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Pathophysiology I > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

smallest functional unit of organization

A

cells

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2
Q

Human cells are

A

eukaryotic

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3
Q

Cells also have

A

other membrane-bound organelles

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4
Q

Cells combine to form

A

tissues

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5
Q

Cell structure and organelles are based on

A

the function of the cell

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6
Q

Cells have

A

plasma membranes, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes/peroxisomes/proteasomes, and cytoskeletal components

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7
Q

How much of body water is made up of intracellular fluid?

A

2/3

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8
Q

How much of the 1/3 of body water is made up of interstitial fluid?

A

3/4

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9
Q

How much of the 1/3 of body water is made up of plasma?

A

1/4

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10
Q

What makes up the extracellular compartment?

A

interstitial fluid and plasma

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11
Q

Intracellular and extracellular fluid is very

A

different

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12
Q

Plasma and interstitial fluid is very

A

similar

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13
Q

Intracellular fluid is _____ proteins, _____ sodium, and ______ in potassium

A

higher, lower, higher

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14
Q

Extracellular fluid is _____ proteins, _____ sodium, and ______ in potassium

A

lower, higher, lower

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15
Q

The boundary between interstitial fluid and plasma is

A

not very selective.

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16
Q

The plasma membrane is made up of a

A

phospholipid bilayer

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17
Q

Plasma membrane is

A

selectively permeable

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18
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

receptors, channels/carriers, enzymes, anchors, and for recognition (antigens)

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19
Q

What allows proteins to move along the bilayer

A

cholesterol

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20
Q

What extracellular molecules can bind to plasma membrane receptors

A

hormones, growth factors, and neurotransmitters

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21
Q

What are the signal transduction pathways?

A

g-proteins, enzymes, and ion channels

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22
Q

What is the name for something that binds to a receptor?

A

ligand

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23
Q

Where is a signal from the ligand attaching to a receptor processed?

A

inside of the cell (transduction)

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24
Q

What nucleotide is used in the g-protein linked receptor?

A

Guanine

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25
Q

Explain the process associated with g-protein linked receptors

A

A ligand binds to the g-protein receptor. Then ATP is catalyzed and forms cAMP. cAMP is a second messenger. The second messenger leads to the cell response.

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26
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

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27
Q

What is mutated in multiple myeloma?

A

the tyrosine kinase which causes overgrowth of B-cells

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28
Q

Explain the process associated with enzyme linked receptors?

A

The growth hormone binds to the tyrosine kinase receptor. These creates an internal cellular response.

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29
Q

What is an ion?

A

an atom that either gains an electron or loses one and becomes charged either positively or negatively.

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30
Q

Explain the process associated with ion-channel linked receptors

A

A ligand binds to the receptor which opens an aqueous channel that allows ions to flow across the membrane.

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31
Q

When is ion-channel linked receptors used?

A

neuron conduction and muscle contraction

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32
Q

What type of molecules can freely pass through the membrane?

A

lipid-soluble

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33
Q

What are the types of passive transport?

A

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

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34
Q

Does passive transport require ATP?

A

no

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35
Q

Can water-soluble molecules cross freely through membranes?

A

No, they require either active or passive transport.

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36
Q

What are the types of vesicular transport?

A

endocytosis and exocytosis

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37
Q

The inside of a cell is more ____ charged than the outside.

A

negatively

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38
Q

Active transport requires

A

ATP

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39
Q

What is diffusion?

A

movement of molecules from a high concentration gradient to a lower gradient

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40
Q

____ and ____ accelerate diffusion

A

larger gradients and heat

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41
Q

With diffusion, there is no net movement once the two concentrations become

A

equal

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42
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water toward higher solute concentration

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43
Q

Water is ____

A

polar

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44
Q

In the body, ___, ___, ____, and ___ bind to water

A

sodium, glucose, urea, and proteins

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45
Q

Wherever sodium, glucose, proteins, and urea goes,__

A

water follows

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46
Q

Isotonic solution

A

means equal concentration

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47
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

more water flows into the cell and can lead to lysis of the cell

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48
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

more solutes are outside of the cell therefore drawing water out of the cell

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49
Q

Crenate means

A

to shrink

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50
Q

What type of diffusion is needed for molecules that are too large to go through channel proteins?

A

Facilitated diffusion

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51
Q

How does facilitated diffusion work?

A

Molecules bind to receptor site on the carrier protein. Then the protein changes shape and the molecules pass through.

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52
Q

Each receptor site is highly ____.

A

specific

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53
Q

Why do diabetics have glucose in their urine?

A

The number of receptors for glucose has been used so the excess is peed out.

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54
Q

There is a ___ number of receptors on a cell.

A

finite

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55
Q

What are the cases for active transport?

A

electrical, chemical, and electrochemical

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56
Q

About how much of resting ATP is spent on Na/K pump?

A

40%

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57
Q

What is the primary example of active transport?

A

Na/K pump

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58
Q

In active transport what happens?

A

Sodium and potassium are moved against concentration gradients. This creates and maintains electrical gradient across the cell membrane.

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59
Q

Calcium inside of the cell is ____ if it is not in the ER.

A

lethal

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60
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A

The gradient that was established by the sodium is used to transport a second substrate.

61
Q

A symporter (cotransport) moves the substrate in the _____ direction that the sodium is transported.

A

same

62
Q

A countertrasnporter (antiporter) moves the substrate in the _____ direction that the sodium is transported.

A

opposite

63
Q

The secondary active transport uses the ____ from the primary active transport.

A

potential energy

64
Q

What is vesicular transport?

A

When a cell membrane extends around material and internalizes it. It forms a vesicle..

65
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

when a cell membrane extends around material and internalizes it

66
Q

Vesicles can fuse with ___ for chemical breakdown.

A

lysosomes

67
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

When vesicles fuse with cell membrane and externalize material.

68
Q

Exocrine and endocrine glands

A

secretions

69
Q

How many membranes do mitochondria’s have?

A

two; inner and outer

70
Q

The vast majority of ATP production occurs where?

A

mitochondria

71
Q

Where is O2 and CO2 produced?

A

mitochondria

72
Q

Mitochondria have DNA that is inherited by___

A

our mothers

73
Q

What are cristae?

A

folds found in mitochondria to increase surface area

74
Q

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

A

Converts non-usable energy in organic compounds to usable energy. Organic molecules are oxidized to harvest electrons.

75
Q

What are the harvested electrons in cellular respiration used for?

A

to phosphorylated ADP into ATP.

76
Q

What happens during glycolysis?

A

In the cytoplasm, a organic molecule (such as glucose) is transported to the cell. Glucose is then trapped, split, and oxidized. The electrons are taken from glucose by NAD’s and they become NADH. As a result of glycosis, glucose becomes 2 pyruvates, 2 NADH’s and 2 ATP’s (net)

77
Q

What happens when the pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria?

A

Pyruvate has more electrons taken from it and it is oxidized even further. This is the Krebs cycle. As one pyruvate goes through the process, the carbon dioxide molecules are given off as waste and exhaled from the body. Then the electrons go to the electron transport chain (ETC).

78
Q

Does there have to be oxygen present for the Kreb’s Cycle to happen?

A

yes

79
Q

What happens if there is not enough oxygen in the body after glycolysis occurs?

A

Glycolysis will continue but the pyruvates cannot be transported into the mitochondria without oxygen so there will be a build up of lactic acid.

80
Q

What happens at the electron transport chain?

A

NAD and FAD deliever the electrons and the electrons go to the carriers. They are transported as hydrogens. As the electrons are passed along on the carriers, protons (H+) are pushed into the space between the two mitochondrial membranes. This creates a gradient. This creates a potential energy in which ATPS are created. This is called oxidative phosphorylation. The final recipient of the carriers is oxygen. When the electrons reach the oxygen molecules they join together and form water. As a result, 32 ATP’s are generated.

81
Q

Membrane potentials are important in what type of tissues?

A

Excitable: muscle, heart, neurons, and some glands

82
Q

Electrical gradient is the same as

A

polarity

83
Q

Membrane potentials are created by ____ and the presence of _____ in ICF.

A

Na+/K+ ATPases, proteins

84
Q

Stimulation of cell results in reversal of polarity. This is called ____.

A

depolarization

85
Q

If depolarization is sufficient then_____

A

it spreads along the membrane

86
Q

Action potential leads to____

A

concentration, nerve impulse, etc.

87
Q

The inside of the cell is _____ charged compared to the outside. The charge is ____.

A

negatively, -70mV

88
Q

Resting potential is expressed as ___ compared to ____.

A

ICF, ECF

89
Q

Muscles have to be ____ in order to contract.

A

stimulated

90
Q

Local changes in membrane potential result from:

A

neuron stimulation/inhibition, temperature, light, pressure, etc.

91
Q

What causes action potential

A

the opening/closing of specific ion channels

92
Q

What causes depolarization of the cell membrane

A

Sodium channels open and the sodium flows inside the cell and the cell becomes depolarized.

93
Q

What causes the repolarization of a depolarized cell membrane?

A

After sodium fills the inside of the cell, potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell into the extracellular space.

94
Q

Membrane potential changes ____ along the cell membrane.

A

propagate or move

95
Q

Depolarization to a threshold potential results in an ____.

A

action potential

96
Q

Cells and extracellular matrix combine to form

A

tissues

97
Q

Tissues combine to form

A

organs

98
Q

What are the tissue types?

A

epithelium, connective, muscle, and nervous

99
Q

An organ is a combination of ______.

A

at least two different types of tissues

100
Q

What type of tissues cover body surfaces and linings of cavities and hollow organs?

A

epithelium

101
Q

Is epithelium vascular or avascular?

A

avascular (no blood vessels)

102
Q

Epithelium cells have a high degree of _____.

A

regeneration

103
Q

Epithelium tissue makes up _____ of the cancers.

A

most

104
Q

Epithelium provides:

A

protection, permeability, and often secretes substances onto exposed surface (glandular epithelium)

105
Q

Some epithelium layers have _____.

A

microvilli or cilia

106
Q

How does epithelial cells get their nutrients?

A

from diffusion from below the surface

107
Q

What is mitosis?

A

the division of DNA and then the splitting of cells

108
Q

Glandular epithelium makes up the most of the _____.

A

common cancer

109
Q

What is the purpose of microvilli?

A

increase surface area

110
Q

What is the purpose of cilia?

A

to move things

111
Q

What are the different shapes of epithelial cells?

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional

112
Q

What are the layers of epithelial cells?

A

simple, stratified, pseudostratified

113
Q

What is the apical surface?

A

the exposed surface

114
Q

Where is transitional epithelium located?

A

in the urinary tract

115
Q

Where is pseudostratified tissues found?

A

the respiratory tract

116
Q

Simple squamous epithelium is the ____ layer.

A

thinnest

117
Q

Where are squamous epithelium located?

A

ventral body cavities, lining heart and blood vessels, portions of kidney tubules, alveoli

118
Q

What are the functions of squamous epithelium?

A

reduces friction, controls vessel permeability, performs absorption and secretion

119
Q

Where are cuboidal epithelium located?

A

glands, ducts, portions of kidney tubules, and thyroid glands

120
Q

What are the functions of cuboidal epithelium tissues?

A

limited protection, secretions, and absorption

121
Q

One way to tell the difference between columnar epithelial and pseudostratified ciliated columnar is _____.

A

the location of the nuclei; pseudostratified nuclei are at different levels whereas simple columnar epithelial, the nuclei are at the same level

122
Q

Where are simple columnar epithelium located?

A

lining of stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes, and collecting ducts of kidneys

123
Q

What are the functions of simple columnar epithelium located?

A

protection, secretion, and absorption

124
Q

Where is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia cells located?

A

lining of nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi, and portions of male reproductive tract

125
Q

Stratified squamous epithelial is found where?

A

surface of skin, lining of mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus and vagina

126
Q

What is the function of stratified squamous?

A

provides physical protection against abrasion, pathogens, and chemical attacks

127
Q

What is the function of transitional epithelial cells?

A

permits expansion and recoil after stretching

128
Q

Connective tissue is _____.

A

the most abundant, most diverse, and most complex

129
Q

Matrices are comprised of ____ and _____.

A

ground substance and proteins (usually fibers)

130
Q

What are the types of ground substance?

A

liquid, solid, or gel

131
Q

What are the different types of fibers?

A

collagen, reticular, or elastic

132
Q

What are the different types of connective tissues?

A

connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissues, supporting connective tissues

133
Q

What are the three types of muscles?

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

134
Q

All muscles ____. This produces movement.

A

contracts (shorten)

135
Q

What are the contractile proteins of muscle?

A

actin and myosin

136
Q

How are the contractile proteins regulated?

A

troponin and tropomyosin

137
Q

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscles?

A

moves the skeleton, moves eye, moves voluntary sphincters, long, multinucleate cells, actin/myosin produce striations, stimulated by somatic motor neuron-voluntary control

138
Q

What are the characteristics of smooth muscles?

A

walls of hollow organs (except heart), produce organ movement or contraction, short, uninucleate cells, no sarcomeres, stimulated by autonomic neurons or hormones of others

139
Q

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A

present only in heart, short, branched, uninucleate cells, connected by intercalated discs, actin/myosin produce striations, stimulated by conduction systems

140
Q

Where the branches are attached is called____.

A

intercalated disc

141
Q

The spaces between the intercalated disc?

A

gap junctions

142
Q

What is the purpose of gap junctions?

A

allows neighboring intercellular fluids to communicate

143
Q

Nervous tissue is composed of ____.

A

neurons and neuroglia (glia)

144
Q

Nervous tissue makes up ____.

A

central and peripheral nervous systems

145
Q

If neuron sends information away from the CNS is ___ or ____ neuron.

A

efferent, motor

146
Q

If neuron sends information to the CNS is ___ or ____ neuron.

A

afferent, sensory

147
Q

Unipolar

A

all somatic sensory and visceral sensory neurons

148
Q

Bipolar

A

some special sensory neurons

Pathophysiology I (1 decks)

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