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Animal diseases > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Etiology

A

Study of the cause of disease

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2
Q

Pathologenesis

A

The origin and development of a disease

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3
Q

Lesions

A

Areas of tissue that have been pathologically altered by injury, wound, or infection

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4
Q

Biopsy

A

the removal of living tissue from the body for diagnostic examination

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5
Q

Diagnosis

A

identification of an injury or disease

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6
Q

Differential diagnosis

A

a list of conditions the patient may have based on the symptoms exhibited and the results of the exam

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7
Q

Necropsy

A

examination of a body after death

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8
Q

sublethal

A

not quite lethal(death-causing); insufficient to cause death

-Degeneration

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9
Q

Causes of necrosis:

A

Toxicity, trauma, infections, genetic, altered metabolism, endocrine diseases

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10
Q

Toxicology

A

study of poisonous or toxic diseases or substances and their effects upon body parts

Ex: Tetanus produces neurotoxin by bacteria

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11
Q

Toxicosis

A

disease causes by poison

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12
Q

Anticoagulant rodenticides

A

rodenticides that kill rats by causing abnormal bleeding due to the inability to form a blood clot

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13
Q

coagulopathy

A

disease of the clotting process

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14
Q

Acetaminophen (Tylenol) Toxicity

A

Bonds to hemoglobin

  • Cats
  • They afixiate
  • Causes Heinz body anemia
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15
Q

Abdominocentesis

A

Sampling of free fluid within the peritoneal space.

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16
Q

Apnea

A

not breathing

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17
Q

Dyspnea

A

difficulty breathing

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18
Q

Bradypnea

A

slow breathing

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19
Q

Tachypnea

A

rapid breathing

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20
Q

hyperpnea

A

increase in rate and depth of respiration

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21
Q

hypopnea

A

decrease in rate and depth of respiration

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22
Q

hypoxia

A

inadequate oxygen to tissues

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23
Q

hypercapnia

A

high CO2

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24
Q

hypocapnia

A

low CO2

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25
Q

Anoxia

A

without oxygen

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26
Q

Aspiration

A

inhalation of foreign substance into the respiratory tract

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27
Q

Asphyxiation

A

Suffocation

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28
Q

Atelectasis

A

incomplete alveoli expanision

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29
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

dilation of the bronchi

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30
Q

Bronchitis

A

inflammation of the bronchus

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31
Q

Bronchopneumonia

A

infection of the bronchi and lungs

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32
Q

COPD

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

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33
Q

Cyanosis

A

blue mucus membranes

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34
Q

Diaphragmatic hernia

A

hole in the diaphragm

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35
Q

Emphysema

A

chronic disease causing changes to the wall of the alveloi

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36
Q

Epistaxis

A

bleeding from the nose

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37
Q

Equine Laryngeal hemiplegia

A

increased respiratory noises due to degeneration of the laryngeal nerves and muscles

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38
Q

Hemoptysis

A

coughing up blood

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39
Q

Hemothorax

A

blood in the chest

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40
Q

Laryngitis

A

inflammation of the larynx

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41
Q

Larynoplegia

A

Paralysis of the larynx

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42
Q

Laryngospasm

A

sudden closure of the larynx

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43
Q

Pharyngitis

A

inflammation of the pharynx

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44
Q

Phonation

A

act of producing sound

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45
Q

Pleurisy

A

inflammation of the pleura

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46
Q

Plueropneumonia

A

infection of the pleura and lung

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47
Q

Pneumonia

A

infection of the lung

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48
Q

Pneumothorax

A

air accumulation in the chest cavity

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49
Q

Polyp

A

benign growth

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50
Q

pulmonary edema

A

fluid in the lung tissue

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51
Q

pulmonary fibrosis

A

fiber formation in the alveoli walls

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52
Q

Pyothorax

A

puss in the chest

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53
Q

Orthopnea

A

unable to breath unless in an upright position

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54
Q

Rhinitis

A

inflammation of the nasal passagses

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55
Q

Rhinopneumonitits

A

inflammation of the nasal passages and lungs

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56
Q

Rhinorrhea

A

nasal discharge

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57
Q

Sinusitis

A

inflammation of the sinuses

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58
Q

Snuffles

A

upper respiratory infection of rabbits caused by pasturella

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59
Q

Stenotic nares

A

narrowed nasal passages

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60
Q

Tracheitis

A

inflammation of the trachea

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61
Q

Tracheobronchitis

A

inflammation of the trachea and bronchus

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62
Q

URI

A

upper respiratory infection

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63
Q

Bronchodilators

A

open airways

  • Albuterol
  • Beta-adrenergic agonists
  • Methyxanthines
  • Anticholinergics
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64
Q

Mucolytics

A

breakdown mucus

  • Guaifenesin
  • N-acytlcysteine
  • Dembrexine
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65
Q

Antitussives

A

prevent coughing

  • Morphine
  • Codeine
  • Hydrocodone
  • Dextromethophan
  • Butorphanol
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66
Q

-pnea

A

breathing

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67
Q

Ox/i, ox/o, ox/y

A

oxygen

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68
Q

Capn/o

A

carbon dioxide

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69
Q

Lead poisoning

A

no simple test exists to detect lead poisoning

Clinical Signs:

  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • lethargy
  • anorexia
  • abdominal pain
  • regurgitation(due to megaesophagus)
  • weakness
  • hysteria, extreme anxiety
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70
Q

Nitrate or nitrite poisoning

A

may occur in ruminants, pigs, and horses ingesting feeds with high concentrations of nitrate.

-Nitrites absorbed from the gut decrease the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood by degrading hemoglobin to methemoglobin in erythrocytes or methemoglobinemia

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71
Q

Anticaogulant rodenticides

A

ex: warfarin, diphacinone, pindone

  • act by inhibiting metabolism of vitamin K in the body
  • coagulopathy hemorrhage(blood does not clot quickly)
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72
Q

Ethylene glycol

A
  • most antifreeze solutions
  • can cause serous of fatal toxicosis
  • can be detected in whole blood or serum samples by a toxicology lab

Antidote: Fomepizole
- time period to treat is 3 hours for cats and 8-12 in dogs

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73
Q

Classic signs on inflammation

A

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain

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74
Q

Peracute

A

“very acute”

  • 0 to 4 hours
  • shock
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75
Q

Acute

A

4-6 hours to 3-5 days

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76
Q

Subacute

A

transition between acute and chronic, days to a week

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77
Q

Chronic

A

persists over a long period of time, weeks to years

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78
Q

What is inflammation?

A

Vascular and cellular response to trauma

  • purpose is to heal injured tissue
  • body’s attempt to destroy microorganisms, foreign particles, or dead cells
  • protects the body by localizing and removing the injuring agent
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79
Q

Lesion locations

A

Focal- one spot
Multifocal- multiple foci(spots)
Locally Extensive- one large area that is involved
Diffuse- spread throughtout the organ

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80
Q

Exudation

A

presence of fluid that leaked out of vessels into tissues and the migration of inflammatory cells into an inflammation lesion

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81
Q

Types of Exudate

A
  • serous
  • serosanguinous
  • purulent or suppurative
  • Fibrinous
  • Catarrhal
  • pseudomembranous
  • Fibrinopurulent
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82
Q

Vascular response

A

Vasodilation and vascular permeability (leakiness)

-exudation

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83
Q

Pleural Effusion

A

buildup of fluid in the pleural space

-dyspnea and tachypnea

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84
Q

Pulmonary Edema

A

fluid buildup in the pulmonary alveolar and interstitial spaces

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85
Q

Hardware’s Disease/ Traumatic reticulopericarditis

A 
Causitive agent: consumption of metal foreign body
Clinical Signs:
-decreased milk production and fecal output
-increased rectal temperature
-normal or slightly elevated heart rate
-dehydration
-rapid and shallow respiration
-walk with arched back
-grunting

Treatment: surgical removal, antibiotics, and magnet

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86
Q

Johne’s Disease

A

Causative agent: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis

Clinical signs: silent, subclinical, advanced clinical, profuse watery diarrhea, and weight loss

Diagnosis: Necropsy
Treatment: none

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87
Q

Respiratory Disease

A

Common clinical signs:

  • nasal discharge/congestion
  • sneezing
  • respiratory stridor
  • cough; hemoptysis(coughing up blood)
  • pleural effusion(accumulation of excessive fluid in he thoracic cavity)
  • dyspnea; respiratory distress
  • cyanosis
  • anoxia
  • facial swelling
  • orthopnea(only able to breath in upright position)
  • pulmonary edema(accumulation of fluid in the lungs)

Common Treatments:

  • establish an airway
  • oxygen therapy(ET tube, mask, nasal oxygen lines, oxygen cage)
  • minimize stress(sedation, minimal handling)
  • thoracentesis/chest tubes with analegesia
  • Nebulize(airway humidification/hydration)/Coupage
  • Medical therapies(bronchodilators, antibiotics, antifungals etc.)
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88
Q

FEline upper respiratory infection

A 
RESPIRATORY DISEASE
Caused by:
-Feline Rhinotrachitis virus
-Feline Calici virus
-Chlamydophila felis( Chlamydiosis:Zoonosis disease)

*acute or chronic disease

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89
Q

Systemic mycoses

A

RESPIRATORY DISEASE
-Fungal disease from inhalation of spores/wound contamination

Histoplasma capsulatum- associated with bird dropping
Cryptococcus neoformans- pigeon droppings

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90
Q

Strangles

A

RESPIRATORY DISEASE
Causative agent: Streptococcus equi

Clinical Signs: Sudden fever, mucopurulent nasal discharge, and abscessation of the submandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes

Diagnosis: Culture, PCR, or serology
Treatment: Antibiotic therapy and lance and flush

  • Maintain under strict isolation protocol(for 6 weeks after recovery)
  • modified live virus intranasal vaccine
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91
Q

Guttural Pouch Empyema

A

RESPIRATORY DISEASE
- sequel to strangles or lymph node abcesses

*Bacterial infection

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92
Q

Guttural Pouch Mycosis

A

RESPIRATORY DISEASE

fungal infection of the guttural pouch

93
Q

Heaves

A

RESPIRATORY DISEASE

  • (RAO) recurrent airway obstruction
  • allergic airway disease due to airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, & excessive mucus production

Clinical Signs: cough, nasal discharge, flared nostrils, increased respiratory rate, increased expiratory effort, wheezing, allergic to dust and molds in hay and straw.

-never “cured” of heaves

94
Q

Inflammatory Airway Disease(IAD)

A

RESPIRATORY DISEASE
Hyperactive response due to allergens, pollutants, and infectious agents.

-Pathologic changes; (inflammation and excessive mucus production) gas exchange impaired

Clinical Signs: Normal at rest, exercise intolerance, cough, airway secretions

Treatment: treatment of IAD consists of environmental management to decrease exposure to dust and allergens and inhaled or systemic corticosteriods and bronchodilators.

95
Q

Exercise Induced Pulmonary Hemmorage (EIPH)

A

RESPIRATORY DISEASE
Cause: Unknown(may be due to rupture of capillary vessels during strenuous exercise)

Clinical Signs: Epistaxis, exercise intolerance, blood seen in airways via endoscopy

-Endoscopy. Cytology via TTW or BAL after exercise.

Treatment: Furosemide, treatment of inflammatory disease if present.

96
Q

4 forms of Herpes

A

respiratory, abortion, neonatal, and neurologic disease

97
Q

Herpes vaccines

A
  • show horses and broodmares

- administered to broodmares during 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 9th month of pregnancy to prevent abortion.

98
Q

Herpes

A

RESPIRATORY DISEASE

  • Contagious virus
  • Clinical signs almost indistinguishable from influenza
  • Incubation period 2-10 days
  • transmitted by aerosol transmission, respiratory secretions, and fomite transmission
99
Q

Equine Influenza

A

RESPIRATORY DISEASE
Causative Agent: Orthomyxoviridae family

Clinical Signs: Fever, anorexia, weight loss, mucopurulent nasal discharge, increased respiratory rates, and retropharyngeal lymphadenopathy

Diagnosis: Presumptive, virus isolation, immunoassay, immunofluorescence, PCR, and antibody detection

Treatment: Supportive

100
Q

Bacterial Pneumonia & Pleuropneumonia

A

RESPIRATORY DISEASE
Bacterial Pneumonia due to aspiration of bacteria, with colonization.

Clinical Signs: exercise intolerance, fever, tachypnea, cough, mucopurulent discharge anorexia and chest pain

Diagnostic proceures: Hematology, TTW, thoracic rads
Treatment: Antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, pleural drainage

101
Q

Bovine Respiratory Disease Syndrome (BRDS)

A

Syndrome caused by a complex interaction of respiratory viruses, bacteria, and stress.

Viruses:

  • Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)
  • BVD
  • Parainfluenza Virus (PI3)
  • Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)
  • respiratory coronavirus

Clinical Signs: depression, standing with head lowered, anorexia, fever, nasal discharge, cough,

102
Q

BRDS in feedlot cattle is called what?

A

shipping fever

-mannheimia (pasteurella) haemolytica and sometime P. multocida

103
Q

Ovine PRogressive Pneumonia (OPP)

A 
RESPIRATORY DISEASE
Manifests as:
-Progressive respiratory failure
-Mastitis ("hard bag")
-neurologic signs
-arthritis

Clinical Signs: exercise intolerance, open mouth breathing, exaggerated expiratory effect, occasional dry cough.

104
Q

Atrophic Rhinitis

A

RESPIRATORY DISEASE

Clinical signs: sneezing, coughing, tear staining, blockage or inflammation of the lacrimal duct, epistaxis, decreased performance, and deformation of the upper jaw.

105
Q

Glasser Disease

A

RESPIRATORY DISEASE
Clinical Signs: Fever, depression, difficult breathing, cough, anorexia, and lameness.

-chronic pericarditits & CHF
Treatment: antibiotics
Diagnosis: history, clinical signs, CSF, and cardiac blood or joint culture

106
Q

other respiratory diseases

A
  • kennel cough.
  • pneumonia
  • feline asthma
  • tracheal collapse
  • heartworm disease
  • laryngeal paralysis
  • Brachycephalic airway disease
107
Q

abdominocentesis

A

use of a needle to remove fluid from the abdomen

108
Q

adenoma

A

Benign tumor of glandular tissue(small intestine, colon)

109
Q

ANAPHYLAXIS

A

acute hypersensitivity reaction

110
Q

anemia

A

low red blood cell count

111
Q

angiopathy

A

disease of blood vessel

112
Q

anthrax

A

bacterial illness. Caused by the bacteria: Bacillus Anthracis. Mainly affect wildlife and livestock.

113
Q

Aortic thromboembolism (ATE)

A

A thrombus is formed(typically in the left atrium) and then dislodges and travels through the aorta distally until it reaches an artery.

  • usually in cats
  • rear leg
  • Causes serious pain and paralysis

-can be caused by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

114
Q

Apnea

A

not breathing

115
Q

ascites

A

swelling in the abdomen caused by fluid buildup.

-most related to liver disease

116
Q

asphyxiation

A

suffocation

117
Q

aspiriation

A

inhaling foreign object into the lungs and lower respiratory tract

118
Q

asthma

A

airways become inflmaed, narrow, swell, and produce extra mucus making it difficult to breathe

  • bronchoconstriction, wheezing, coughing
119
Q

Atelectasis

A

complete or partial collapse of a lung or a section (lobe) of lung.

120
Q

autoimmune disease

A

The body’s immune system attacks healthy cells.

121
Q

Basophilia

A
  • blood condition

- high basophil count

122
Q

emesis

123
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of the inner heart

124
Q

eosinophilia

A

high eosinophils

125
Q

epistaxis

A

nose bleed

126
Q

febrile

127
Q

guttural pouch mycosis

A

-disease in horses
Caused by a fungus that infects the lining of the guttural pouch

-can cause some deep damage to the arteries and nerves

128
Q

hardware disease

A

(Bovine traumatic reticuloperitonitis)

  • caused by the ingestion of a sharp metallic object.
  • reticulum; can penetrate the lining
129
Q

Heart failure

A

can’t pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs

130
Q

Heaves/

Recurrent airway obstruction)(RAO

A

-most prevalent lung disease seen in horses.

  • equine asthma
  • labored breathing
131
Q

Hematemesis

A

vomiting blood

132
Q

hematochezia

A

bright red blood in the stool

133
Q

hematoma

A

collection of blood outside the blood vessels

-causing swelling

134
Q

hemoptysis

A

coughing up blood

135
Q

hepatoma

A

benign liver cancer

136
Q

How do anticoagulant rodenticides work?

A

they stop the ability to clot

-they interfere with vitamin K

137
Q

hypercapnia

138
Q

hypersensitivity

A

allergic reaction

139
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure

140
Q

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

thickening of the heart muscle that causes contractions

  • can cause ATE in cats
141
Q

5 signs of inflammationbe able to write them out

A
  • redness
  • heat
  • swelling
  • pain
  • loss of function
142
Q

5 types of white blood cells**be able to write them out*

A
  • Basophil
  • Neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
143
Q

Bovine respiratory disease syndrom(BRDS)(shipping fever)

A

can be caused by a bacteria, virus, or stress**

-can cause pneumonia

144
Q

hypotension

A

low blood pressure

145
Q

bronchial lavage

A

medical procedure in which a bronchoscope is passed through the mouth/nose into the lungs and fluid is squirted into a small part of the lung and then collected for examination.

-typically performed for diagnose of lung disease

146
Q

cachxia

A

wasting of the body due to severe illness

147
Q

Cancer caused by the feline vaccine administration

A
  • sarcoma

- feline vaccine related sarcoma

148
Q

carcinomas

A

malignant tumor of epithelial cells

149
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

compression of the heart caused by fluid collecting in the sac surrounding the heart.

150
Q

cystocentesis

A

aspirating urine from the bladder using a needle and syringe

151
Q

core vaccines for felines

A
  • FCV: feline calicivirus
  • FPV: feline panleukopenia virus
  • FeLV: feline leukemia virus
  • rabies
  • FHV1: herpes virus 1
152
Q

core vaccines for canines

A
  • parovirus
  • distemper
  • Adenovirus-2
  • rabies
153
Q

cardiomegaly

A

enlarged heart

154
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

disease of the heart muscle

155
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy

A

the hearts ability to pump blood is decreased because the hearts main pumping chamber (left ventricle), is enlarged and weakened

156
Q

diastole

A

resting period

157
Q

systole

A

contracting period

158
Q

difference between arteries and veins

A

veins pump blood towards the heart

arteries take blood away from the heart

159
Q

diseases containing in the EWT/WNV vaccine

A
  • vaccines for horses

- west nile virus, tetanus, western equine encephalitis, eastern equine encephalitis

160
Q

diseases contained in the DA2PP vaccine

A

distemper and adenovirus-2

161
Q

diseases containined in the FVRCP vaccine

A

calici virus, rhinotracheitis, panleukopenia

162
Q

dyspnea

A

difficulty breathing

163
Q

ecchymosis

A

spontaneous bruising in large areas

164
Q

edema

A

fluid buildup in the tissues

165
Q

effusion

A

fluid buildup in the cavities

166
Q

embolus

A

blockage; ex: blood clot

167
Q

hypovolemia

A

decreased volume of circulating blood

168
Q

hypoxia

A

low oxygen level

169
Q

incidence

A

ratio of diseased animals to overall population

170
Q

infarct

A

tissue death from lack of blood flow

171
Q

infectious

A

spread easily

172
Q

kennel cough

A

upper respiratory infection in dogs.

  • bacterium: Bordatella bronchiseptica followed by canine parainfluenza virus, and lesser extent canine cornavirus
173
Q

labile

A

killed by boiling

174
Q

leiomyosarcoma

A

malignant tumor of the muscle

175
Q

leptospirosis

A

effects the kidneys and liver

-bacterial disease spread through urine

176
Q

leukocytosis

A

high white blood cell count

177
Q

leukopenia

A

low white blood cell count

178
Q

mast cell tumor

A

malignant tumor of the connective tissue

-most common malignant skin cancer in dogs

179
Q

mediastinum

A

spot between the lungs.

-heart, esophagus

180
Q

melena

A

dark black digestive blood in the stool

181
Q

morbidity

A

number of sick animals to overall population

incidence

182
Q

mortality

A

how many sick animals that will die

183
Q

mucoid

A

fluid made of mucus

184
Q

mucopurulent

A

pus/mucus

-green/yellow color

185
Q

myelomas

A

malignant tumor of the bone marrow

186
Q

neutropenia

A

low neutrophils

187
Q

neutrophillia

A

high neutrophils

188
Q

rhinitis

A

inflammation of nasal passages.

-mucus discharge/ sneezing

189
Q

osteomas

A

benign bone cancer

190
Q

pancytopenia

A

ALL low blood cell count

191
Q

parvo

A

disease caused by the parvo virus

Symptom: diarrhea, vomiting

192
Q

parainfluenza

A

can cause kennel cough

-can affect lower and upper respiratory tracts

193
Q

pericardial effusion

A

fluid build up around the heart and pericardial sac.

Causes: cardiac tympanade

194
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium

195
Q

pericardium

A

sac around the heart

196
Q

peritoneal cavity

A
  • abdominal cavity

- potential space between the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum

197
Q

petechia

A

pinpoint bruising

198
Q

pleura

A

lining of the chest cavity (thorax)

199
Q

pleural effusion

A

fluid buildup in the chest cavity

200
Q

pleurisy

A

inflammation of the tissues that line the lungs and the chest cavity

201
Q

pleuritis

A

inflammation of the tissues that line the lungs and the chest cavity

-inflammation of pleura

202
Q

pulmonary edema

A

fluid in the tissue of lungs

203
Q

purulent exudate

A

discharge made up of pus(wbc)

204
Q

rabies

A

symptoms: altered behavior, progressive paralysis, death

205
Q

pyothorax

A

presence of inflammatory fluid or pus within the chest cavity, which is the area between the lungs and inner walls of the ribs

206
Q

recurrent airway syndrome (heaves)

A
  • equine asthma

- airway constriction in horses

207
Q

rhabdomyosarcoma

A

malignant tumor of the muscle

208
Q

what does IMHA stand for? be able to write it out

A

autoimmune hemolytic anemia

209
Q

What does Tb stand for? be able to write it out

A

Tuberculosis

210
Q

sequala

A

consequence of disease

211
Q

serous

A

fluid

-serum

212
Q

sarcomas

A

malignant tumors of connective tissue

213
Q

rhinopneumonitis

A

equine herpes virus

214
Q

right AV valve is also known as?

A

mitral valve

215
Q

shipping fever is also called ?

A

bovine respiratory syndrome

-caused by virus, bacteria, STRESS

216
Q

strangles

A

abscess in the lymph nodes

217
Q

tetanus

A

bacterial infection that causes muscle spasms

(affects the nervous system)

-colstridium tetani

218
Q

thoracic cavity

A

chest cavty

219
Q

thoracentesis

A

removal of fluid with a needle and syringe from the thoracic(chest) cavity

220
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

low thrombocytes

221
Q

types of vaccines:

A

live-attenuated, inactivated, recombinant, toxoid

222
Q

toxoplasmosis

A

results from infection with the Toxoplasma gondii parasite

223
Q

vasculitis

A

inflammation of the blood vessels

224
Q

vector for borrelia burgdorferi

A

lyme disease

ticks

225
Q

vector for eastern equine encephalitis

226
Q

vector for heart worm disease

227
Q

what bacteria causes CIRD

A

bordatella bronchiseptica–kennel cough

228
Q

what does CIRD stand for?

A

canine infectious respiratory disease

Animal diseases (3 decks)

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