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KINESIOLOGY > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Kinesiology

A

The study of movement

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2
Q

What fields are used in kinesiology?

A

Anatomy
Physics
Geometry

…all used and related to human movement

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3
Q

What principles are utilized in kinesiology?

A

Mechanics or Biomechanics
Musculoskeletal Anatomy
Neuromuscular Physiology

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4
Q

Define “Static”

A

nonmoving interaction of an object

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5
Q

Define Dynamic Movement

A

Moving interaction of an objects

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6
Q

Define Kinetics

A

Those forces causing movement.

Ex: pushing, pulling, collision

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7
Q

Define Kinematics

A

The time, space and mass aspects of a moving system

Ex: speed, friction, resistance or weight of an object

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8
Q

List examples of Static movement

A

Laying supine or prone
Sitting on the edge of the bed
Stil Stance
Watching TV on the couch

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9
Q

What are some examples of Dynamic Movement?

A

Rolling in bed
Transitioning from supine to sit
Putting on your sock
Walking down the hallway

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10
Q

Why is movement important?

A

Helps clinicians recognize balance and strength issues of patients

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11
Q

What is Anatomical Position?

A 
Upright position
Eyes facing forward
Feet parallel & close together
Arms at the side of the body
Palms of hands facing forward
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12
Q

What is Fundamental Position?

A

Same as anatomical position, except palms are facing toward the body

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13
Q

What is Fundamental Position used form?

A

To describe the ROTATION of the upper extremity

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14
Q

What is Linear Motion?

A

Straight line from one location to another

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15
Q

What are 2 types of Linear Motion?

A

Rectilinear Motion & Curvilinear Motion

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16
Q

What is Rectilinear Motion?

A

Linear motion in which all parts of the object move in the same direction in a same line.

Ex: Child sledding/skateboarding

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17
Q

What is Curvilinear Motion?

A

A type of Linear Motion in which movement occurs linearly but in a curved path but not a circular path.

Ex: Diver off a board curving down into the pool

(MOST HUMAN MOVEMENT IS CURVILINEAR)

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18
Q

What is Angular Motion?

A

All parts of the object move through the same angle, same direction at the same time.
They DO NOT move the same distance.

Ex: Arm: wrist, forearm and elbow into flexion - all parts move at the same speed but forearm travels further

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19
Q

What is another name for Angular Motion?

A

Rotary Motion

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20
Q

What is another name for Linear Motion?

A

Translatory Motion

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21
Q

What is Osteokinematics?

A

Joint Movement by muscular initiation

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22
Q

What is Flexion?

A

Bending movement of one bone on another causing a DECREASE in the joint angle.

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23
Q

Where does flexion usually occur?

A

Between the anterior surface of bones

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24
Q

What is the term for flexion of the wrist?

A

Palmarflexion

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25
Q

What is flexion in the ankle called?

A

Dorsiflexion

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26
Q

What is Extension?

A

Straightening movement of one bone on another, causing an INCREASE in the joint angle.

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27
Q

What is the term for extension of the angle?

A

Plantar Flexion

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28
Q

Define Hyperextension

A

Greater than normal ROM

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29
Q

What is Horizontal Abduction?

A

Joint (shoulder) flexed to 90 degrees and moved away from the body

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30
Q

What is another name for Medial Rotation?

A

Internal Rotation

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31
Q

What is another name for Lateral Rotation?

A

External Rotation

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32
Q

What is Radial Deviation?

A

Hand moves laterally or toward the THUMB side in anatomical position.

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33
Q

What is Ulnar Deviation?

A

Hand moves medially from the anatomical position toward the LITTLE FINGER

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34
Q

What is Protraction?

A

Movement AT THE SHOULDER: flexion to 90 degrees and UE is parallel to the ground pushing forward/away from the midline.

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35
Q

What is Retraction?

A

Movement at the SHOULDER: Flexion to 90 degrees and UD is pulling towards the midline of squeezing the shoulder blades together.

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36
Q

What is Circumduction?

A

Movement that involves 4 major motions:

  1. Flexion
  2. Abduction
  3. Extension
  4. Adduction
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37
Q

How many bones are in the Appendicular Skeleton?

A

126

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38
Q

How many total bones are in the human body?

A

206 - can be more due to sesamoid bones

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39
Q

Where does longitudinal bone growth occur?

A

In the epiphysis

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40
Q

Where is the endosteum located?

A

It is the membrane lining the medullary canal (in the diaphysis)

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41
Q

What is the Metaphysis?

A

The portion of a long bone that supports the epiphysis - the flared portion of the bone

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42
Q

Where is the periosteum located?

A

Membrane covering bones - except on articular surfaces

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43
Q

The Periosteum contains blood vessels. True or False?

A

True

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44
Q

What membrane of the bone promotes growth in diameter of immature bone? This membrane also repairs damaged bone.

A

The Periosteum

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45
Q

What is the definition of long bones?

A

Length is greater than the width of the bone

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46
Q

What is the definition of short bones?

A

The bones are more or less equal in height, length & width.

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47
Q

What is the definition of Flat Bones?

A

Flat bones have broad surfaces but are not very thick. They tend to have a curved surface rather than a flat one.

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48
Q

What are Irregular Bones?

A

These bones have mixed shapes of bones that don’t fit into any other category.

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49
Q

What are Sesamoid Bones?

A

They resemble seeds and are located in tendons. They are free floating bones.

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50
Q

What are the 3 basic types of joints?

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Synovial
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51
Q

What are the 3 types of Fibrous Joints?

A
  1. Synarthrosis
  2. Syndesmosis
  3. Gomphosis
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52
Q

What are Synarthroses?

A

Suture joints

Ex: Skull

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53
Q

What are Syndesmoses?

A

Ligamentous joints that have a great deal of fibrous tissue (such as ligaments & interosseous membranes) which hold the joint together.

Ex: Distal Tibiofibular Joint
Distal Radioulnar Joint

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54
Q

What are Gomphoses?

A

Joints that “bolt together”

Ex: Tooth and socket of the mandible or maxilla

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55
Q

What is another name for Cartilaginous Joints?

A

Amphiarthrodial Joints

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56
Q

What are Cartilaginous Joints?

A

They have either hyaline or Fibrocartilage between 2 bones. They allow a small amount of motion (bending/twisting/some compression). Not as stable as Fibrous Joints but allow more movement.

Ex: Pubic Symphysis & Vertebral Disks

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57
Q

What are Synovial Joints?

A

There is a cavity at the end of one bone, rather than direct contact union between bone ends.

  • Synovial fluid in thick, sleeve-like capsule
    • Strong outer surface of fibrous material - holds jt together
    • Inside lined with synovial membrane that secrets synovial fluid
    • Provides shock absorption & nutrition to cartilage
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58
Q

What is another name for synovial joints?

A

Diarthrodial Joints

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59
Q

Describe the articular surfaces of synovial joints.

A

They are very sooth and covered with hyaline (articular) cartilage which allows easy/functional movement

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60
Q

What type of joints comprise the majority of the joints in the body?

A

Synovial Joints

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61
Q

What is a Nonaxial Joint?

A

It allows linear movement, not angular. These joint movements occur secondary to other motions. They have 0 DOF.

Ex: Carpal bones (intercarpal joints)

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62
Q

What type of movement occurs in Nonaxial Joints?

A

Gliding

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63
Q

What shape are Nonaxial Joints?

A

Irregular (plane)

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64
Q

What are Uniaxial Joints?

A

Angular motion occurs in ONE PLANE around ONE AXIS.

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65
Q

What are the 2 types of Uniaxial Joints?

A

Hinge Joints & Pivot Joints

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66
Q

What type of movement occurs in a hinge joint?

A

Flexion / Extension

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67
Q

List 3 examples of hinge joints.

A

Elbow
Interphalangeal Joints
Knee (except for the last few degrees of extension as it rotates)

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68
Q

What type of movement occurs in a pivot joint?

A

Rotation

Ex: Radius/Ulna; Atlas/Axis

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69
Q

What are Biaxial Joints?

A

Movement occurs in 2 different directions

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70
Q

What are the 2 types of Biaxial Joints?

A

Condyloid (ellipsoidal) & Saddle Joints

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71
Q

What kind of movement occurs in Condyloid Joints?

A

Flexion / Extension
and
Abduction / Adduction

Ex: Wrist & Metaphalangeal joints

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72
Q

What type of movement occurs in Saddle Joints?

A

Flexion / Extension
and
Abduction / Adduction
(also rotation as an accessory movement)

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73
Q

What is the one location in the body with a Saddle Joint?

A

The Thumb - the 1st Carpometacarpal Joint

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74
Q

What is the difference between Condyloid & Saddle Joints?

A

Arthrokinematics

will be explained later

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75
Q

What are Triaxial Joints?

A

Motion occurs actively in ALL 3 AXES.

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76
Q

What type of joint is a ball & socket?

A

Triaxial

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77
Q

What movements occur in a Triaxial Joint?

A

Flexion / Extension

Abduction / Adduction

Rotation

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78
Q

What are the functions of ligaments in a joint?

A

Hold bones & capsule together
Provide attachments for cartilage, fascia or muscle
Allow for flexibility but prevent excessive movement

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79
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Bands of fibrous connective tissue.

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80
Q

What type of cartilage covers the ends of opposing bones?

A

Hyaline Cartilage (a/k/a articular cartilage)

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81
Q

What type of cartilage acts as a shock absorber?

Ex: miniscus (knee), intervertebral disks, labrum in the hip/shoulder joints

A

Fibrocartilage

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82
Q

Where can elastic cartilage be found?

A
  • External ear
  • Nose (tip)
  • Eustachian Tube
  • Epiglottis
  • Opening of the respiratory tract
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83
Q

What is the most common type of cartilage found in the body?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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84
Q

What is the strongest, most durable type of cartilage in the body? What makes is so strong?

A

Fibrocartilage - due to the large number of cartilagenous fibers

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85
Q

What type of cartilage is most resilient?

A

Elastic Cartilage

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86
Q

What is the function of tendons?

A

Connect muscles to bones

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87
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

A broad, flat tendinous sheath of tendon that provides great strength.

Ex: Abdominals / Latissimus Dorsi / Cranium

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88
Q

What are Tendon Sheaths?

A

They cover tendons and prevent excess friction, especially when the tendon passes through a tunnel.

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89
Q

What are Bursae?

A

Small, pad-like sacs that help reduce friction between moving parts in the joints.

They can be natural or acquired due to excessive friction.

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90
Q

What is an avulsion?

A

A bone fracture wherein a piece of bone is pulled away, attached to tendon or ligament. May affect muscle.

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91
Q

What is a dislocation?

A

Complete separation of 2 articular surfaces of a joint. It is likely that a portion of the joint capsule will be torn.

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92
Q

What is subluxation?

A

A partial dislocation of a joint that usually occurs over a period of time.

  • Commonly from weakened ligaments, overuse or medical etiology
  • CVA patients can have this happen due to weight of a bone in a paralyzed area (why you often see them wearing a sling - prevent damage to the shoulder)
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93
Q

What is Tenosynovitis?

A

Inflammation of a tendon sheath

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94
Q

What type of movement occurs in the Saggital Plane?

What AXIS do these motions pivot around?

A

Flexion / Extension - pivot around the X Axis

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95
Q

What 2 special cases occur in the Saggital Plane?

A

Wrist: Sagittal Plane runs through the 3rd Digit

Foot: Sagittal Plane runs through the 2nd Digit

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96
Q

What motion occurs in the Frontal Plane?

What AXIS does this movement pivot around?

A

Abduction / Adduction - pivots around the Z axis

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97
Q

What type of motion occurs in the Transverse Plane?

What AXIS does this motion pivot around?

A

Rotation: Medial & Lateral; Pronation / Supination

  • pivots around the Y axis
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98
Q

What is the term for the point of intersection of the 3 Cardinal Planes?

A

Center of Gravity

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99
Q

Where is the center of gravity located in an adult?

A

Midline, just anterior to S2

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100
Q

What are kinetic chains?

A

A combination of several joints or links connected in a way to allow movement. Movement of on link causes motion at other links in a predictable way.

101
Q

Do more distal segments in a kinetic chain have higher or lower degrees of freedom than proximal segments?

102
Q

How many degrees of freedom exist between the thoracic wall to the finger? (That can be identified)

103
Q

How many degrees of freedom occur between the pelvis and the toe?

104
Q

Degrees of freedom in the LE permit feet to adjust to irregular or slanting surfaces. How do they affect the body’s center of gravity?

A

The degrees of freedom allow the COG to be maintained within the small base of support of the planted foot.

105
Q

Is the shoulder joint:

a) non-axial
b) uniaxial
c) biaxial
d) triaxial

A

d) Triaxial

106
Q

What is the anatomical description of the shoulder joint?

A

ball & socket

107
Q

What motions occur at the shoulder joint?

A

Flexion / Extension
ADD/ABD
Rotation

108
Q

How many degrees of freedom does the shoulder have?

109
Q

Is the elbow:

a) non-axial
b) uniaxial
c) biaxial
d) triaxial

A

b) Uniaxial

110
Q

What is the anatomical description the elbow joint?

111
Q

What motions occur at the elbow?

A

Flexion / Extension

112
Q

How many degrees of freedom does the elbow have?

113
Q

Is the knee:

a) non-axial
b) uniaxial
c) biaxial
d) triaxial

A

b) Uniaxial

114
Q

What is the anatomical description of the knee joint?

115
Q

What motions occur at the knee?

A

Flexion / Extension

116
Q

How many degrees of freedom does the knee have?

117
Q

Are intercarpal joints:

a) non-axial
b) uniaxial
c) biaxial
d) triaxial

A

a) Non-Axial

118
Q

What is the anatomical description intercarpal joints?

119
Q

What motions occur at the intercarpal joints?

120
Q

How many degrees of freedom do intercarpal joints have?

121
Q

Is the Atlas/Axis joint:

a) non-axial
b) uniaxial
c) biaxial
d) triaxial

A

b) Uniaxial

122
Q

What is the anatomical description of the Atlas/Axis joint?

A

Pivot Joint

123
Q

What motions occur at the Atlas/Axis joint?

A

Rotation (Right & Left)

124
Q

How many degrees of freedom does the Atlas/Axis joint have?

125
Q

Is the Proximal Radioulnar joint:

a) non-axial
b) uniaxial
c) biaxial
d) triaxial

A

b) Uniaxial

126
Q

What is the anatomical description of the Proximal Radioulnar joint?

A

Pivot Joint

127
Q

What motions occur at the Proximal Radioulnar Joint?

128
Q

How many degrees of freedom does the Proximal Radioulnar Joint have?

129
Q

Is the Radiocarpal Joint (wrist):

a) non-axial
b) uniaxial
c) biaxial
d) triaxial

A

c) Biaxial

130
Q

What is the anatomical description of the Radiocarpal Joint (wrist)?

131
Q

What motions occur at the Radiocarpal Joint?

A

Flexion / Extension

ADD / ABD

132
Q

How many degrees of freedom does the Radiocarpal Joint have?

133
Q

Is the CMC #1 (thumb):

a) non-axial
b) uniaxial
c) biaxial
d) triaxial

A

c) Biaxial

134
Q

What is the anatomical description of the CMC #1 (thumb) joint?

135
Q

What motions occur at the CMC #1 (thumb) joint?

A

Flexion / Extension
ADD / ABD
(accessory to rotation - only by adding other motions)

136
Q

How many degrees of freedom does the CMC #1 (thumb) joint have?

137
Q

Is the hip:

a) non-axial
b) uniaxial
c) biaxial
d) triaxial

A

d) Triaxial

138
Q

What is the anatomical description of the hip?

A

ball & socket

139
Q

What motions occur at the hip?

A

Flexion / Extension
ADD / ABD
Rotation

140
Q

How many degrees of freedom does the hip have?

141
Q

Are the ribs:

a) non-axial
b) uniaxial
c) biaxial
d) triaxial

A

a) Non-Axial

142
Q

What is the anatomical description of the rib joints?

143
Q

What motions occur at the rib joints?

A

Rib #1 is immoveable (synchondrosis)

Ribs 2-7 are partial synovial joints - gliding

144
Q

How many degrees of freedom do ribs have?

145
Q

What motions take place in the Frontal Plane?

146
Q

What Axis is located in the Frontal Plane?

147
Q

What motions take place in the Sagittal Plane?

A

Flexion / Extension

148
Q

What Axis is located in the Sagittal Plane?

A

X Axis (a/k/a horizontal axis)

149
Q

What motions take place in the Transverse Plane?

150
Q

What Axis is located in the Transverse Plane?

A

Y Axis (a/k/a vertical axis)

151
Q

Where is the center of gravity located in the adult?

A

Midline & slightly anterior to S2

152
Q

What the definition of Synarthrosis?

A

This is a type of fibrous joint a/k/a suture joints.

Their shape allows bones to interlock & fit tightly together.

153
Q

What is an example of a synarthrosis?

154
Q

What is the definition of Syndesmosis?

A

This is a type of fibrous joint that is ligamentous.

These joints have a great deal of fibrous tissue (ligaments/interosseous membranes) holding the joint together.

155
Q

Examples of Syndesmoses:

A

Distal Radioulnar Joint

Distal Tibiofibular Joint

156
Q

What is the definition of Gomphosis?

A

This is a type of fibrous joint which “bolts together” its parts.

157
Q

What is an example of a Gomphosis?

A

Tooth & Socket (mandible/maxilla)

158
Q

What is the definition of an Amphiarthroidial Joint?

A

This is another name for Cartilaginous Joints.
These joints have either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage between two bones. (like disks)
They allow a small amt of motion (bending/twisting and some compression)

159
Q

Examples of Amphiarthroidial joints:

A

Pubic Symphysis

Vertebral Disks

160
Q

What is the definition of a Synovial Joint?

A

These Joints have no direct contact union between the ends of the bones. They have a cavity instead.
A/K/A Diarthrodial Joints
Cavity is filled with synovial fluid located within a thick, sleeve-like capsule

161
Q

Examples of Synovial Joints:

A

Hip
Elbow
Knee

162
Q

Describe the structure of a synovial joint capsule:

3 Important details

A
  1. Outside is a strong, fibrous material that holds the joint together
  2. The inside is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
  3. Provides shock absorption and is a major source of nutrition for cartilage
163
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A
  1. Fibrocartilage
  2. Hyaline Cartilage
  3. Elastic Cartilage
164
Q

What type of cartilage is the most durable? What makes it so durable?

A

Fibrocartilage - due to the large amount of cartilaginous fibers

165
Q

What type of cartilage is typically found on articular surfaces of synovial joints?

166
Q

What is the most common type of cartilage in the human body?

167
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

External Ear
Eustachian Tube
Epiglottis
Opening of the Respirator Tract

168
Q

What is the purpose of studying clinical kinesiology?

A

To understand the forces acting on the human body causing movement (biomechanics) and to manipulate these forces in treatment procedures so that human performance may be improved and further injury may be prevented.

169
Q

What is Mechanics?

A

It is concerned with the effects of forces acting on objects

170
Q

What is Biomechanics?

A

The study of how forces lead to movement in the human body

171
Q

What are the 4 main forces on the human body?

A
  1. Gravity
  2. Muscle Tension
  3. External Resistance
  4. Friction
172
Q

How does gravity affect movement?

A

weight of body parts and attachments like splints, casts, eating utensils, books or weights

173
Q

How does muscle tension affect movement?

A

Muscles produce forces on the bone segments by active contraction or by being passively stretched

174
Q

How does friction affect movement?

A

It can provide stability if optimum, retard motion if excessive and lead to instability if inadequate.

175
Q

What does the term Statics mean?

A

It deals with NON-movement systems

176
Q

What does the term Dynamics mean?

A

Deals with moving systems

177
Q

What are the two parts of Dynamics?

A

Kinetics & Kinematics

178
Q

What is Kinetics?

A

It is a description of motion with regard to what causes motion.

179
Q

What is Kinematics?

A

The science of motion of bodies in space, osteokinematics & arthrokinematics

180
Q

What is Osteokinematics?

A

How the bones move in space without regard to the movement of joint surfaces

181
Q

What is arthrokinematics?

A

How adjoining joint surfaces move in relation to eachother

182
Q

What is a vector?

A

A quantity having both magnitude and direction

183
Q

What is Force?

A

A push or pull action that can be represented as a vector

184
Q

What is Scalar?

A

It describes magnitude only

Length, Area, Speed, Volume & Mass

185
Q

What is Mass?

A

It refers to the amount of matter that a body contains

186
Q

What is Inertia?

A

The property of matter that causes it to resist any change of its motion in either speed or direction

187
Q

What is Torque?

A

The tendency of force to produce rotation about an axis

188
Q

What is Friction?

A

A force developed by two surfaces (prevents motion of one surface across another)

189
Q

What is Velocity?

A

A vector that describes speed and is measured in units: feet per second / miles per hour

190
Q

What is Newton’s 1st Law?

A

The Law of Inertia:

An object at rest tends to stay at rest - an object in motion tends to stay in motion

191
Q

What is Newton’s 2nd Law?

A

The Law of Acceleration:

The amount of acceleration depends on the strength of the force applied to the object

192
Q

What is Acceleration?

A

Any change in the velocity of an object

193
Q

What is always needed to change the direction an object is moving?

194
Q

How does Mass affect acceleration?

A

Acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass of an object

195
Q

What is Newton’s 3rd Law?

A

The Law of Action-Reaction:

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

196
Q

What kind of motion can occur without a force?

A

NONE! No motion can occur without force

197
Q

What kind of internal forces cause motion?

A

muscular contraction
ligamentous restraint
tendon restraint
bony support

198
Q

What kind of external forces cause motion?

A

gravity
weight
friction
etc.

199
Q

What kind of force is created by Push?

A

Compression

200
Q

What kind of force id created by Pull?

201
Q

When does movement occur in a Push/Pull situation?

A

When one side of force is greater than the other.

202
Q

When a person is pulling a load with a rope, what is the magnitude of the vector?

A

The rope tension

203
Q

When a person is pulling a load with a rope, what is the direction of the vector?

A

The direction of the rope

204
Q

When two people are pulling on opposite sides of a rope (tug of war), what happens when the tension is equal on both side?

A

There is no movement

205
Q

When two people are pulling on opposite sides of a rope (tug of war), what is the Point of Application?

A

The center from which both forces are originating

206
Q

What is Linear Force?

A

It results when 2 or more forces are acting along the same line

207
Q

What is Parallel Force?

A

It occurs in the same plane and in the same or opposite direction

208
Q

What is Concurrent Force?

A

2 or more forces must act from a common point but pull in different directions. (The example of 2 people pushing a desk from 2 sides)

209
Q

In a Concurrent Force, what is the net effect of the 2 forces called?

A

Resultant Force

210
Q

What are Force Couples?

A

2 forces act in an equal but countercurrent or opposite direction resulting in a turning effect.

Ex: Jar lid
Spinning in an innertube
Trapezius turns the Scapula

211
Q

The amount of torque on a lever depends on what 2 things?

A
  1. The amount of force that is applied
  2. The distance it is from the axis

Remember the wrench example

212
Q

In the body, what is Torque?

A

The amount of force needed by a muscle contraction to cause rotary joint action.

213
Q

In the body, what is the moment arm? (torque arm)

A

The perpendicular distance between the muscles line of pull and the center of the joint (the axis of rotation)

214
Q

When is torque the greatest?

A

When the angle of pull is at 90 degrees

215
Q

If the angle of pull DECREASES from the perpendicular position, what happens to Torque?

A

Torque decreases

216
Q

If the angle of pull INCREASES from the perpendicular position, what happens to Torque?

A

Torque decreases

217
Q

In the body, what is Stabilizing Force?

A

When nearly all of the force generated by the muscle I directed back into the joint, pulling the bones together.

218
Q

Where does Stabilizing Force occur in the body?

A

In joints when they are close to 0 degrees.

Ex: Elbow going into ext - distance of the moment arm is less and nearly all of the force generated by the muscle is directed back into the joint and pulls the two bones together

219
Q

What are 2 uses of Sesamoid Bones?

A

Protect tendons
and
Mechanical Advantage

220
Q

What are the 3 types of force related to Torque?

A
  1. Stablizing Force
  2. Angular Force
  3. Dislocating Force
221
Q

What is a Dislocating Force?

A

When the angle of pull is past 90 degrees, the force is directed away from the joint.

222
Q

What is Angular Force?

A

When the angle of pull is at 90 degrees, the perpendicular distance between the joint axis and line of pull is much larger, causing an angular or movement force.

(most of the force generated by the mm is directed at moving the joint and not stablilizing the joint)

223
Q

What is the term used when an object is balanced and all torques acting on the object are even?

A

State of Equilibrium

224
Q

In a State of Equilibrium, stability is reliant upon what?

A

The relationship between the object’s center of gravity and base of support.

225
Q

What is Gravity?

A

The mutual attraction between the earth and an object

226
Q

Where is gravitational force directed?

A

Vertically downward toward the center of the earth

227
Q

What is Center of Gravity?

A

The balance point of an object at which torque on all sides is equal.

228
Q

Is a child’s COG higher or lower than an adult?

229
Q

What is Base of Support?

A

The area of the body that is in contact with the supporting surface

230
Q

What is Line of Gravity?

A

An imaginary vertical line passing through the COG toward the center of the earth.

231
Q

What is Degree of Stability?

A

Resistance to being overthrown

232
Q

What 4 factors affect degree of stability?

A
  1. The height of the center of gravity above the base of support
  2. The size of the base of support
  3. The location of the gravity line within the base of support
  4. The weight of the body
233
Q

What 4 things enhance stability?

A
  1. Low COG
  2. Wide BOS
  3. Gravity line at center of support
  4. Heavy Weight
234
Q

What 3 things enhance Instability?

A
  1. High COG
  2. Narrow BOS
  3. Light weight
235
Q

When does Stable Equilibrium occur?

A

When an object is in a position that to disturb it would require its COG to be raised

Ex: Person laying on the floor - you would have to tip them up to change their equilibrium

236
Q

When does Unstable Equilibrium occur?

A

When only a slight force is needed to disturbe the object.

Ex: Balancing a domino upright or a person standing on one leg

237
Q

When does Neutral Equilibrium occur?

A

When an object’s COG is neither raised nor lowered when it is disburbed.

238
Q

What are the 8 rules of stability?

A
  1. The lower the COG, the more stable the object
  2. The COG and LOG must remain w/in the BOS for an object to remain stable
  3. The wider the BOS, the more stable the object
  4. When the COG is no longer over the BOS, the object will fall
  5. Stability increases as the BOS is widened in the direction of the force
  6. The greater the mass of the object, the greater the stability
  7. The greater the friction between the supporting surface and BOS, the more stable the body will be
  8. People have better balance while moving if they focus on a stationary object, not a moving object
239
Q

What is a First Class Lever?

A

The axis is located between the force and the resistance. (FAR)

Ex: Seesaw
Atlanto-occipital joint
Intervertebral joints

240
Q

What type of lever is used to maintain posture or balance?

A

First Class

241
Q

What is a Second Class Lever?

A

The resistance is in the middle, with the axis at one and the force at the other end. (ARF)

Ex: Wheelbarrow
Ankle PF muscles

242
Q

What is a Third Class Lever?

A

The force is in the middle, with resistance and the axis at the opposite ends (AFR)

Ex: Person moving one end of a boat toward or away from a dock

243
Q

What is the most common type of lever in the body?

A

Third Class

244
Q

What is the advantage of a third class lever?

A

Speed and Distance

245
Q

What is the advantage of a second class lever?

A

Force Advantage (large weights can be supported or moved by a smaller force)

246
Q

In a third class lever, is the resistance arm or the force arm longer?

A

The resistance arm is always longer than the force arm. It requires more force but moves a larger distance.

247
Q

What 2 factors can change the lass of a lever?

A

Weight and Direction of movement

248
Q

What is Mechanical Advantage?

A

The ratio between the force arm and the resistance arm.

MA = FA / RA

249
Q

If Mechanical Advantage is great, is more or less force needed?

KINESIOLOGY (4 decks)

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