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Biology 317 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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0
Q

Wind Pollination Syndrome

A
  1. Flowers appear before leaves.
  2. Large # of flowers (especially makes).
  3. Flowers in “catkins.”
  4. Individual flowers are small, inconspicuous - lack attractive parts.
  5. Big stamens, lots of pollen, lots of stamens.
  6. Stigmas are large, plumose.
  7. Ratio of pollen grains to ovules is very high (as high as 6000:1).
  8. Separate male and female flowers (staminate, pistillate, monoecious, dioecious).
  9. No scents/rewards.
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1
Q

Basal angiosperms

A

Gynoecium, free carpels
Superior ovary
Sepals/petals undifferentiated (tepals)
Many parts (compared to more derived species)

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2
Q

Nomenclature

A

How things are named

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3
Q

Classification

A

How things are grouped

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4
Q

Linnaeus

A

Mid 1700s, age of exploration
System of classification (systematics)
Binomial nomenclature (Genus species)
Sexual system (not evolutionary)-> artificial classification
Plants grouped on how many stamens they had
Nested hierarchies
Species Plantatum 1753

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5
Q

Darwin

A

Mid 1800s, evolution
1859 On the Origin of Species
Tree of life metaphor - diversification over time

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6
Q

Phylogeny

A

A pattern of evolutionary relationships among species (real)

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7
Q

Taxonomy

A

The study of naming/classification of organisms

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8
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

Our depiction of the true phylogeny, uses phylogenetic inference and phylogenetic reconstruction

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9
Q

Natural classification

A

Used in many different ways over time, somewhat vague

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10
Q

Goal of phylogenetic classification

A

To create a nested set of monophyletic groups

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11
Q

Monophyletic

A

A group of species including common ancestor and all descendants

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12
Q

Paraphyletic

A

A group of species, common ancestor, and some, but not all descendants

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13
Q

Polyphyletic

A

A group of species but not the common ancestor

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14
Q

Synapomorphy

A

Shared derived similarities

Monophyletic

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15
Q

Symplesiomorphy

A

Shared ancestral similarities

Paraphyletic

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16
Q

Analogous, parallelism

A

Convergent similarities, polyphyletic

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17
Q

Complete flower

A

4 whorls present

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18
Q

Incomplete flower

A

1 or more whorls missing

19
Q

Perfect flower

A

Male and female function

20
Q

Imperfect flower

A

Male or female flower

21
Q

Hermaphroditic

A

Male and female in the same flower

22
Q

Monoecious

A

Male and female on separate flowers on the same plant

23
Q

Dioecious

A

Male plants or female plants

24
Q

Perianth

A

Sepals and petals

25
Q

Tepals

A

Perianth parts look alike

26
Q

Connate petals

A

Petals are fused together

27
Q

Adnate

A

Fusion of two different whorls

28
Q

Epipetalous stamens

A

Stamens fused to petals

29
Q

Alternation of Generations

A

Sporophyte and gametophyte generations

30
Q

Polarity

A

Evolutionary direction

31
Q

Polarity assessment

A
  1. Fossil record: oldest is primitive.
  2. Simple to complex: evolutionary trends tend to be parallel between groups.
  3. Correlation: primitive states tend to occur together in organisms.
  4. Common is primitive: ingroup analysis.
  5. Ontogeny: developmentally early stages are primitive.
  6. Outgroup comparison: inference from distribution of character states in sister group; most common approach today bc it is applicable most uniformly and has fewest problems.
32
Q

Outgroup comparison

A

For a character with 2 or more states the state occurring in the outgroup is more primitive.
For a multistate character this is only effective for establishing the most primitive state.
Ingroup-study group (putatively monophyletic).
Sister group-closest outgroup-special case of outgroup.

33
Q

Cladistics analysis

A

Grouping species by shares derived states of characters.

34
Q

Character

A

A variable trait in the group under study.

35
Q

States

A

Alternate forms of a character.

36
Q

Parsimony

A

Occam’s Razor; the principle that the explanation requiring the least change is preferred.

37
Q

Homology

A

A character that arose with the evolution of the group and is shared due to common ancestry; wings on birds, also wings on bats, but not wings on birds and bats.

38
Q

Engler and Prantl

A

Angiosperm classification late 1800s; treatment included 280 families and is the basis for the formal organization of most herbaria around the country today.

39
Q

Bessey

A

Early 1900s angiosperm classification; first American to propose a system and his was the starting point of many subsequent systems; authority-based classifications.

40
Q

Evidence for monophyletic origin of angiosperms

A
  1. Carpel (ovary) enclosing the ovules.
  2. Ovules with 2 integuments (bitegmic ovules); integuments surround the ovule and become the seed coat.
  3. Reduced female gametophytes (embryo sac); typically composed of 7 cells and 8 nuclei.
  4. Triploid endosperm product of double fertilization (sperm + 2 polar nuclei).
  5. Sieve tubes in their phloem to conduct fluid from leaves to other parts of plants.
41
Q

Features that can be used to divide angiosperms into 2 groups

A
  1. Number of cotyledons: seed leaves, 1 or 2, monocot or dicot.
  2. Number of apertures on the pollen grain 1 or 3.
42
Q

How have plants evolved a much greater array of reproductive systems than animals?

A

Most flowering plants are bisexual.
Sexual expression can vary over time and space.
Plants rely on intermediary agents to transfer pollen.
Plants have less rigidly controlled developmental systems and can reproduce vegetatively from many parts.

43
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Reproduction of Genetically identical individuals from a single parent plant.
Cloning/vegetative reproduction, agamospermy/apomixis.

44
Q

Cloning, vegetative reproduction

A

Starting new plants from vegetative parts of another plant: cuttings, bulblets.

45
Q

Agamospermy, apomixis

A

Production of seeds that are genetically identical to parents

Biology 317 (2 decks)

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