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Adult Health II > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 core nursing values?

A

Human Dignity, Integrity, Autonomy, Altruism, Social Justice

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2
Q

What does non-maleficence mean?

A

The principle of not doing harm; AVOIDING an action

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3
Q

What does beneficence mean?

A

an action you take to benefit someone

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4
Q

What is the straight line on an ECG called?

A

isoelectric line

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5
Q

The rhythm on an ECG refers to:

A

electrical flow

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6
Q

The “plumbing” on an ECG refers to:

A

blood flow

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7
Q

How does the heart’s conduction system work?

A

SA node to AV node to Bundle of HIS to Bundle Branches to Purkinje fibers

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8
Q

What does the “P” wave represent?

A

Atrial contraction (depolarization)

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9
Q

What does the “QRS” represent?

A

Ventricular contraction (depolarization)

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10
Q

What does the “T” wave represent?

A

Rest (repolarization)

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11
Q

What does it mean if there is a “Q” wave?

A

Infarct (dead tissue); seen below the isoelectric line

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12
Q

How is a heart rate calculated on a 6 second strip?

A

Count the QRS x 10

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13
Q

How is a heart rate calculated on a 10 second EKG?

A

Count the QRS x 6

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14
Q

What is normal sinus rhythm?

A

60-100 bpm

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15
Q

What is sinus brady?

A

< 60 bpm

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16
Q

What is sinus tachy?

A

> 100 bpm

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17
Q

How many seconds is each TINY square on a telemetry strip?

A

0.04 seconds

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18
Q

How many seconds is 5 TINY scares on a telemetry strip?

A

0.20 seconds

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19
Q

What does a peaked T wave mean?

A

Hyperkalemia (high potassium)

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20
Q

What is the nursing intervention for a peaked T wave?

A

Calcium Gluconate can be administered

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21
Q

What does RISQ stand for?

A

Rate and Rhythm, Intervals, Segments, Infarct

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22
Q

What is the most important interval on EKG?

A

The QT interval.

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23
Q

What is the normal time for the QT interval?

A

440 or 460 depending on gender; greater than 500ms risk for VT (death)

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24
Q

What is the PR interval?

A

The start of the P to the start of the Q

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25
Q

What is the QT interval?

A

The start of the Q to the end of the T

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26
Q

What is indicated if the PR interval is too long?

A

Heart Block

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27
Q

What is the normal time for the PR interval?

A

less than 220ms

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28
Q

What is the normal time for the QRS interval?

A

120ms

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29
Q

What is indicated if the QRS is too long (wide)?

A

bundle branch block

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30
Q

What is the ST segment?

A

The line between S & T

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31
Q

What is indicated if the line between the S & T is elevated?

A

STEMI - impending heart attack

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32
Q

What is indicated with T wave inversion?

A

Ischemia (low blood flow)

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33
Q

What is indicated with a Q wave present?

A

Damaged tissue; a heart attack has occured

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34
Q

What is cardiac angina?

A

Chest pain

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35
Q

What is stable angina?

A

chest pain that goes away with rest and administration of nitro

36
Q

What is unstable angina?

A

chest pain that doesn’t go away with rest or nitro

37
Q

What is the typical size of the heart?

A

10.6 oz

38
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

Endocardium (inner), myocardiam, epicardium

39
Q

What are the four heart chambers?

A

Right atrium, Right ventricle, Left Atrium, Left ventricle

40
Q

What is APEX of the heart?

A

At the bottom

41
Q

What is the BASE of the heart?

A

At the top

42
Q

Where is the PMI (point of maximum impulse located)?

A

midclavicular line at 5th intercostal space

43
Q

What is the normal amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minute?

A

4-6 L

44
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood ejected with each beat from the ventricles; the amount of blood in one ventricle

45
Q

What is the normal Stroke Volume?

A

60-130mL per hour

46
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

the fraction of blood pumped out with each contraction

47
Q

What is normal ejection fraction?

A

50-70%

48
Q

What does ejection fraction tell us?

A

how well the heart is pumping; if low, indicated underlying disease

49
Q

What is preload?

A

STRETCH; pressure generated in the ventricles and the resulting stretch of muscle fibers

50
Q

What is afterload?

A

the resistance to the ejection of blood

51
Q

How is cardiac output calculated?

A

CO=SV x HR

52
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

Diastole (all four chambers relaxed; ventricles filling with blood); Atrial systole; Ventricular systole

53
Q

What is Pericarditis?

A

inflammation of the pericardium; would hear friction rub

54
Q

What is Pulmonary Embolism

A

a blood clot lodged in the artery of the lung; pain worse on inhale

55
Q

What is normal Potassium lab?

A

3.5-5 meq/L

56
Q

What can be caused by Hypokalemia?

A

dysrhythmias, VT, VF

57
Q

What is normal Bun & Creatinine?

A

10-20mg/dl

58
Q

What is normal calcium?

A

8.5-10.5

59
Q

What does calcium indicate in cardiac health?

A

cardiac nodal cell activity

60
Q

What is normal magnesium?

A

1.8-3.0 mg/dl

61
Q

What does magnesium indicate in cardiac health?

A

aids in absorbing calcium

62
Q

What is normal sodium?

A

135-145

63
Q

What is normal coagulation PTT?

A

60-70 seconds

64
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels

65
Q

How is cardiac output calculated?

A

(pulse x SV) x peripheral resistance

66
Q

What is primary hypertension?

A

hypertension with unknown cause

67
Q

What is secondary hypertension?

A

hypertension with other related factor

68
Q

What is the #1 treatment for hypertension?

A

diurectics

69
Q

Heart failure class I

A

Mild; no limitation

70
Q

Heart failure class II

A

Mild; slight limitation

71
Q

Heart failure class III

A

Moderate; marked limitation

72
Q

Heart failure class IV

A

Severe; unable to carry out physical activity

73
Q

What do ACE inhibitor drug names end in?

A

-pril

74
Q

What do beta blocker drugs end in?

A

-olol

75
Q

The P wave timing is typically:

A

Less than 0.11 seconds

76
Q

The PR Interval timing is typically:

A

0.12-0.20 seconds

77
Q

The QRS interval timing is typically:

A

Less than 0.12 seconds

78
Q

Normal Na lab value:

A

135-145 mEq/L

79
Q

Normal K lab value:

A

3.5-5 mEq/L

80
Q

Normal BUN lab level:

A

7-18 mg/dL

81
Q

Normal Cr lab level:

A

0.6-1.2 mg/dL

82
Q

Normal Ca lab level:

A

8.5-10.5 mg/dL

83
Q

With age, the heart becomes thickened and hypertrophic. True or False?

A

True

84
Q

What are the six P’s?

A

Pain, pressure, paralysis, pallor, parenthesia and pulselessness

85
Q

What are the 6 main cardiac biomarkers?

A

Troponin, CK, CK-MB, Myoglobin, hs-CRP, BNP

86
Q

What is troponin? What is it used for diagnostically?

A

Regulatory protein complex; used to diagnose heart attack and assess degree of damage

Adult Health II (2 decks)

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