strands’.

A

2

48
Q

In a DNA double helix, the two sugar-phosphate backbones run ________.

A

antiparallel

49
Q

RNA molecules have ____ strand(s).

A

1

50
Q

tRNA

A

brings amino acids to the ribosome during synthesis of a polypeptide. 80 nucleotides in length.

51
Q

______ is not present in RNA.

A

Thymine (T).

52
Q

Transcription Factors

A

mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and initiation of transcription.

53
Q

Virus

A

nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat

54
Q

Capsid

A

encloses viral genome

55
Q

Bacteriophages

A

virus that infects bacteria

56
Q

Virus-host range

A

limited number of host species that a virus can infect

57
Q

Virulent Phage

A

only replicates in the lytic cycle

58
Q

Temperate Phage

A

capable of using both cycles

59
Q

Restriction Enzymes

A

‘cut-up’ phage DNA once recognized in bacteria (defense mechanism)

60
Q

Retroviruses

A

transcribe RNA to DNA, backwards form of infection (HIV example)

61
Q

Plasmids

A

thought to be one source of virus evolution

62
Q

Transposons

A

thought to be one source of virus evolution

Biology 107 (2 decks)

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